Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions

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Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions
Part of the wars of the Three Kingdoms period
Date240–262 CE
Location
Northwestern China (primarily within modern Gansu and Shaanxi provinces)
Result Cao Wei victory; Shu Han retreat
Belligerents
Shu Han
Di and Qiang tribes		 Cao Wei
Commanders and leaders
Jiang Wei
Zhang Yi
Wang Ping
Liao Hua
Ma Zhong
Zhang Ni †
Xiahou Ba (after 249)
Hu Ji		 Guo Huai
Xiahou Ba (before 249)
Chen Tai
Xu Zhi †
Li Jian Surrendered
Deng Ai
Wang Jing Executed
Sima Fu
Sima Wang
Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions
Traditional Chinese姜きょう維北伐き
Simplified Chinese姜きょう维北伐き
Nine campaigns on the Central Plains
Traditional Chinese九きゅう伐き中原なかはら
Simplified Chinese九きゅう伐き中原なかはら

Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions refer to a series of eleven military campaigns launched by the state of Shu Han against its rival state, Cao Wei, between 240 and 262 CE during the Three Kingdoms period in China. The campaigns were led by Jiang Wei, a prominent Shu general. Unlike the previous Northern campaigns led by Zhuge Liang, which added Wudu and Yinping commanderies to Shu Han state territories, Jiang Wei's campaigns ended up being unpopular in both the military and civil circles in Shu. Also unlike Zhuge Liang's campaigns which often featured 60,000 to sometimes even 100,000 Shu Troops, Jiang Wei's were often much smaller rarely exceeding 30,000 even after the death of Fei Yi, where Jiang Wei assumed control of the military. The Zhuge Liang campaigns did suffer from logistical and supply issues for their large army. Zhuge's successor Jiang Wan, believed that it was the Hanzhong's mountainous terrain itself that were to blame for the campaigns failures and attempted to switch the route through the Han river. Fei Yi, who succeeded Jiang Wan, agreed, and never allowed any large campaigns to be launched by Hanzhong. Jiang Wei however overlooked these concerns and used Hanzhong as his home base as Zhuge Liang did.

Each campaign was ultimately aborted due to inadequate food supplies, heavy losses on the battlefield, or other reasons. The campaigns drained Shu's already limited resources and preceded the eventual fall of Shu in 263.

In popular culture and the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the campaigns were erroneously referred to as the "nine campaigns on the Central Plains" (九きゅう伐き中原なかはら). This description is inaccurate because there were actually eleven campaigns instead of nine, and the battles were fought in locations far from the Central Plains.

Prelude[edit]

Further information: Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions

In 227, China was divided into three competing regimes – Cao Wei, Shu Han and Eastern Wu – each with the purpose of reunifying the territories of the fallen Han dynasty under its own control. Between 228 and 234, Zhuge Liang, the chancellor-regent of Shu, had led a series of five campaigns to attack Wei, but each campaign ultimately proved unsuccessful and the overall result was a stalemate. Zhuge Liang died of illness during the fifth campaign in 234. After Zhuge Liang's death, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi, who consecutively succeeded him as the regents of Shu, discontinued his aggressive foreign policy towards Wei and focused more on domestic policies and internal development. There was a six-year-long period of relative peace between Shu and Wei until 240, when the Shu general Jiang Wei decided to follow-up on Zhuge Liang's legacy and continue launching attacks on Wei.

First expedition (240)[edit]

Timeline of Jiang Wei's Northern Expeditions[1]
Approximate date range Location Event(s)
240 Dingxi, Gansu First Northern Expedition:
247 Gansu and Qinghai Second Northern Expedition:
  • The Qiang tribes rebel against Wei rule in Longxi, Nan'an, Jincheng and Xiping commanderies.
  • Jiang Wei leads Shu forces to support the Qiang rebels.
  • Guo Huai and Xiahou Ba drive back Jiang Wei and suppress the Qiang rebellions.
248 Gansu, Qinghai and Inner Mongolia
  • Guo Huai defeats Qiang rebels under Ezhesai and Zhiwudai in Heguan, Baitu and Longyi counties.
  • Third Northern Expedition: Jiang Wei leads Shu forces to support Zhiwudai, and leaves Liao Hua behind to guard Chengzhong Mountain. When Guo Huai attacks Liao Hua, Jiang Wei is forced to turn back to save Liao Hua and fails to meet up with Zhiwudai.
6 Feb – 1 Mar 249 Xiahou Ba defects to Shu after the Incident at Gaoping Tombs on 5 Feb.
c. Sep – Nov 249 Gansu, Shaanxi and Sichuan Fourth Northern Expedition:
  • Jiang Wei attacks Yong Province and builds two fortresses at Qushan.
  • Chen Tai, Xu Zhi and Deng Ai capture the two Shu fortresses at Qushan.
  • Jiang Wei pretends to retreat and sends Liao Hua to attack Deng Ai at Baishui and keep him distracted. Deng Ai knows that Jiang Wei is actually targeting Taocheng so he sends troops to reinforce Taocheng. Jiang Wei has no choice but to retreat.
250 Qinghai Fifth Northern Expedition: Jiang Wei attacks Xiping Commandery and retreats after failing to capture it.
16 Feb – 17 Mar 253 Chengdu, Sichuan Fei Yi is assassinated by Guo Xiu, a Wei defector.
14 Jun – 9 Sep 253 Hefei, Anhui Battle of Hefei: Zhang Te successfully defends Hefei from attacks by Zhuge Ke.
Southeastern Gansu Sixth Northern Expedition:
2 – 31 Jul 254 Southeastern Gansu Seventh Northern Expedition:
  • Jiang Wei attacks Longxi Commandery.
  • Li Jian defects and surrenders Didao to Shu.
  • Battle of Xiangwu County: Zhang Ni and Xu Zhi are killed in battle.
  • Shu forces capture Didao, Heguan and Lintao and relocate their residents to Shu territory.
18 Sep – 11 Nov 255 Southeastern Gansu Eighth Northern Expedition: Battle of Didao
8 Aug – 6 Sep 256 Southeastern Gansu Ninth Northern Expedition: Deng Ai repels an invasion led by Jiang Wei.
c. Jun 257 – Mar/Apr 258 Shou County, Anhui Zhuge Dan's Rebellion: Zhuge Dan starts a rebellion against Wei in Shouchun with support from Eastern Wu but the rebellion is ultimately suppressed by Wei forces.
Gansu and Shaanxi Tenth Northern Expedition: Jiang Wei attacks the Wei garrisons near the Great Wall. Sima Wang and Deng Ai surround Jiang Wei at Mangshui but do not engage him in battle. Jiang Wei retreats after learning of the failure of Zhuge Dan's Rebellion.
30 Oct – 28 Nov 262 Southeastern Gansu Eleventh Northern Expedition: Deng Ai defeats Jiang Wei at Houhe County. Jiang Wei retreats to Tazhong.

