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Zhang Yi (Bogong)

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Zhang Yi
張ちょう翼つばさ
Statue of Zhang Yi in a temple in Chengdu, Sichuan
Left General of Chariots and Cavalry
(左ひだり車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん)
In office
259 (259)–263 (263)
MonarchLiu Shan
Inspector of Ji Province (冀州刺史しし)
(nominal)
In office
259 (259)–263 (263)
MonarchLiu Shan
Senior General Who Guards the South
(鎮南大將軍だいしょうぐん)
In office
255 (255)–259 (259)
MonarchLiu Shan
Senior General Who Attacks the West
(征せい西にし大將軍だいしょうぐん)
In office
? (?)–259 (259)
MonarchLiu Shan
Master of Writing (尚書しょうしょ)
In office
238 (238)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
Vanguard Army Commander (前ぜん領りょう軍ぐん)
In office
234 (234)–238 (238)
MonarchLiu Shan
Administrator of Fufeng (扶風太守たいしゅ)
(nominal)
In office
234 (234)–234 (234)
MonarchLiu Shan
ChancellorZhuge Liang
General of the Household Who Pacifies the South (綏南中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう)
In office
231 (231)–234 (234)
MonarchLiu Shan
ChancellorZhuge Liang
Area Commander of Laixiang (庲降都と督とく)
In office
231 (231)–234 (234)
MonarchLiu Shan
ChancellorZhuge Liang
Preceded byLi Hui
Personal details
BornUnknown
Pengshan District, Meishan, Sichuan
Died(264-03-03)3 March 264[a]
Chengdu, Sichuan
RelationsZhang Liang (ancestor)
ChildrenZhang Wei
OccupationMilitary general, politician
Courtesy nameBogong (伯はく恭きょう)
PeerageMarquis of a Chief Village
(都と亭てい侯こう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhang.

Zhang Yi (died 3 March 264),[a] courtesy name Bogong, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Born in the late Eastern Han dynasty, Zhang Yi was a 10th-generation descendant of Zhang Liang.[b] He started his career as a scribe under the warlord Liu Bei, who founded Shu later, and gradually rose to the positions of a county prefect and commandery administrator. In the early 230s, he served as an area commander tasked with maintaining the peace in Shu's southern commanderies. In 234, he led the Shu vanguard during the Battle of Wuzhang Plains against Shu's rival state Wei. From 238 to 259, Zhang Yi steadily rose through the ranks to become one of Shu's top generals. During this time, although he strongly opposed the Shu general Jiang Wei's aggressive stance towards Wei, he still accompanied Jiang Wei on his military campaigns against Wei. In 263, he surrendered to Wei forces along with the Shu emperor Liu Shan when Wei launched a large-scale invasion of Shu. In the following year, Zhang Yi was killed by mutineers during a rebellion by the Wei general Zhong Hui. Like Liao Hua and Zong Yu, Zhang was one of few officials who served the Shu-Han state throughout its entire existence.[2]

Family background[edit]

Zhang Yi was born sometime in the late Eastern Han dynasty in Wuyang County (武たけ陽よう縣けん), Jianwei Commandery (犍為郡ぐん), which is present-day Pengshan District, Meishan, Sichuan.[3] He was a 10th-generation descendant of Zhang Liang, a strategist and statesman who served under Liu Bang (Emperor Gao), the founding emperor of the Han dynasty.[b] His great-great-grandfather Zhang Hao (張ちょう晧) and great-grandfather Zhang Gang (張ちょう綱つな) served as the Minister of Works and Administrator of Guangling Commandery respectively during the reign of Emperor Shun of the Eastern Han dynasty.[5]

Early career[edit]

In 214,[6] after the warlord Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) from Liu Zhang and became the new provincial Governor, he employed Zhang Yi to serve as a scribe (書しょ佐さ) in his office.[7]

