Daoguang Emperor

"Minning" redirects here. For the town, see Minning, Ningxia.

Daoguang Emperor 道みち光こう帝みかど
Emperor of the Qing dynasty
Reign	3 October 1820 – 26 February 1850
Predecessor	Jiaqing Emperor
Successor	Xianfeng Emperor
Prince Zhi of the First Rank
Tenure	1813 – 3 October 1820
Born	Aisin Gioro Mianning (愛あい新しん覺さとし羅ら·綿めん寧やすし) (1782-09-16)16 September 1782 (乾いぬい隆たかし四よん十じゅう七なな年ねん 八はち月がつ 十じゅう日にち) Xiefang Hall, Forbidden City
Died	26 February 1850(1850-02-26) (aged 67) (道みち光こう三さん十じゅう年ねん 正月しょうがつ 十じゅう五ご日にち) Jiuzhou Qingyan Hall, Old Summer Palace
Burial	Mu Mausoleum, Western Qing tombs
Consorts	Empress Xiaomucheng ​ ​ (m. 1796; died 1808)​ Empress Xiaoshencheng ​ ​ (m. 1809; died 1833)​ Empress Xiaoquancheng ​ ​ (m. 1821; died 1840)​ Empress Xiaojingcheng ​ ​ (m. 1825)​
Issue	Yiwei, Prince Yinzhi of the Second Rank Xianfeng Emperor Yicong, Prince Dunqin of the First Rank Yixin, Prince Gongzhong of the First Rank Yixuan, Prince Chunxian of the First Rank Yihe, Prince Zhongduan of the Second Rank Yihui, Prince Fujing of the Second Rank Princess Shou'an of the First Rank Princess Shouzang of the Second Rank Princess Shou'en of the First Rank Princess Shouxi of the Second Rank Princess Shouzhuang of the First Rank
Names Aisin Gioro Minning (愛あい新しん覺さとし羅ら·旻みん寧やすし) Manchu: Min ning (ᠮᡳᠨ ᠨᡳᠩ) Era dates Daoguang (道みち光こう): 3 February 1821 – 31 January 1851 Manchu: Doro eldengge (ᡩᠣᡵᠣ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠩᡤᡝ) Mongolian: Төр Гэрэлт (ᠲᠥᠷᠥ ᠭᠡᠷᠡᠯᠲᠦ) Posthumous name Emperor Xiaotian Fuyun Lizhong Tizheng Zhiwen Shengwu Zhiyong Renci Jianqin Xiaomin Kuanding Cheng (效こう天てん符ふ運うん立中たつなか體たい正せい至文しぶん聖せい武智たけち勇いさむ仁慈じんじ儉勤孝敏たかとし寬定ひろさだ成なり皇帝こうてい) Manchu: Šanggan hūwangdi (ᡧᠠᠩᡤᠠᠨ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡩᡳ) Temple name Xuanzong (宣せん宗むね) Manchu: Siowandzung (ᠰᡳᡠᠸᠠᠨᡯᡠᠩ)
House	Aisin Gioro
Dynasty	Qing
Father	Jiaqing Emperor
Mother	Empress Xiaoshurui of the Hitara Clan

Daoguang Emperor
Chinese	道みち光こう帝みかど
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dàoguāng Dì Wade–Giles Tao4-kuang1 Ti4 IPA [tâʊkwáŋ tî]

The Daoguang Emperor (Chinese: 道みち光こう帝みかど; pinyin: Dàoguāng Dì; 16 September 1782 – 26 February 1850), also known by his temple name Emperor Xuanzong of Qing, personal name Mianning, was the seventh emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1820 to 1850. His reign was marked by "external disaster and internal rebellion." These included the First Opium War and the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion which nearly brought down the dynasty. The historian Jonathan Spence characterizes the Daoguang Emperor as a "well meaning but ineffective man" who promoted officials who "presented a purist view even if they had nothing to say about the domestic and foreign problems surrounding the dynasty."