In 240, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Longxi Commandery. In response, the Wei general Guo Huai led his forces to attack the enemy and drove them towards territory controlled by the Qiang tribes. Jiang Wei withdrew his troops and returned to Shu. In the meantime, Guo Huai attacked the Qiang tribes led by Midang (迷當) and defeated them. He also received the surrender of over 3,000 Di tribal clans, whom he relocated to the Guanzhong region (present-day central Shaanxi).[Sanguozhi 26 1]

Second expedition (247)[edit]

In 247, the Qiang tribes, led by Ehe (餓かつえ何なに), Shaoge (燒しょう戈ほこ),[a] Fatong (伐き同どう), Ezhesai (蛾が遮さえぎ塞ふさが) and others, started a rebellion against Wei in four commanderies: Longxi (around present-day Dingxi, Gansu), Nan'an (南みなみ安やす; around present-day Wushan County, Gansu), Jincheng (金城きんじょう; around present-day Lanzhou, Gansu) and Xiping (西平にしだいら; around present-day Xining, Qinghai). They attacked several cities and towns in the area, and called for Shu forces to support them.[Sanguozhi 26 2]

Baihuwen (白虎びゃっこ文ぶん) and Zhiwudai (治おさむ無む戴), two influential tribal kings in Liang Province, responded by rebelling against Wei. When Jiang Wei led Shu forces into Liang Province to support the Qiang rebels, Baihuwen and Zhiwudai submitted to him.[Zizhi Tongjian 75 1]

The Wei imperial court ordered Xiahou Ba to lead troops to garrison at the flank. When Guo Huai and his forces showed up at Didao (狄道; around present-day Lintao County, Gansu), his advisers suggested that they should attack Fuhan County (枹なら罕縣; in present-day Linxia County, Gansu) and pacify the Qiang tribes first before dealing with the invading Shu forces. Guo Huai predicted that Jiang Wei would attack Xiahou Ba's position, so he headed south to reinforce Xiahou Ba. As he expected, Jiang Wei did attack Xiahou Ba at the west of the Tao River, but retreated when Guo Huai and his reinforcements showed up. Guo Huai then moved on to attack the Qiang rebels, killed Ehe and Shaoge, and forced the thousands of Qiang tribal clans to surrender.[Sanguozhi 26 3][Sanguozhi 44 1]

Third expedition (248)[edit]

In 248, Ezhesai (蛾が遮さえぎ塞ふさが) and the Qiang rebels occupied fortresses in Heguan (河かわ關せき; in the vicinity of present-day Dingxi, Gansu) and Baitu (白土しらつち; in present-day Minhe County, Qinghai) counties and used them as defences against Wei forces across the Tao River. Guo Huai pretended that he was going to attack from upstream, but actually secretly ordered his troops to cross the river downstream to attack Baitu. The assault was successful and the rebels were defeated. Zhiwudai (治おさむ無む戴) led his tribal forces to attack Wuwei Commandery but left his family in Xihai Commandery (西海さいかい郡ぐん; near the Juyan Lake Basin, Inner Mongolia). When Guo Huai learnt about it, he led his troops to attack Xihai Commandery, but encountered Zhiwudai and his forces, who were on their way back from Wuwei Commandery. The two armies clashed at the north of Longyi County (龍りゅう夷えびす縣けん; west of present-day Huangyuan County, Qinghai), with the Wei forces emerging victorious and Zhiwudai's forces retreating.[Sanguozhi 26 4]

Jiang Wei led Shu forces from Shiying (石いし營; northwest of present-day Xihe County, Gansu) to Qiangchuan (彊つよし川がわ; west of present-day Lintan County, Gansu) to rendezvous with Zhiwudai and his retreating troops. He left Liao Hua behind in Chengzhong Mountain (成なる重山かさねやま; west of present-day Lintao County, Gansu) to build a fortress and gather the remaining Qiang forces and keep them as hostages in the fortress. When Guo Huai heard about Jiang Wei's advances, he wanted to divide his forces into two groups to attack the enemy. His officers, however, had a different opinion. They expected to Jiang Wei to head west to meet Zhiwudai and combine their forces, while Liao Hua would remain behind to defend the Shu position at Chengzhong Mountain. If they split their army into two, their attacking power would be greatly reduced, and they might end up in a situation where they were able to neither resist Jiang Wei nor capture Liao Hua's position. They urged Guo Huai to concentrate on advancing westward to attack Jiang Wei and Zhiwudai separately before they could meet up.[Sanguozhi 26 5]

Guo Huai stood by his initial plan and said: "If we attack Liao Hua, we can catch the enemy off guard. Jiang Wei will then definitely turn back to save Liao Hua. By the time he returns, we would have already defeated Liao Hua. By doing so, we can make Jiang Wei and his men weary from travelling forth and back. If Jiang Wei does not meet the barbarians, the barbarians will retreat on their own. This is the best approach." He then instructed Xiahou Ba to lead one detachment to pursue Jiang Wei towards Tazhong (沓くつ中ちゅう; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu), while he led the other group to attack Liao Hua. As Guo Huai foresaw, Jiang Wei did turn back to save Liao Hua and failed to meet up with Zhiwudai.[Sanguozhi 26 6]

Fourth expedition (249)[edit]

In the spring of 249, the Wei regent Cao Shuang was deposed and executed in a coup launched by his co-regent Sima Yi, who then held full control of the Wei government. Xiahou Ba was then a subordinate of Xiahou Xuan, who held the position of General Who Attacks the West (征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん). Xiahou Xuan was a relative of both Xiahou Ba and Cao Shuang. After Cao Shuang's death, Sima Yi summoned Xiahou Xuan back to the capital, Luoyang, and replaced him with Guo Huai. Guo Huai thus became Xiahou Ba's new commanding officer. Xiahou Ba had all along not been on good terms with Guo Huai, so he feared that he would end up like Cao Shuang, hence he fled and defected to Shu.[Sanguozhi 33 1][Zizhi Tongjian 75 2]

In autumn, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Yong Province, had two fortresses constructed at Qushan (麴山; southeast of present-day Min County, Gansu), and ordered his officers Ju An (句く安やす) and Li Xin (李り歆) to guard them. He also contacted the Qiang tribes and requested assistance from them in harassing the commanderies in Yong Province. Guo Huai discussed with Chen Tai, the Inspector of Yong Province, on how to deal with the Shu invasion. Chen Tai said: "The fortresses at Qushan may be well-defended, but the roads leading into Shu are difficult to travel, so they will require a sufficient amount of supplies. The Qiang tribes are worried about this weakness of the Shu army, so they may not be willing to help Shu. If we surround the fortresses and attack them, we can easily capture them. Even if Shu reinforcements arrive, the dangerous mountainous terrain will cause them to be worn out."[Zizhi Tongjian 75 3][Sanguozhi 22 1]