Towards the end of the Jian'an era (196–220) of the Eastern Han dynasty, Zhang Yi was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate) and subsequently appointed as the Chief of Jiangyang County (江陽こうよう縣けん; present-day Luzhou, Sichuan). He was later reassigned to be the Prefect of Fuling County (涪陵縣けん; present-day Pengshui County, Chongqing), and subsequently promoted to the rank of commandery administrator. He consecutively served as the Administrator of Zitong (梓あずさ潼; around present-day Zitong County, Sichuan), Guanghan (廣こう漢かん; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan) and Shu (蜀しょく; around present-day Chengdu, Sichuan) commanderies.[8]

Zhang Yi served as a subordinate of Zhao Yun during the Hanzhong Campaign where they scored a major victory against Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Han River with many of the enemy soldiers being killed during their retreat.[9]

As an area commander[edit]

In 231, the Shu government commissioned Zhang Yi as General of the Household Who Pacifies the South (綏南中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう) and appointed him as the Area Commander of Laixiang to replace Li Hui, who went to serve in Zhuge Liang's Northern Campaign in Hanzhong, (庲降都と督とく), putting him in charge of maintaining the peace in Shu's southern lands (covering parts of present-day southern Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan).[10] Zhang proved to be unpopular compared to his predecessor as he lacked the flexibility to adapt the Shu code of law to local conditions in his jurisdictions, he became very unpopular among the masses.[11][12]

In 233,[13] when a local tribal chief Liu Zhou (劉りゅう胄) started a rebellion, Zhang Yi rallied his troops and prepared to attack the rebels. However, before Zhang Yi managed to quell the revolt, the Shu central government summoned him to the capital Chengdu. When his subordinates urged him to follow orders and go to Chengdu immediately,[14][15] Zhang Yi refused and said:

"No. I have been recalled to Chengdu because I failed in my duty to prevent the barbarians from rebelling. However, as my successor has yet to arrive and because we are near the war zone, I should make preparations for stockpiling and transporting supplies so as to ensure that my successor will have adequate resources to quell the revolt. How can I neglect my role in public affairs just because I have been relieved of my command?"[16][17]

Zhang Yi then directed his troops to transport supplies to a staging area for the troops and kept them on high alert until his successor, Ma Zhong, arrived. Due to Zhang Yi's earlier efforts, Ma Zhong was able to successfully defeat Liu Zhou and suppress the revolt. Zhang Yi's actions earned him praise from Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu.[18][19]

Battles against Wei[edit]

Battle of Wuzhang Plains[edit]

Further information: Battle of Wuzhang Plains

In 234,[13] Zhang Yi served as the Chief Controller of the Vanguard (前ぜん軍ぐん都と督とく) when Zhuge Liang led Shu forces to attack Shu's rival state Wei for the fifth time since 228.[20] Zhuge Liang also appointed him as the nominal Administrator of Fufeng Commandery (扶風郡ぐん; around present-day Xingping, Shaanxi), which was under Wei control.[21]

Following Zhuge Liang's death later that year during the Battle of Wuzhang Plains, Zhang Yi was appointed as Vanguard Army Commander (前ぜん領りょう軍ぐん). He also received a peerage as a Secondary Marquis (關せき內侯) for his contributions during the battle, as well as for his earlier efforts in helping Ma Zhong suppress Liu Zhou's rebellion.[22]

Guarding Jianwei[edit]

In 238, Zhang Yi was reassigned to the Shu capital Chengdu to serve as a Master of Writing (尚書しょうしょ) in the imperial secretariat. Within a short period of time, he was sent back to the frontline to serve as the Area Commander of Jianwei (建たて威たけし; in present-day Longnan, Gansu) near the Wei–Shu border. In addition to his new appointment, he was granted acting imperial authority, promoted to Senior General Who Attacks the West (征せい西にし大將軍だいしょうぐん), and had his marquis rank increased from that of a Secondary Marquis to a Marquis of a Chief Village (都と亭てい侯こう).[23]