Early years

The Daoguang Emperor in his study

The Daoguang Emperor was born in the Forbidden City, Beijing, in 1782, and was given the name Mianning (绵宁; 綿めん寧やすし; Miánníng; Mien-ning). It was later changed to Minning (旻みん宁; 旻みん寧やすし; Mǐnníng; Min-ning) when he became emperor. The first character of his private name was changed from Mian to Min to avoid the relatively common character Mian. This novelty was introduced by his grandfather, the reigning Qianlong Emperor, who thought it was inappropriate to use a common character in the emperor's private name due to the longstanding practice of naming taboo.

Mianning was the second son of Prince Yongyan, the 15th son and heir of the Qianlong Emperor. Even though he was Yongyan's second son, he was first in line after Prince Yongyan to his grandfather's throne. This was because according to the dishu system, his mother, Lady Hitara, was Yongyan's primary spouse whereas his elder brother was born to Yongyan's concubine. Mianning was favored by his grandfather, the Qianlong Emperor. He frequently accompanied his grandfather on hunting trips. On one such trip, at the age of nine, Mianning successfully hunted a deer, which greatly amused the Qianlong Emperor. The emperor would abdicate five years after that incident, in 1796, when Mianning was 14. Mianning’s father Prince Yongyan was then enthroned as the Jiaqing Emperor, after which he made Lady Hitara (Mianning's mother) his empress consort. The elderly Qianlong would live three more years in retirement before dying in 1799, aged 87, when Mianning was 17.

In 1813, while he was still a prince, Mianning also played a vital role in repelling and killing Eight Trigrams invaders who stormed the Forbidden City.

Reign

The Daoguang Emperor inspecting his guards at the Meridian Gate of the Forbidden City

Khoja rebellion in Xinjiang

The Daoguang Emperor is presented with prisoners of the campaign to pacify rebels in Xinjiang at the Meridian Gate in 1828

In September 1820, at the age of 38, Mianning inherited the throne after the Jiaqing Emperor died suddenly of unknown causes. He became the first Qing emperor who was the eldest legitimate son of his father. Now known as the Daoguang Emperor, he inherited a declining empire with Westerners encroaching upon the borders of China. His era name, "Daoguang", means "radiant path". The Daoguang Emperor had been ruling for six years when the exiled heir to the Khojas, Jahangir Khoja, attacked Xinjiang from Kokand in the Afaqi Khoja revolts. By the end of 1826, the former Qing cities of Kashgar, Yarkand, Khotan, and Yangihissar had all fallen to the rebels. After a friend betrayed him in March 1827, Khoja was sent to Beijing in an iron litter and subsequently executed, while the Qing Empire regained control of their lost territory. The Uyghur Muslim Sayyid and Naqshbandi Sufi rebel of the Afaqi suborder, Jahangir Khoja was sliced to death (Lingchi) in 1828 by the Manchus for leading a rebellion against the Qing.

First Opium War

Main article: First Opium War

During the Daoguang Emperor's reign, China experienced major problems with opium, which was imported into China by British merchants. Opium had started to trickle into China during the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor, but was limited to approximately 200 chests annually. By the time of the Qianlong era, this amount had increased to 1,000 chests, 4,000 chests by the Jiaqing era and more than 30,000 chests during the Daoguang era.

Destruction of Chinese war junks during the First Opium War

The Daoguang Emperor issued many imperial edicts banning opium in the 1820s and 1830s, which were carried out by Lin Zexu, whom he appointed as an Imperial Commissioner to Canton. Lin Zexu's efforts to halt the spread of opium in China led directly to the First Opium War. With China losing the war, Lin Zexu was made a scapegoat. The Daoguang Emperor removed his authority and banished him to Yili. During the war, the Daoguang Emperor ordered 187 British and Indian prisoners of war held captive in Taiwan Prefecture to be summarily executed in 1842 in retaliation for the Chinese defeat at the Battle of Ningpo; the executions were carried out on 10 August by Chinese officials. The Chinese defeat in the war exposed Qing China's technological and military inferiority to European powers, which led China in being forced to cede Hong Kong to the British in the Treaty of Nanjing in August 1842, and also pay a hefty indemnity which left the treasury desperate for funds. Meanwhile, in the Himalayas, the Sikh Empire attempted an occupation of Tibet but was defeated in the Sino-Sikh war (1841–1842).