Guo Huai then ordered Chen Tai, Xu Zhi and Deng Ai to lead Wei forces to attack the fortresses at Qushan and cut off their food and water supplies. Ju An and Li Xin led their men to taunt Deng Ai to attack them, but Deng Ai ignored them. As time passed, the two fortresses gradually ran out of supplies. Jiang Wei led his troops from Mount Niutou (牛頭山うしずやま; west of present-day Zhaohua District, Guangyuan, Sichuan) to reinforce the fortresses. They encountered Chen Tai and his troops along the way. Chen Tai said: "The Art of War says that the best way to win a battle is to win without fighting. If we manage to occupy Mount Niutou, Jiang Wei's return route will be sealed off and he can be easily captured by us." He then ordered his troops to build forts to resist Jiang Wei's forces but refrain from engaging the enemy. At the same time, he also wrote to Guo Huai and requested his help in attacking Mount Niutou. Guo Huai did so and led his troops across the Tao River in preparation for attacking Mount Niutou.[Sanguozhi 22 2][Zizhi Tongjian 75 4]

After Jiang Wei retreated, Ju An and Li Xin became isolated at the fortresses at Qushan, so they had no choice but to surrender to the enemy.[Sanguozhi 33 2] Guo Huai then led his troops further west to attack the restless Qiang tribes and forced them to surrender.[Zizhi Tongjian 75 5] Deng Ai cautioned him: "The enemy did not retreat far. They might turn back to attack us again, so we should split up our forces in case they attack us again."[Sanguozhi 28 1]

Deng Ai remained behind and garrisoned at the north of Baishui (白水しろみず; in present-day Qingchuan County, Sichuan). Three days later, Jiang Wei sent Liao Hua to lead a force to approach Deng Ai's camp from the south of Baishui. Deng Ai told his officers: "Jiang Wei has turned back to attack us. We have few troops. Ideally, we should cross the river and not build a bridge. I believe Jiang Wei must have sent Liao Hua to hinder us so that we are forced to remain here, while he would attack Taocheng (洮城; northeast of present-day Min County, Gansu) from the east." Taocheng was located north of the river and was about 60 li away from Deng Ai's position. Deng Ai immediately dispatched troops to travel overnight to Taocheng to defend the fortress. As he expected, Jiang Wei crossed the river to attack Taocheng, but failed to capture the fortress because Deng Ai had already strengthened its defences. Faced with no other viable options, Jiang Wei withdrew his forces back to Shu.[Sanguozhi 28 2]

Fifth expedition (250)[edit]

In 250, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack the Wei-controlled Xiping Commandery (西平にしだいら郡ぐん; around present-day Xining, Qinghai). He retreated after failing to capture the commandery.[Sanguozhi 33 3][Zizhi Tongjian 75 6]

Sixth expedition (253)[edit]

In the summer of 253, Shu's ally state, Eastern Wu, launched an attack on Wei's eastern borders, leading to the Battle of Hefei.

Jiang Wei prided himself on his familiarity with the cultures and customs of the Qiang and other non-Han Chinese tribes living in western China. As such, he often thought of inducing these tribal peoples to ally with Shu and launch a coordinated attack on the Wei-controlled territories in present-day Gansu. However, Fei Yi, the Shu regent, strongly disapproved of Jiang Wei's warmongering behaviour towards Wei, and attempted to rein Jiang Wei in by limiting the number of troops he led into battle each time to no more than 10,000. He once told Jiang Wei that they should stop attacking Wei and focus on policies promoting internal stability and prosperity in Shu.[Zizhi Tongjian 76 1]

On 16 February 253, Fei Yi was assassinated by Guo Xiu (郭かく脩おさむ), a defector from Wei, during a party on the first day of the Chinese New Year. After Fei Yi's death, Jiang Wei gained greater control over Shu's armed forces and could do as he wished. In the summer of that year, after learning of the Wu attack on Wei in the east, Jiang Wei led tens of thousands of Shu troops from Shiying (石いし營; northwest of present-day Xihe County, Gansu) to besiege Didao (狄道; around present-day Lintao County, Gansu).[Sanguozhi 44 2][Zizhi Tongjian 76 2]

The Wei regent Sima Shi summoned Yu Song (虞おそれ松まつ) to seek his opinion on how to deal with the Wu and Shu incursions in the east and west respectively. Yu Song analysed the situation and said that the defences at Hefei were strong enough to resist the Wu attack for some time and that the Wu forces would eventually withdraw once they lost momentum. He suggested that they launch a swift counterattack on the Shu invaders to catch them off guard and drive them back. Sima Shi agreed and ordered Guo Huai and Chen Tai to lead the Wei forces stationed in the Guanzhong region to attack Jiang Wei and lift the siege on Didao. Chen Tai attacked the enemy at Luomen (洛らく門もん; in present-day Wushan County, Gansu). Jiang Wei eventually pulled out his troops when they ran out of food supplies.[Zizhi Tongjian 76 3]

Seventh expedition (254)[edit]

In the summer of 254, Jiang Wei led Shu forces to attack Longxi Commandery again. Li Jian (李り簡), the Wei official in charge of Didao (狄道; around present-day Lintao County, Gansu), surrendered to Jiang Wei. Jiang Wei then pressed further to attack Xiangwu County (襄じょう武たけ縣けん; southeast of present-day Longxi County, Gansu) and engaged the Wei general Xu Zhi in battle. Xu Zhi was defeated and killed, but the Shu army also lost a general, Zhang Ni. The victorious Shu forces then occupied three counties – Didao, Heguan (河かわ關せき; in the vicinity of present-day Dingxi, Gansu) and Lintao – and forced the residents to relocate to Shu-controlled territory.[Sanguozhi 44 3][Zizhi Tongjian 76 4][Sanguozhi 33 4]

Eighth expedition (255)[edit]

Main article: Battle of Didao

In 255, when Jiang Wei announced his plan to the Shu imperial court to launch another campaign against Wei, Zhang Yi openly objected to Jiang Wei's idea and pointed out that Shu lacked the resources to go to war and that the people were already tired of war. Jiang Wei ignored him and led a Shu army comprising tens of thousands of troops, with Zhang Yi and Xiahou Ba as his deputies, to attack Wei. Between 18 September and 17 October, the Shu army reached Fuhan County (枹なら罕縣; northeast of present-day Linxia County, Gansu) and prepared to attack Didao (狄道; present-day Lintao County, Gansu).[Zizhi Tongjian 76 5][Sanguozhi 22 3]

In the meantime, Wang Jing, the Wei-appointed Inspector of Yong Province, reported the Shu invasion to the general Chen Tai. After Guo Huai died in 255, Chen Tai had succeeded him as General Who Attacks the West (征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん) and was now in charge of military affairs in Yong and Liang provinces.[Sanguozhi 22 4] Wang Jing reported to Chen Tai that the Shu forces had split into three groups to separately attack Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu), Shiying (石いし營; northwest of present-day Xihe County, Gansu) and Jincheng Commandery (金城きんじょう郡ぐん; around present-day Yuzhong County, Gansu). He then requested permission from Chen Tai to lead troops to attack the enemy at Fuhan County and Mount Qi. Chen Tai analysed the situation and concluded that the Shu army's power would be reduced if they split into three groups to attack Liang Province, so he replied Wang Jing and told him to wait and closely observe the enemy's movements first, and then later they would launch a pincer attack on the enemy from the east and west.[Sanguozhi 22 5][Zizhi Tongjian 76 6]