Battle of Didao[edit]

Main article: Battle of Didao

In 255, Zhang Yi returned to the Shu capital Chengdu for a discussion on Shu general Jiang Wei's plan to launch another invasion of Wei. During the discussion in the imperial court, Zhang Yi strongly objected to Jiang Wei's plan and pointed out that Shu lacked the resources to go to war and that the people were already tired of war.[24] Jiang Wei ignored him and proceeded with his plan. He reassigned Zhang Yi to the position of Senior General Who Guards the South (鎮南大將軍だいしょうぐん) and ordered him to participate in the campaign.[25]

Jiang Wei attacked Wang Jing, the Wei governor of Yong Province, at Didao (狄道; present-day Lintao County, Gansu) and inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy. Tens of thousands of Wei soldiers fled after their defeat and drowned in the nearby Tao River.[26] At that point in time, Zhang Yi advised Jiang Wei: "It's time to stop. We shouldn't advance any further, or we'll risk losing everything we have gained so far." When Jiang Wei turned furious, Zhang Yi told him that advancing further would be equivalent to "adding legs to a snake."[c][27]

Jiang Wei did not heed Zhang Yi's warning and continued to besiege Wang Jing at Didao but failed to breach Didao's walls.[28] Upon learning that Wei reinforcements led by Chen Tai were approaching Didao, Jiang Wei gave up on the fortress and retreated back to Zhongti (鐘かね堤つつみ; south of present-day Lintao County, Gansu).[29]

Although Zhang Yi strongly disagreed with Jiang Wei's aggressive stance towards Wei and did not get along well with him, Jiang Wei still brought him along on his military campaigns against Wei. Zhang Yi also reluctantly participated in the campaigns.[30]

In 259, the Shu emperor Liu Shan promoted Zhang Yi to the position of Left General of Chariots and Cavalry (左ひだり車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん) and appointed him as the nominal Inspector of Ji Province.[31]

Death[edit]

Further information: Conquest of Shu by Wei and Zhong Hui's Rebellion

In 263, the Wei regent Sima Zhao ordered his generals Zhong Hui, Deng Ai and others to lead a large-scale invasion of Shu from three fronts.[32] In response to the Wei invasion, the Shu generals Jiang Wei, Zhang Yi, Liao Hua, Dong Jue and others led their troops to resist the invaders. Zhang Yi and Dong Jue received orders to guard Yang'an Pass (陽ひ安やす關せき; a.k.a. Yangping Pass 陽平ようへい關せき; in present-day Ningqiang County, Shaanxi) and provide backup on the external perimeter.[33]

Zhang Yi later joined Jiang Wei and Liao Hua at the heavily fortified mountain pass Jiange to resist the Wei army led by Zhong Hui. In the winter of 263, the Shu emperor Liu Shan surrendered when the Wei army led by Deng Ai showed up unexpectedly outside Chengdu after taking a detour across dangerous terrain. As a result of Liu Shan's surrender, the Shu state's existence came to an end and it became part of Wei.[32] After learning of Liu Shan's surrender, Zhang Yi and the other Shu generals at Jiange formally surrendered to Zhong Hui at Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan).[34]

Zhang Yi returned to Chengdu on 29 February 264 with Zhong Hui and the others. Over the next few days, with Jiang Wei's support, Zhong Hui plotted a rebellion against the Wei regent Sima Zhao. On 3 March, a mutiny broke out when some of Zhong Hui's officers who were unwilling to participate in the rebellion turned against their superior and killed him and Jiang Wei. Zhang Yi also lost his life during the chaos.[35][32]

Family[edit]