Anti-Christianity

In 1811, a clause sentencing Europeans to death for spreading Catholicism had been added to the statute called "Prohibitions Concerning Sorcerers and Sorceresses" (禁止きんし師し巫みこ邪よこしま術じゅつ) in the Great Qing Legal Code. Protestants hoped that the Qing government would discriminate between Protestantism and Catholicism, since the law mentioned the latter by name, but after Protestant missionaries gave Christian books to Chinese people in 1835 and 1836, the Daoguang Emperor demanded to know who were the "traitorous natives" in Guangzhou who had supplied them with books.

Noble titles

Photograph of the Daoguang Emperor

The Daoguang Emperor granted the title of "Wujing Boshi" (五經ごきょう博士はかせ; Wǔjīng Bóshì) to the descendants of Ran Qiu.

Death and legacy

The Daoguang Emperor died on 26 February 1850 at the Old Summer Palace, 8 km/5 miles northwest of Beijing, being the last Qing emperor to pass away in that Palace before it was burnt down by Anglo-French troops during the Second Opium War, a decade later. He was succeeded by his eldest surviving son, Yizhu, who was later enthroned as the Xianfeng Emperor. The Daoguang Emperor failed to understand the intention or determination of the Europeans, or the basic economics of a war on drugs. Although the Europeans were outnumbered and thousands of miles away from logistical support in their native countries, they could bring far superior firepower to bear at any point of contact along the Chinese coast. The Qing government was highly dependent on the continued flow of taxes from southern China via the Grand Canal, which the British expeditionary force easily cut off at Zhenjiang.

The Daoguang Emperor ultimately had a poor understanding of the British and the industrial revolution that Britain and Western Europe had undergone, preferring to turn a blind eye to the rest of the world, though the distance from China to Europe most likely played a part. It was said that the emperor did not even know where Britain was located in the world. His 30-year reign saw rising economic tensions, sectarian instability and foreign interventions which would eventually lead to the collapse of the Qing dynasty in 1911.

The Daoguang Emperor was interred in the Mu (慕; lit. "Longing" or "Admiration") mausoleum complex, which is part of the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km southwest of Beijing.

Family

See also: Consorts of the Daoguang Emperor

From top to bottom, left to right: Empress Xiaoquancheng, the Daoguang Emperor, Princess Shou'an of the First Rank, Yizhu, a lady-in-waiting, Yixin, Noble Consort Jing and Noble Consort Tong; circa 1837

From left to right: Yixin, Yizhu, Yihe, Yihui, Yixuan, the Daoguang Emperor, Princess Shou'an of the First Rank and Princess Shou'en of the First Rank; circa 1848

Empress

• Empress Xiaomucheng, of the Niohuru clan (孝こう穆きよし成なり皇后こうごう 鈕ぼたん祜祿氏し; 1781 – 17 February 1808), fifth cousin eight times removed
  Titles: Primary Consort of the Second Prince (二に皇子おうじ福ぶく晋すすむ)
• Empress Xiaoshencheng, of the Tunggiya clan (孝こう慎まき成しげる皇后こうごう 佟佳氏し; 5 July 1792 – 16 June 1833)
  Titles: Second Primary Consort of the Second Prince (皇すめらぎ次子じし继福晋すすむ) → Princess Consort Zhi of the First Rank (智さとし亲王妃ひ) → Empress (皇后こうごう)
  • Princess Duanmin of the First Rank (端はし憫固倫りん公主こうしゅ; 29 July 1813 – 7 December 1819), first daughter