When Chen Tai and his reinforcements reached Chencang (陳ひね倉くら; east of present-day Baoji, Shaanxi), Wang Jing had already been defeated by Jiang Wei at Gu Pass (故こ關せき) and retreated across the Tao River. Chen Tai was worried that Wang Jing might not be able to defend the Wei position at Didao, so he led his troops to reinforce Didao. Wang Jing clashed with Jiang Wei at the west bank of the Tao River and was defeated. Left with about 10,000 men, Wang Jing retreated to Didao while his remaining troops were scattered or killed.[Zizhi Tongjian 76 7][Sanguozhi 44 4]

Jiang Wei took advantage of the momentum to press on and besiege Didao.[Sanguozhi 22 6] At this point in time, Zhang Yi told Jiang Wei: "It's time to stop. We shouldn't advance any further, or we will risk losing everything we have gained so far. Advancing further is equivalent to adding legs to a snake."[b][Zizhi Tongjian 76 8]

In the meantime, Chen Tai, who was at Shanggui County (上うえ邽縣; in present-day Tianshui, Gansu), split up his forces and ordered them to advance day and night to quickly capture and defend strategic locations in the area.[Sanguozhi 22 7] The Wei imperial court appointed Deng Ai as acting General Who Stabilises the West (安西あんざい將軍しょうぐん) and ordered him to lead troops to assist Chen Tai in resisting the Shu invasion. Days later, the Grand Commandant (太ふとし尉じょう) Sima Fu also led backup forces to reinforce Chen Tai.[Zizhi Tongjian 76 9] Wei reinforcements led by Deng Ai, Hu Fen (胡えびす奮) and Wang Mi (王おう秘ひ) arrived in Shanggui County to join Chen Tai's forces. They split into three groups and advanced towards Longxi Commandery.[Sanguozhi 22 8] Earlier on, Chen Tai had disagreements with the other officers on how to lift the siege on Didao. Deng Ai and the other officers said that the Shu army's morale was high after defeating Wang Jing, so they should retreat first and hold up in a strategic location, while waiting for an opportunity to strike back.[Sanguozhi 22 9] Chen Tai, on the other hand, argued that they should launch a swift assault and decisively defeat the Shu army before it could take advantage of its high morale to conquer more Wei territories and garner strong support from the Qiang and Di tribes.[Sanguozhi 22 10][Zizhi Tongjian 76 10]

Chen Tai then led his troops across Gaocheng Ridge (高城たかぎ嶺みね; northwest of present-day Weiyuan County, Gansu), travelling stealthily day and night, and arrived at the hills southeast of Didao. At the hills, Chen Tai ordered his men to light more fires and beat their war drums loudly to signal to the besieged Wei forces in Didao that reinforcements had arrived. As he expected, the Wei defenders in Didao experienced a surge in their morale, and the Shu forces were taken by surprise. Jiang Wei ordered his troops to retreat. Chen Tai also instructed his men to spread false news that they were planning to cut off the Shu army's retreat route. When Jiang Wei heard about it, he became fearful,[Sanguozhi 22 11] so he withdrew his forces on 11 November.[c] The siege on Didao was thus lifted.[Zizhi Tongjian 76 11][Sanguozhi 44 5][Sanguozhi 22 12]

When Chen Tai was retreating back to Longxi Commandery, he predicted that Jiang Wei would attempt to make use of the mountainous terrain along the way to lay an ambush, so he took a southern detour back to Longxi. As he expected, Jiang Wei had indeed sent troops to lie in ambush for three days.[Sanguozhi 22 13] However, the historian Pei Songzhi pointed out that it made no sense for Jiang Wei to set up the ambush because he did not know that Wei reinforcements would show up when he was besieging Didao so the ambush would not have served its purpose.[Sanguozhi zhu 1]

After the siege on Didao was lifted, Wang Jing sighed in relief: "Our supplies wouldn't have lasted more than 10 days. If reinforcements didn't show up, the city would have fallen to the enemy and the whole province could have been lost." Chen Tai settled the troops and strengthened the defences in the area before returning to the garrison at Shanggui County.[Zizhi Tongjian 76 12] Jiang Wei retreated back to Zhongti (鐘かね堤つつみ; south of present-day Lintao County, Gansu).[Zizhi Tongjian 76 13][Sanguozhi 22 14]

Ninth expedition (256)[edit]

While Jiang Wei and the Shu forces retreated to Zhongti (鍾提; south of present-day Lintao County, Gansu), many Wei officers believed that the enemy was already exhausted by then and would not attack them again.[Zizhi Tongjian 77 1]

Deng Ai had a different opinion. He said: "The defeat at the west of the Tao River wasn't an insignificant loss. The loss of troops and officers, depletion of stores and reserves, and displacement of refugees are signs pointing towards imminent destruction. I shall explain the situation. First, the enemy is riding on a wave of victories, while we're actually weak. Second, the enemy forces are well-trained and battle-ready, while ours are newly recruited and not well-equipped. Third, the enemy is less tired than us because we travel by land while they travel by water. Fourth, the enemy focuses on attacking Didao only, while we spread our defences across four locations – Didao, Longxi, Nan'an (南みなみ安やす; around present-day Wushan County, Gansu) and Mount Qi (祁山; the mountainous regions around present-day Li County, Gansu). Fifth, Nan'an and Longxi have grain produced by the Qiang people, while there are fields of wheat beyond Mount Qi. The enemy is cunning. They'll definitely come for the wheat."[Zizhi Tongjian 77 2]

In the autumn of 256, as Deng Ai predicted, Jiang Wei led troops from Zhongti to attack Mount Qi but was repelled by the defences set up by Deng Ai earlier. Jiang Wei then headed to Dong Village (董ただし亭てい; south of present-day Wushan County, Gansu) while Deng Ai stationed his troops at Mount Wucheng (武たけ城山しろやま; in present-day Chencang District, Baoji, Shaanxi). Jiang Wei tried to seize control of the mountainous terrain from Deng Ai, but was driven back. That night, Jiang Wei attempted to cross the Wei River to attack Shanggui (上うえ邽; present-day Tianshui, Gansu). Deng Ai intercepted Jiang Wei at Duan Valley (段だん谷だに; southwest of present-day Tianshui, Gansu) and defeated him. [Zizhi Tongjian 77 3]