Zhang Yi's son, Zhang Wei (張ちょう微ほろ), was known for being ambitious and studious since he was young. He served as the Administrator of Guanghan Commandery (廣こう漢かん郡ぐん; around present-day Guanghan, Sichuan) during the Jin dynasty.[36]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b Zhong Hui's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that the mutiny took place on the 18th day of the 1st month of the 1st year of the Xianxi era of Cao Huan's reign.[1] This date corresponds to 3 March 264 in the Gregorian calendar.
  2. ^ a b Zhang Yi's great-great-grandfather, Zhang Hao, was a sixth-generation descendant of Zhang Liang.[4] Therefore, Zhang Yi was a 10th-generation descendant of Zhang Liang.
  3. ^ The phrase "adding legs to a snake" is derived from a Chinese idiom, hua she tian zu (畫が蛇へび添足; 'draw a snake and add legs to it'). The idiom story says that a man who participated in a snake drawing contest finished before the time was up. However, instead of submitting his drawing, he decided to use the remaining time to add four legs to his snake. He lost the contest eventually. This idiom is used to describe people doing unnecessary things and ending up ruining what they set out to do in the first place.

References[edit]

  1. ^ ([咸熙元年がんねん正月しょうがつ]十じゅう八はち日にち日び中ちゅう， ... 姜きょう維率會かい左右さゆう戰せん，手て殺ころせ五ご六ろく人にん，衆しゅう旣すんで格かく斬き維，爭そう赴殺[鍾]會かい。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  2. ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 1086.
  3. ^ (張ちょう翼つばさ字じ伯はく恭きょう，犍為武たけ陽よう人じん也。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  4. ^ (張ちょう晧[浩ひろし?]字じ叔明，犍為武たけ陽よう人じん也。六ろく世せい祖そ良りょう，高こう帝みかど時じ為ため太子たいし少しょう傅でん，封ふう留とめ侯こう。) Houhanshu vol. 56.
  5. ^ (高祖父こうそふ司し空そら浩ひろし，曾祖父そうそふ廣陵こうりょう太守たいしゅ綱つな，皆みな有名ゆうめい迹。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  6. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 67.
  7. ^ (先さき主ぬし定てい益えき州しゅう，領りょう牧まき，翼つばさ為ため書しょ佐さ。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  8. ^ (建けん安やす末まつ，舉孝廉れん，為ため江陽こうよう長ちょう，徙涪陵りょう令れい，遷梓潼太守たいしゅ，累るい遷至廣こう漢かん、蜀しょく郡ぐん太守たいしゅ。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  9. ^ (公おおやけ軍ぐん追つい至いたり圍かこえ，此時沔陽長ちょう張ちょう翼つばさ在ざい雲くも圍かこえ內，...公おおやけ軍ぐん驚おどろき駭，自じ相あい蹂踐，墮漢水中すいちゅう死者ししゃ甚多。)Zhao Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  10. ^ (建けん興きょう九きゅう年ねん，為ため庲降都と督とく、綏南中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  11. ^ (翼つばさ性せい持じ法ほう嚴げん，不ふ得とく殊こと俗ぞく之の歡心かんしん。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  12. ^ (李り恢卒後ご，以蜀郡ぐん太守たいしゅ犍為張ちょう翼つばさ為ため都と督とく。翼つばさ持じ法ほう嚴げん，不ふ得とく殊こと俗ぞく和わ。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  13. ^ a b Sima (1084), vol. 72.