• Empress Xiaoquancheng, of the Niohuru clan (孝こう全ぜん成なり皇后こうごう 鈕ぼたん祜祿氏し; 24 March 1808 – 13 February 1840)
  Titles: Noble Lady Quan (全ぜん貴人きじん) → Imperial Concubine Quan (全ぜん嬪) → Consort Quan (全ぜん妃ひ) → Noble Consort Quan (全ちょん貴たか妃ひ) → Imperial Noble Consort (皇すめらぎ貴とうと妃ひ) → Empress (皇后こうごう)
  • Miscarriage (2 January 1824)
  • Princess Duanshun of the First Rank (端はし順じゅん固かた倫りん公主こうしゅ; 8 April 1825 – 27 December 1835), third daughter
  • Princess Shou'an of the First Rank (壽ことぶき安やす固かた倫りん公主こうしゅ; 12 May 1826 – 24 March 1860), fourth daughter
    • Married Demchüghjab (德とく穆きよし楚すわえ克かつ扎布; d. 1865) of the Naiman Borjigit clan on 15 November 1841
  • Yizhu, the Xianfeng Emperor (文ぶん宗むね 奕詝; 17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), fourth son

• Empress Xiaojingcheng, of the Khorchin Borjigit clan (孝こう靜せい成なり皇后こうごう 博はく爾なんじ濟ずみ吉きち特とく氏し; 19 June 1812 – 21 August 1855), fifth cousin
  Titles: Noble Lady Jing (靜せい貴人きじん) → Imperial Concubine Jing (靜せい嬪) → Consort Jing (靜せい妃ひ) → Noble Consort Jing (靜しずか貴とうと妃ひ) → Imperial Noble Consort (皇すめらぎ貴とうと妃ひ) → Imperial Noble Consort Dowager Kangci (康かん慈皇貴き太ふとし妃ひ) → Empress Dowager Kangci (康かん慈皇太后こうたいごう)
  • Yigang, Prince Shunhe of the Second Rank (順じゅん和かず郡ぐん王おう 奕綱; 22 November 1826 – 5 March 1827), second son
  • Miscarriage at four months (28 June 1828)
  • Yiji, Prince Huizhi of the Second Rank (慧とし質しつ郡ぐん王おう 奕繼; 2 December 1829 – 22 January 1830), third son
  • Princess Shou'en of the First Rank (壽ことぶき恩おん固かた倫りん公主こうしゅ; 20 January 1831 – 15 May 1859), sixth daughter
    • Married Jingshou (景けい壽ことぶき; 1829–1889) of the Manchu Fuca clan in May/June 1845, and had issue.
  • Yixin, Prince Gong Zhong of the First Rank (恭きょう忠ちゅう親王しんのう 奕䜣; 11 January 1833 – 29 May 1898), sixth son

Imperial Noble Consort

• Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun, of the Uya clan (莊そう順じゅん皇すめらぎ貴とうと妃ひ 烏がらす雅みやび氏し; 29 November 1822 – 13 December 1866)
  Titles: Noble Lady Lin (琳貴人じん) → First Class Attendant Xiu (秀しげる常つね在ざい) → Noble Lady Lin (琳貴人じん) → Imperial Concubine Lin (琳嬪) → Consort Lin (琳妃) → Noble Consort Lin (琳貴妃ひ) → Noble Consort Dowager Lin (琳貴太たい妃ひ) → Grand Dowager Imperial Noble Consort Lin (琳太皇すめらぎ貴き太ふとし妃ひ)
  • Yixuan, Prince Chun Xian of the First Rank (醇あつし賢けん親王しんのう 奕譞; 16 October 1840 – 1 January 1891), seventh son
  • Princess Shouzhuang of the First Rank (壽ことぶき莊そう固かた倫りん公主こうしゅ; 24 March 1842 – 11 March 1884), ninth daughter
    • Married Dehui (德とく徽; d. 1859) of the Bolod (博ひろし罗特) clan in December 1859 or January 1860 and had issue (daughter)
  • Yihe, Prince Zhong Duan of the Second Rank (鐘かね端はし郡ぐん王おう 奕詥; 14 March 1844 – 17 December 1868), eighth son
  • Yihui, Prince Fu Jing of the Second Rank (孚まこと敬けい郡ぐん王おう 奕譓; 15 November 1845 – 22 March 1877), ninth son
  • Miscarriage (1848)