Deng Ai was promoted to General Who Guards the West (鎮西ちんぜい將軍しょうぐん) and put in charge of overseeing military affairs in the region. The reason for Jiang Wei's defeat at Shanggui was the failure of the Shu general Hu Ji to show up in time with reinforcements to assist Jiang Wei. The failure of this ninth expedition resulted in Shu sustaining heavy losses of lives and resources; the people of Shu resented and hated Jiang Wei even more. Jiang Wei wrote a memorial to the Shu imperial court, requesting to be demoted as punishment. The court approved and demoted him to the position of General of the Guards (衞まもる將軍しょうぐん). However, despite his demotion, Jiang Wei was still allowed to act in the capacity of his previous appointment as General-in-Chief (大將軍だいしょうぐん).[Zizhi Tongjian 77 4][Sanguozhi 44 6]

Tenth expedition (257–258)[edit]

In 257, when the Wei general Zhuge Dan started a rebellion in Shouchun (壽ことぶき春はる; around present-day Shou County, Anhui), the Wei government mobilised troops from the Guanzhong region to suppress the revolt. Jiang Wei wanted to take advantage of the situation to stage another invasion of Wei so he led Shu forces through Luo Valley (駱谷) and Shen Ridge (沈嶺), both located south of present-day Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi, to attack the Wei garrisons near the Great Wall. Around the time, the Wei garrisons had much supplies stored there but were weakly defended. The Wei defenders started panicking when they heard of the Shu army's approach.[Sanguozhi 44 7]

The Wei general Sima Wang led his troops to resist the invaders while his colleague Deng Ai led a separate force from Longyou (隴右; around present-day Lintao County, Gansu) to support him. When the Wei forces reached the Great Wall, Jiang Wei ordered his troops to retreat to Mangshui (芒すすき水すい; southeast of present-day Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi) and set up a camp with its back facing a mountain. Sima Wang and Deng Ai ordered their troops to surround Jiang Wei's camp but refrain from attacking. When Jiang Wei led his men to taunt the Wei forces to attack them, Sima Wang and Deng Ai gave strict orders to their troops to ignore the enemy.[Sanguozhi 44 8][Zizhi Tongjian 77 5]

In 258, after Jiang Wei received news that Wei forces had suppressed Zhuge Dan's rebellion, he withdrew all his forces and returned to the Shu capital, Chengdu. The Shu emperor Liu Shan restored him to the position of General-in-Chief (大將軍だいしょうぐん).[Sanguozhi 44 9][Zizhi Tongjian 77 6]

At the time, having seen year after year of military campaigns against Wei, the people of Shu were growing tired of having to endure the costs and effects of war. The Shu official Qiao Zhou wrote the "Chou Guo Lun" (仇かたき國論こくろん; "Disquisition on Rivalling States"), a satirical piece criticising Jiang Wei for his warmongering behaviour.[Zizhi Tongjian 77 7]

Eleventh expedition (262)[edit]

In the spring of 262, when Jiang Wei planned to launch another campaign against Wei again, the Shu general Liao Hua remarked: "'One who does not refrain from using military force will end up burning himself.' I am referring to Boyue (Jiang Wei). He is inferior to the enemy in terms of intelligence and military power, yet he keeps attacking them. How can he expect to overcome them?"[Zizhi Tongjian 78 1]

In winter, Jiang Wei occupied Taoyang County (洮陽縣けん; in present-day Lintao County, Gansu) and attacked the Wei general Deng Ai at Houhe County (侯ほう和かず縣けん) but lost the battle. He retreated to Tazhong (沓くつ中ちゅう; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu) and garrisoned there.[Sanguozhi 33 5][Zizhi Tongjian 78 2]

Aftermath[edit]

Further information: Conquest of Shu by Wei

While Jiang Wei was aggressively leading Shu forces to attack Wei year after year, the campaigns had taken a toll on Shu's resources but failed to yield any significant gains. In the years after the death of the Shu chancellor Dong Yun in 246, the eunuch Huang Hao came to power and indirectly controlled the Shu government. Huang Hao wanted to remove Jiang Wei from his position of power and replace him with Yan Yu (閻宇), whom he favoured. When Jiang Wei heard about it, he wrote to the Shu emperor Liu Shan to accuse Huang Hao of corruption and treachery, and urge Liu Shan to execute Huang Hao. However, Liu Shan replied, "Huang Hao is merely a minor official. In the past, I hated it when he got into conflict with Dong Yun. Why should you mind him?" Jiang Wei saw that Huang Hao had many supporters in the imperial court and realised that he had gotten himself into trouble when he openly denounced Huang Hao. Hence, he decided to retreat to Tazhong and garrison there instead of returning to the capital, Chengdu.[Zizhi Tongjian 78 3][Sanguozhi 44 10][Sanguozhi zhu 2]

In 262, the Wei regent Sima Zhao had the intention of launching a campaign to conquer Shu. In 263, three separate Wei armies led by Zhong Hui, Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu invaded Shu. While Jiang Wei led Shu forces to hold off Zhong Hui and Zhuge Xu's forces at the mountain pass Jiange (劍けん閣かく; in present-day Jiange County, Sichuan), the Wei army led by Deng Ai took a more dangerous route across mountainous terrain, bypassed Shu's defences, and showed up at the Shu capital, Chengdu. The Shu emperor Liu Shan, having been taken by surprise, voluntarily surrendered to Deng Ai, thus bringing an end to the Shu state's existence.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms[edit]

The expeditions are covered in chapters 107, 109–115 in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which dramatises and romanticises the events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. They were referred to as the "nine campaigns on the Central Plains" (九きゅう伐き中原なかはら). This description is inaccurate because historically there were eleven campaigns instead of nine, and the battles were fought in locations far from the Central Plains.

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ In the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi), Ehe and Shaoge are amalgamated into a single character, Ehe Shaoge, who has a minor role in Chapter 109.
  2. ^ The phrase "adding legs to a snake" is derived from a Chinese idiom, hua she tian zu (畫が蛇へび添足; 'draw a snake and add legs to it'). The idiom story says that a man who participated in a snake drawing contest finished before the time was up. However, instead of submitting his drawing, he decided to use the remaining time to add four legs to his snake. He lost the contest eventually. This idiom is used to describe people doing unnecessary things and ending up ruining what they set out to do in the first place.
  3. ^ The Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Jiang Wei retreated on the jiachen day in the 9th month in the 2nd year of the Zhengyuan era of Cao Mao's reign. This date corresponds to 11 November 255 in the Gregorian calendar.