  14. ^ (耆率劉りゅう胄背叛はいはん作さく亂みだれ，翼つばさ舉兵討胄。胄未破やぶ，會かい被ひ徵ちょう當とう還かえ，羣下咸以為ため宜よろし便びん馳はせ騎き即そく罪ざい， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  15. ^ (夷えびす帥そち劉りゅう冑かぶと反はん，徵ちょう翼つばさ，以馬忠ちゅう為ため代だい。忠ただし未み至いたり，翼つばさ脩おさむ攻おさむ戰せん方略ほうりゃく、資し儲もうか。群ぐん下か懼。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  16. ^ (... 翼つばさ曰：「不ふ然しか。吾われ以蠻夷ばんい蠢動しゅんどう，不ふ稱しょう職しょく故こ還かえ耳みみ，然しか代人だいにん未み至いたり，吾われ方かた臨戰りんせん場じょう，當とう運うん糧かて積せき穀こく，為ため滅めつ賊ぞく之の資し，豈あに可か以黜退之の故こ而廢公家くげ之の務つとむ乎？」) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  17. ^ (翼つばさ曰：「吾われ方かた臨戰りんせん場じょう，豈あに可か以絀退之の故こ，廢はい公家くげ之の務つとむ乎？」) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  18. ^ (於是統すべ攝と不ふ懈たゆ，代だい到いた乃發。馬うま忠ただし因いん其成基もと以破殄胄，丞相じょうしょう亮あきら聞而善之よしゆき。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  19. ^ (忠ちゅう至いたり，承うけたまわ以滅冑かぶと。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  20. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 71.
  21. ^ (亮あきら出で武功ぶこう，以翼為ため前ぜん軍ぐん都と督とく，領りょう扶風太守たいしゅ。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  22. ^ (亮あきら卒そつ，拜はい前ぜん領りょう軍ぐん，追おい論ろん討劉胄功，賜たまもの爵關內侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  23. ^ (延のべ熈元年ねん，入にゅう為ため尚書しょうしょ，稍やや遷督建たて威たけし，假かり節ふし，進しん封ふう都と亭ちん侯こう，征せい西にし大將軍だいしょうぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  24. ^ ([延のべ熈]十じゅう八はち年ねん，與あずか衞まもる將軍しょうぐん姜きょう維俱還成都せいと。維議復ふく出で軍ぐん，唯ただ翼つばさ庭にわ爭そう，以為國こく小しょう民みん勞ろう，不ふ宜むべ黷武。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  25. ^ (維不聽，將はた翼つばさ等とう行ぎょう，進しん翼つばさ位い鎮南大將軍だいしょうぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  26. ^ (維至狄道，大破たいは魏ぎ雍州刺史しし王おう經けい，經けい衆しゅ死し於洮水すい者しゃ以萬まん計けい。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  27. ^ (翼つばさ曰：「可か止とめ矣，不ふ宜よろし復ふく進しん，進しん或ある毀此大功たいこう。」維大怒いか，曰：「為ため蛇へび畫が足あし。」) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  28. ^ (維竟圍かこえ經けい於狄道どう，城しろ不能ふのう克かつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  29. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 76.
  30. ^ (自じ翼つばさ建けん異論いろん，維心與あずか翼つばさ不善ふぜん，然しか常つね牽率同行どうこう，翼つばさ亦また不ふ得とく已やめ而往。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  31. ^ (景けい耀二に年ねん，遷左車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん，領りょう兾州刺史しし。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  32. ^ a b c Sima (1084), vol. 78.
  33. ^ (及鐘會かい將はた向こう駱谷，鄧艾將はた入にゅう沓くつ中ちゅう。然しか後こう乃遣右みぎ車しゃ騎き廖化詣まい沓くつ中ちゅう為ため維援，左ひだり車しゃ騎き張ちょう翼つばさ、輔國大將軍だいしょうぐん董ただし厥等詣まい陽ひ安やす關口せきぐち以為諸しょ圍かこえ外がい助すけ。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  34. ^ ([景けい耀]六ろく年ねん，與あずか維咸在ざい劒閣，共きょう詣まい降ぶ鍾會于涪。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  35. ^ (明年みょうねん正月しょうがつ，隨ずい會かい至いたり成都せいと，為ため亂らん兵へい所しょ殺ころせ。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  36. ^ (華陽かよう國こく志こころざし曰：翼つばさ子こ微ほろ，篤志とくし好學こうがく，官かん至いたり廣こう漢かん太守たいしゅ。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  • Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
  • Chang Qu (4th century). Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi).
  • Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
  • Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
  • de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
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