Noble Consort

• Noble Consort Tong, of the Šumuru clan (彤貴妃ひ 舒穆魯氏; 3 June 1817 – 9 November 1875)
  Titles: Noble Lady Mu (睦むつみ貴人きじん) → Imperial Concubine Tong (彤嬪) → Consort Tong (彤妃) → Noble Consort Tong (彤貴妃ひ) → Noble Lady Tong (彤貴人じん) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Tong (彤太嬪) → Grand Dowager Noble Consort Tong (彤太貴き太ふとし妃ひ)
  • Seventh daughter (30 July 1840 – 27 January 1845)
  • Princess Shouxi of the Second Rank (壽ことぶき禧和碩せき公主こうしゅ; 7 January 1842 – 10 September 1866), eighth daughter
    • Married Jalafungga (扎拉豐ゆたか阿おもね; d. 1898) of the Manchu Niohuru clan in November/December 1863
  • Tenth daughter (4 May 1844 – 26 February 1845)

• Noble Consort Jia, of the Gogiya clan (佳けい貴き妃ひ 郭かく佳けい氏し; 21 November 1816 – 24 May 1890)
  Titles: Noble Lady Jia (佳けい贵人) → Imperial Concubine Jia (佳けい嬪) → Noble Lady Jia (佳けい贵人) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Jia (佳けい太ふとし嬪) → Grand Consort Dowager Jia (佳けい太ふとし皇すめらぎ妃ひ) → Grand Dowager Noble Consort Jia (佳けい太ふとし貴き太ふとし妃ひ)
• Noble Consort Cheng, of the Niohuru clan (成なり貴とうと妃ひ 鈕ぼたん祜祿氏し; 10 March 1813 – 10 May 1888)
  Titles: Noble Lady Cheng (成なり貴人きじん) → First Class Female Attendant Yu (餘よ常つね在ざい) → Noble Lady Cheng (成なり貴人きじん) → Imperial Concubine Cheng (成なり嬪) → Noble Lady Cheng (成なり貴人きじん) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Cheng (成なり太ふとし嬪) → Grand Consort Dowager Cheng (成なり太たい妃ひ) → Grand Dowager Noble Consort Cheng (成なり太ふと貴き太ふとし妃ひ)

Consort

• Consort He, of the Hoifa Nara clan (和わ妃ひ 輝てる發はつ那な拉ひしげ氏し; d. 18 May 1836)
  Titles: Lady-in-waiting (官女かんじょ子こ) → Secondary Consort of the Second Prince (二に皇子おうじ侧妃) → Secondary Consort of Prince Zhi (智さとし亲王侧妃) → Imperial Concubine He (和わ嬪) → Consort He (和わ妃ひ)
  • Yiwei, Prince Yinzhi of the Second Rank (隱かくれ志しむら郡ぐん王おう 奕緯; 16 May 1808 – 23 May 1831), first son and heir presumptive for the greater part of his father's early reign

• Consort Xiang, of the Niohuru clan (祥さち妃ひ 鈕ぼたん祜祿氏し; 9 February 1808 – 15 February 1861)
  Titles: Noble Lady Xiang (祥さち貴人きじん) → Imperial Concubine Xiang (祥さち嬪) → Consort Xiang (祥さち妃ひ) → Noble Lady Xiang (祥さち貴人きじん) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Xiang (祥さち太ふとし嬪) → Grand Consort Dowager Xiang (祥さち太ふとし皇すめらぎ妃ひ)
  • Second daughter (2 March 1825 – 27 August 1825)
  • Princess Shouzang of the Second Rank (壽ことぶき臧和碩せき公主こうしゅ; 15 November 1829 – 9 August 1856), fifth daughter
    • Married Enchong (恩おん崇たかし; d. 1864) of the Manchu Namdulu (那な木き都と魯) clan on 3 January 1843
  • Yicong, Prince Dun Qin of the First Rank (惇あつし勤つとむ親王しんのう 奕誴; 23 July 1831 – 18 February 1889), fifth son; adopted by his uncle Miankai (綿めん愷) early on