References[edit]

Citations from the Sanguozhi
  1. ^ (... 泰たい曰：「麴城雖固，去さ蜀しょく險けん遠とお，當とう須運糧かて。羌夷患維勞役ろうえき，必未肯附。今いま圍かこえ而取之の，可か不ふ血ち刃ば而拔其城；雖其有ゆう救すくえ，山道さんどう阻險，非行ひこう兵へい之の地ち也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  2. ^ (淮從泰たい計けい，使つかい泰たい率りつ討蜀護まもる軍ぐん徐じょ質ただし、南みなみ安やす太守たいしゅ鄧艾等とう進しん兵へい圍かこえ之これ，斷だん其運道どう及城外がい流水りゅうすい。安やす等とう挑戰ちょうせん，不ふ許もと，將士しょうし困こま窘，分ふん糧かて聚雪以稽日月じつげつ。維果來らい救すくえ，出自しゅつじ牛頭山うしずやま，與あずか泰たい相對そうたい。泰たい曰：「兵法ひょうほう貴とうと在ざい不戰ふせん而屈人じん。今こん絕ぜっ牛頭ごず，維無反むぞり道どう，則のり我が之の禽也。」勑諸軍ぐん各かく堅壘けんるい勿與戰せん，遣や使つかい白しろ淮，欲よく自じ南みなみ渡わたり白水しろみず，循水而東，使つかい淮趣牛頭ごず，截其還路ろ，可か并取維，不ふ惟おもんみ安やす等とう而已。淮善其策，進しん率りつ諸しょ軍ぐん軍ぐん洮水。維懼，遁走とんそう，安やす等とう孤こ縣けん，遂とげ皆みな降くだ。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  3. ^ (時とき維等將しょう數すう萬まん人にん至いたり枹なら罕，趣おもむき狄道。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  4. ^ (淮薨，泰代やすよ為ため征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん，假かり節ふし都と督とく雍、涼すずし諸しょ軍事ぐんじ。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  5. ^ (後年こうねん，雍州刺史しし王おう經けい白はく泰やすし，云うん姜きょう維、夏なつ侯こう霸欲三さん道みち向こう祁山、石いし營、金城きんじょう，求もとむ進しん兵へい為ため翅，使つかい涼りょう州しゅう軍ぐん至いたり枹なら罕，討蜀護まもる軍ぐん向こう祁山。泰たい量りょう賊ぞく勢ぜい終おわり不能ふのう三さん道みち，且兵勢ぜい惡あく分ぶん，涼りょう州しゅう未み宜よろし越境えっきょう，報ほう經けい：「審しん其定問とえ，知ち所しょ趣向しゅこう，須東西勢にしせい合あい乃進。」) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  6. ^ (泰たい勑經進しん屯たむろ狄道，須軍到いた，乃規取と之これ。泰たい進軍しんぐん陳ひね倉くら。會かい經けい所しょ統すべ諸しょ軍ぐん於故關與かんよ賊ぞく戰せん不利ふり，經けい輒渡洮。泰たい以經不ふ堅けん據よりどころ狄道，必有它變。並なみ遣や五ご營在前まえ，泰たい率りつ諸しょ軍ぐん繼ままし之これ。經けい巳み與あずか維戰，大敗たいはい，以萬餘人還保狄道城，餘あまり皆みな奔散。維乘勝しょう圍かこえ狄道。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  7. ^ (泰たい軍ぐん上じょう邽，分ふん兵へい守もり要よう，晨夜進しん前まえ。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  8. ^ (鄧艾、胡えびす奮、王おう秘ひ亦また到いた，即そく與あずか艾もぐさ、祕ひ等分とうぶん為ため三軍さんぐん，進しん到いた隴西。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  9. ^ (艾もぐさ等とう以為「王おう經けい精せい卒そつ破やぶ衂於西にし，賊ぞく衆しゅ大盛おおもり，乘じょう勝之かつゆき兵へい旣すんで不可ふか當とう，而將軍ぐん以烏合あい之これ卒そつ，繼つぎ敗軍はいぐん之これ後ご，將士しょうし失しつ氣き，隴右傾うけい蕩とろけ。古人こじん有ゆう言ごと：『蝮まむし蛇へび螫手，壯士そうし解かい其腕。』孫子まごこ曰：『兵へい有ゆう所しょ不ふ擊げき，地ち有ゆう所しょ不ふ守もり。』蓋ぶた小しょう有ゆう所しょ失しつ而大有ゆう所しょ全ぜん故こ也。今こん隴右之の害がい，過か於蝮蛇へび，狄道之の地ち，非ひ徒と不ふ守之もりゆき謂いい。姜きょう維之兵へい，是ぜ所しょ辟之鋒ほこさき。不ふ如割險けわし自じ保たもて，觀かん釁待弊へい，然しか後進こうしん救すくえ，此計之の得え者しゃ也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  10. ^ (泰たい曰：「姜きょう維提輕けい兵へい深入ふかいり， ... ，君くん等とう何なん言こと如此？」) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  11. ^ (遂とげ進軍しんぐん度ど高城たかぎ嶺みね，潛行せんこう，夜よる至いたり狄道東南とうなん高だか山上さんじょう，多た舉烽火ひ，鳴な鼓こ角かく。狄道城中じょうちゅう將士しょうし見み救すくい者しゃ至いたり，皆みな憤いきどお踊おどり。維始謂いい官かん救すくい兵へい當とう須衆集しゅう乃發，而卒聞已至いたり，謂いい有ゆう奇き變へん宿やど謀はかりごと，上下じょうげ震ふるえ懼。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  12. ^ (定じょう軍ぐん潛行せんこう，卒そつ出で其南。維乃緣えん山やま突至，泰やすし與あずか交戰こうせん，維退還かえ。涼りょう州しゅう軍ぐん從したがえ金きん城南じょうなん至いたる沃于阪ばん。泰やすし與あずか經けい共ども密みつ期き，當とう共とも向こう其還路ろ，維等聞之，遂とげ遁，城中じょうちゅう將士しょうし得とく出で。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  13. ^ (自軍じぐん之の發はつ隴西也，以山道深どうしん險けん，賊ぞく必設伏ふく。泰たい詭從南道みなみどう，維果三さん日にち施ほどこせ伏ふく。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  14. ^ (經けい歎曰：「糧かて不ふ至いたり旬しゅん，向むかい不ふ應おう機き，舉城屠ほふ裂きれ，覆くつがえ喪も一いち州しゅう矣。」泰たい慰勞いろう將士しょうし，前後ぜんご遣や還かえ，更さら差さ軍ぐん守もり，並なみ治ち城じょう壘るい，還かえ屯たむろ上じょう邽。) Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  1. ^ (正せい始はじめ元年がんねん，蜀しょく將しょう羌維出で隴西。淮遂進軍しんぐん，追つい至いたり彊つよし中ちゅう，維退，遂とげ討羌迷當等とう，案あん撫なで柔やわ氐三さん千せん餘あまり落，拔徙以實關せき中ちゅう。