• Consort Chang, of the Hešeri clan (常つね妃ひ 赫舍里さと氏し; 31 December 1808 – 10 May 1860)
  Titles: Noble Lady Zhen (珍ちん貴人きじん) → Imperial Concubine Zhen (珍ちん嬪) → Consort Zhen (珍ちん妃ひ) → Imperial Concubine Zhen (珍ちん嬪) → Noble Lady Chang (常つね貴人きじん) → Dowager Imperial Concubine Chang (常つね太ふとし嬪)

Imperial Concubine

• Imperial Concubine Tian, of the Fuca clan (恬嬪 富とみ察氏; 15 April 1789 – 21 August 1845)
  Titles: Secondary Consort of the Second Prince (皇すめらぎ次子じし侧妃) → Secondary Consort of Prince Zhi (智さとし亲王侧妃) → Imperial Concubine Tian (恬嬪)
• Imperial Concubine Shun, of the Hoifa Nara clan (順じゅん嬪 那な拉ひしげ氏し; 21 March 1809 – 11 April 1868)
  Titles: First Class Female Attendant Shun (顺常在ざい) → Noble Lady Shun (顺贵人じん) → First Class Female Attendant Shun (顺常在ざい) → Dowager Noble Lady Shun (顺太贵人)→ Grand Dowager Imperial Concubine Shun (顺太嬪)
• Imperial Concubine Yu, of the Shang clan (豫よ嬪 尚しょう氏し; 20 December 1816 – 24 September 1897)
  Titles: First Class Female Attendant Ling (玲れい常つね在ざい) → Second Class Female Attendant Shang (尚なお答こたえ应) → Dowager First Class Female Attendant Shang (尚なお太ふと常つね在ざい) → Grand Dowager Noble Lady Shang (尚なお太ふとし贵人)→ Grand Dowager Imperial Concubine Yu (豫よ太ふとし嬪)
• Imperial Concubine Heng, of the Cai clan (恆つね嬪 蔡氏; d. 28 May 1876)
  Titles: Noble Lady Yi (宜むべ貴人きじん) → First Class Female Attendant Yi (宜むべ常つね在ざい) → Second Class Female Attendant (答こたえ应) → Dowager First Class Female Attendant (太ふとし常つね在ざい) → Dowager Noble Lady (太ふとし贵人) → Grand Dowager Imperial Concubine Heng (恆つね太ふとし嬪)

Noble Lady

• Noble Lady Ping, of the Zhao clan (平ひら貴人きじん 趙ちょう氏し; d. 5 May 1823)
  Titles: Noble Lady Ping (平ひら貴人きじん)
• Noble Lady Li, of the Li clan (李り貴人きじん 李り氏し; 25 November 1827 – 26 March 1872)
  Titles: First-Class Female Attendant Yi (意い常つね在ざい) → Second-Class Female Attendant Li (李り答こたえ應おう) → First-Class Female Attendant (常つね在ざい) → Noble Lady Li (李り貴人きじん)
• Noble Lady Na, of the Hoifa Nara clan (那な貴人きじん 輝てる發はつ那な拉ひしげ氏し; 5 August 1825 – 9 September 1865)
  Titles: First-Class Female Attendant Lu (琭常在ざい) → Noble Lady Lu (琭貴人じん) → First-Class Female Attendant Lu (琭常在ざい) → Second-Class Female Attendant Lu (琭答應おう) → First-Class Female Attendant Lu (琭常在ざい) → Second-Class Female Attendant Na (那な答こたえ應おう) → First-Class Female Attendant Na (那な常つね在ざい) → Noble Lady Na (那な貴人きじん)
• Noble Lady Ding, of the Sun clan (定てい貴人きじん 孫まご氏し; d. 24 January 1843)
  Titles: Noble Lady Ding (定てい貴人きじん)