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  2. ^ (八はち年ねん，隴西、南みなみ安やす、金城きんじょう、西平にしだいら諸しょ羌餓何なに、燒しょう戈ほこ、伐き同どう、蛾が遮さえぎ塞ふさが等ひとし相あい結ゆい叛亂はんらん，攻圍こうい城じょう邑，南みなみ招蜀兵へい，涼りょう州しゅう名めい胡えびす治ち無む戴復叛應之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  3. ^ (討蜀護まもる軍ぐん夏なつ侯こう霸督諸しょ軍ぐん屯たむろ為ため翅。淮軍始はじめ到いた狄道，議ぎ者しゃ僉謂宜よろし先せん討定枹なら罕，內平惡あく羌，外そと折おり賊ぞく謀はかりごと。淮策維必來らい攻おさむ霸，遂とげ入にゅう渢中，轉てん南みなみ迎むかえ霸。維果攻おさむ為ため翅，會かい淮軍適てき至いたり，維遁退。進すすむ討叛羌，斬き餓かつえ何なに、燒しょう戈ほこ，降服こうふく者しゃ萬まん餘あまり落。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  4. ^ (九きゅう年ねん，遮さえぎ塞ふさが等とう屯たむろ河かわ關せき、白土しらつち故こ城しろ，據よりどころ河かわ拒こばめ軍ぐん。淮見形がた上流じょうりゅう，密ひそか於下おした渡わたり兵へい據よりどころ白土しらつち城じょう，擊げき，大破たいは之の。治ち無む戴圍武威ぶい，家いえ屬ぞく留とめ在ざい西海さいかい。淮進軍ぐん趨西海さいかい，欲よく掩取其累重じゅう，會かい無む戴折還かえ，與あずか戰せん於龍夷之えびすの北きた，破やぶ走はし之これ。令れい居きょ惡あく虜とりこ在ざい石頭いしあたま山やま之の西にし，當とう大道だいどう止どめ，斷絕だんぜつ王おう使し。淮還過か討，大破たいは之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  5. ^ (姜きょう維出石せき營，從したがえ彊つよし川がわ，乃西迎むかい治おさむ無む戴，留とめ陰平かげひら太守たいしゅ廖化於成重山かさねやま築城ちくじょう，斂破羌保質しつ。淮欲分ぶん兵へい取と之これ。諸しょ將しょう以維衆しゅ西にし接せっ彊つよし胡えびす，化か以據險けん，分ふん軍ぐん兩りょう持じ，兵へい勢ぜい轉てん弱じゃく，進しん不ふ制せい維，退すさ不拔ふばつ化か，非ひ計けい也，不ふ如合而俱西にし，及胡、蜀しょく未み接せっ，絕ぜっ其內外がい，此伐交之兵へい也。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  6. ^ (淮曰：「今こん往取化か，出で賊ぞく不意ふい，維必狼おおかみ顧。比ひ維自致，足そく以定化か，且使維疲於奔命いのち。兵へい不ふ遠西とおにし，而胡交自離はなれ，此一舉而兩全之策也。」乃別遣や夏なつ侯こう霸等追つい維於沓くつ中ちゅう，淮自率りつ諸しょ軍ぐん就攻化か等とう。維果馳はせ還かえ救すくい化か，皆みな如淮計けい。) Sanguozhi vol. 26.
  1. ^ (嘉平かへい元年がんねん，與あずか征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん郭かく淮拒蜀しょく偏へん將軍しょうぐん姜きょう維。維退，淮因西にし擊げき羌。艾もぐさ曰：「賊ぞく去さ未み遠とお，或ある能のう復ふく還かえ，宜むべ分わか諸しょ軍ぐん以備不ふ虞おそれ。」) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  2. ^ (於是留とめ艾もぐさ屯たむろ白水しろみず北きた。三日みっか，維遣廖化自白じはく水南すいなん向こう艾もぐさ結ゆい營。艾もぐさ謂いい諸しょ將しょう曰：「維今卒そつ還かえ，吾われ軍人ぐんじん少しょう，法ほう當來とうらい渡わたり而不作さく橋きょう。此維使し化か持じ吾われ，令れい不ふ得え還かえ。維必自じ東ひがし襲かさね取と洮城。」洮城在ざい水北すいほく，去さ艾もぐさ屯たむろ六ろく十じゅう里さと。艾もぐさ即夜そくや潛せん軍ぐん徑みち到いた，維果來らい渡わたり，而艾先さき至いたり據よりどころ城じょう，得とく以不敗ふはい。) Sanguozhi vol. 28.
  1. ^ (十じゅう二に年ねん春はる正月しょうがつ，魏ぎ誅大將軍だいしょうぐん曹爽等とう，右みぎ將軍しょうぐん夏なつ侯こう霸來降くだ。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  2. ^ (秋あき，衞まもる將軍しょうぐん姜きょう維出攻おさむ雍州，不ふ克かつ而還。將軍しょうぐん句く安やす、李り韶降魏ぎ。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  3. ^ (十じゅう三さん年ねん，姜きょう維復出で西平にしだいら，不ふ克かつ而還。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  4. ^ ([十じゅう七なな年ねん]夏なつ六ろく月がつ，維復率りつ衆しゅ出で隴西。冬ふゆ，拔狄道どう、河間こうま、臨洮三さん縣民けんみん，居きょ于緜竹ちく、繁しげる縣けん。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  5. ^ (五ご年ねん春はる正月しょうがつ， ... 是これ歲さい，姜きょう維復率りつ衆しゅ出で侯ほう和かず，為ため鄧艾所しょ破やぶ，還かえ住じゅう沓くつ中ちゅう。) Sanguozhi vol. 33.
  1. ^ (十じゅう年ねん， ... 又また出で隴西、南みなみ安やす、金城きんじょう界かい，與あずか魏ぎ大將軍だいしょうぐん郭かく淮、夏なつ侯こう霸等戰せん於洮西にし。胡えびす王おう治おさむ無む戴等舉部落降，維將還かえ安やす處しょ之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  2. ^ ([十じゅう六ろく年ねん]夏なつ，維率將しょう數すう萬まん人にん出石いずし營，經けい董ただし亭てい，圍かこえ南みなみ安やす，魏ぎ雍州刺史しし陳ちん泰やすし解かい圍かこえ至いたり洛らく門もん，維糧盡つき退ずさ還かえ。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  3. ^ (明年みょうねん，加か督とく中外ちゅうがい軍事ぐんじ。復ふく出で隴西，守まもり狄道長ちょう李り簡舉城じょう降くだ。進すすむ圍かこえ襄じょう武たけ，與あずか魏ぎ將はた徐じょ質ただし交鋒，斬首ざんしゅ破やぶ敵てき，魏ぎ軍ぐん敗退はいたい。維乘勝しょう多た所しょ降下こうか，拔河間あいだ、狄道、臨洮三さん縣民けんみん還かえ， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  4. ^ (... 後こう十じゅう八はち年ねん，復ふく與あずか車くるま騎き將軍しょうぐん夏なつ侯こう霸等俱出狄道，大破たいは魏ぎ雍州刺史しし王おう經けい於洮西にし，經けい衆しゅ死者ししゃ數すう萬まん人にん。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  5. ^ (經へ退ずさ保ほ狄道城じょう，維圍之の。