Second-Class Female Attendant

• Second-Class Female Attendant Mu, of the Heseri clan (睦むつみ答こたえ應おう 赫舍里さと氏し; d. 2 June 1832)
  Titles: Noble Lady Mu (睦むつみ貴人きじん) → Imperial Concubine Mu (睦むつみ嬪) → Noble Lady Mu (睦むつみ貴人きじん) → First-Class Female Attendant Mu (睦あつし常つね在ざい) → Second-Class Female Attendant Mu (睦むつみ答こたえ應おう) → Lady-in-waiting (官女かんじょ子こ) → Second-Class Female Attendant Mu (睦むつみ答こたえ應おう)

Lady-in-waiting

• Lady-in-waiting, of the Liu clan (劉りゅう官かん女子じょし 劉りゅう氏し; d. 1843)
  Titles: First-Class Female Attendant (曼常在ざい) → Second-Class Female Attendant (劉りゅう答こたえ應おう) →Lady-in-waiting (官女かんじょ子こ)

Ancestry

Kangxi Emperor (1654–1722)

Yongzheng Emperor (1678–1735)

Empress Xiaogongren (1660–1723)

Qianlong Emperor (1711–1799)

Lingzhu (1664–1754)

Empress Xiaoshengxian (1692–1777)

Lady Peng

Jiaqing Emperor (1760–1820)

Jiuling

Qingtai

Empress Xiaoyichun (1727–1775)

Lady Yanggiya

Daoguang Emperor (1782–1850)

Aixing'a

Chang'an

Lady Wanggiya

He'erjing'e

Lady Ligiya

Empress Xiaoshurui (1760–1797)

Lady Wanggiya

Popular culture

• Portrayed by Lo Chun-shun in The Rise and Fall of Qing Dynasty (1988)
• Portrayed by Du Zhiguo in Sigh of His Highness (2006)
• Portrayed by Sunny Chan in Curse of the Royal Harem (2011)
• Portrayed by Nono Yeung in Succession War (2018)

See also

• Family tree of Chinese monarchs (late)
• Treaty of Nanjing (1842)

References

Sources

• Maclay, Robert Samuel (1861). Life Among the Chinese: With Characteristic Sketches and Incidents of Missionary Operations and Prospects in China. New York, NY: Carlton & Porter.
• Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804729338.
• Rahul, Ram (2000). March of Central Asia. Indus Publishing Company. ISBN 9788173871092.
• Spence, Jonathan D. (1990). The Search for Modern China. Norton. ISBN 9780393307801.

Further reading

• Jane Kate Leonard. Controlling from Afar: The Daoguang Emperor's Management of the Grand Canal Crisis, 1824–1826. Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1996. ISBN 0892641142. Shows the Daoguang Emperor in a competent and effective mode when dealing with a crisis early in his reign.
• Pierre-Etienne Will, "Views of the Realm in Crisis: Testimonies on Imperial Audiences in the Nineteenth Century" (subscription required). Late Imperial China 29, no. 1S (2008): 125–59. doi:10.1353/late.0.0003. Uses transcripts of imperial audiences to present Daoguang as more a victim of circumstances than the bumbling administrator in many accounts.
• Gützlaff, Karl (1852). Life of Taou-Kwang, Late Emperor of China. London: Smith, Elder & Co. The only biography of the Daoguang Emperor; written by a missionary and contemporary.
• Evelyn S. Rawski, The Last Emperors: A Social History of Qing Imperial Institutions (Berkeley: University of Californian Press, 2001) ISBN 0-520-22837-5.
• Daily life in the Forbidden City, Wan Yi, Wang Shuqing, Lu Yanzhen. ISBN 0-670-81164-5.
• 《清史きよし稿こう》 [Draft History of Qing] (in Chinese).
• Hummel, Arthur W. Sr., ed. (1943). "Min-ning" . Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period. United States Government Printing Office.

External links

• Media related to Daoguang Emperor at Wikimedia Commons