魏ぎ征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん陳ちん泰やすし進しん兵へい解かい圍かこえ，維却住じゅう鍾題。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  6. ^ (十じゅう九きゅう年ねん春はる，就遷維為大將軍だいしょうぐん。更さら整せい勒戎馬ば，與あずか鎮西ちんぜい大將軍だいしょうぐん胡えびす濟ずみ期き會かい上じょう邽，濟すみ失しつ誓ちかい不ふ至いたり，故こ維為魏ぎ大將たいしょう鄧艾所しょ破やぶ於段谷だに，星ほし散ち流離りゅうり，死者ししゃ甚衆。衆しゅう庶由是ぜ怨讟，而隴已やめ西にし亦また騷動そうどう不ふ寧やすし，維謝過か引負，求もとめ自じ貶削。為ため後ご將軍しょうぐん，行ぎょう大將たいしょう軍事ぐんじ。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  7. ^ (二に十じゅう年ねん，魏ぎ征せい東大とうだい將軍しょうぐん諸しょ葛かずら誕反於淮南みなみ，分ふん關せき中ちゅう兵へい東下ひがししも。維欲乘じょう虛むなし向こう秦しん川がわ，復ふく率りつ數すう萬まん人出ひとで駱谷，徑みち至いたり沈嶺。時長ときなが城じょう積せき穀こく甚多而守兵へい乃少，聞維方かた到いた，衆しゅう皆みな惶懼。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  8. ^ (魏ぎ大將軍だいしょうぐん司馬しば望のぞむ拒こばめ之これ，鄧艾亦また自じ隴右，皆みな軍ぐん于長城じょう。維前住じゅう芒すすき水すい，皆みな倚山為ため營。望もち、艾もぐさ傍はた渭堅圍かこえ，維數下か挑戰ちょうせん，望もち、艾あい不ふ應おう。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  9. ^ (景けい耀元年ねん，維聞誕破敗はい，乃還成都せいと。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
  10. ^ (五ご年ねん，維率衆しゅ出で漢かん、侯ほう和かず，為ため鄧艾所しょ破やぶ，還かえ住じゅう沓くつ中ちゅう。維本羈旅託たく國こく，累年るいねん攻おさむ戰せん，功績こうせき不ふ立だて，而宦臣しん黃き皓あきら等とう弄ろう權けん於內，右みぎ大將軍だいしょうぐん閻宇與皓あきら恊比，而皓陰かげ欲よく廢はい維樹宇。維亦疑うたぐ之これ。故こ自じ危懼きく，不ふ復ふく還かえ成都せいと。) Sanguozhi vol. 44.
Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu
  1. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の案あん：此傳云うん「謂いい救すくい兵へい當とう須衆集しゅう，而卒聞已至いたり，謂いい有ゆう奇き變へん，上下じょうげ震ふるえ懼」，此則救すくい至いたり出で於不意ふい。若わか不知ふち救すくい至いたり，何故なぜ伏兵ふくへい深ふか險けわし乃經三さん日にち乎？設しつらえ伏ふく相しょう伺，非ひ不知ふち之の謂いい。此皆語ご之の不通ふつう也。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 22.
  2. ^ (華陽かよう國こく志こころざし曰；維惡黃き皓あきら恣ほしいまま擅，啟けい後ご主しゅ欲よく殺ころせ之これ。後こう主しゅ曰：「皓あきら趨走小しょう臣しん耳みみ，往董允まこと切きり齒ぱ，吾われ常つね恨之，君くん何なん足そく介意かいい！」維見皓あきら枝えだ附ふ葉は連れん，懼於失言しつげん，遜へりくだ辭じ而出。後こう主しゅ勑皓詣まい維陳謝ちんしゃ。維說皓あきら求もとめ沓くつ中ちゅう種しゅ麥むぎ，以避內逼爾なんじ。) Huayang Guo Zhi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 44.
Citations from the Zizhi Tongjian
  1. ^ (是これ歲さい，雍、涼りょう羌胡叛降漢かん，漢かん姜きょう維將兵へい出で隴右以應之の，與あずか雍州刺史しし郭かく淮、討蜀護まもる軍ぐん夏なつ侯こう霸戰于洮西にし。胡えびす王おう白虎びゃっこ文ぶん、治ち無む戴等率りつ部落ぶらく降くだ維，維徙之の入にゅう蜀しょく。淮進擊げき羌胡餘あまり黨とう，皆みな平之ひらの。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 75.
  2. ^ (初はつ，右みぎ將軍しょうぐん夏なつ侯こう霸為曹爽所しょ厚あつし，以其父ちち淵ふち死し於蜀，常つね切きり齒ぱ有ゆう報ほう仇かたき之の志こころざし，為ため討蜀護まもる軍ぐん，屯たむろ於隴西にし，統みつる屬ぞく征せい西にし。征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん夏なつ侯ほう玄げん，霸之從したがえ子こ，爽之外がい弟おとうと也。爽旣誅，司馬しば懿召玄げん詣まい京師けいし，以雍州しゅう刺史しし郭かく淮代之の。霸素與あずか淮不叶かのう，以為禍か必相及，大だい懼，遂とげ奔漢。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 75.
  3. ^ (秋あき，漢かん衞まもる將軍しょうぐん姜きょう維寇雍州，依よ麴山築ちく二に城しろ，使つかい牙きば門もん將はた句く安やす、李り歆等守之もりゆき，聚羌胡えびす質しつ任にん，侵おかせ偪諸郡ぐん；征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん郭かく淮與雍州刺史しし陳ちん泰やすし禦之。泰たい曰：「麴城雖固，去さ蜀しょく險けん遠とお，當とう須運糧かて；羌夷患維勞役ろうえき，必未肯附。今いま圍かこえ而取之の，可か不ふ血ち刃ば而拔其城；雖其有ゆう救すくえ，山道さんどう阻險，非行ひこう兵へい之の地ち也。」) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 75.
  4. ^ (淮乃使し泰たい率りつ討蜀護まもる軍ぐん徐じょ質ただし、南みなみ安やす太守たいしゅ鄧艾進しん兵へい圍かこえ麴城，斷だん其運道どう及城外がい流水りゅうすい。安やす等とう挑戰ちょうせん，不ふ許もと，將士しょうし困こま窘，分ふん糧かて聚雪以引日月じつげつ。維引兵へい救すくい之の，出自しゅつじ牛頭山うしずやま，與あずか泰たい相對そうたい。泰たい曰：「兵法ひょうほう貴とうと在ざい不戰ふせん而屈人じん。今こん絕ぜっ牛頭ごず，維無反むぞり道どう，則のり我が之の禽也。」敕諸軍ぐん各かく堅壘けんるい勿與戰せん，遣や使つかい白しろ淮，使つかい淮趣牛頭ごず截其還路ろ。淮從之の，進軍しんぐん洮水。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 75.
  5. ^ (維懼，遁走とんそう，安やす等とう孤絕こぜつ，遂とげ降ぶ。淮因西にし擊げき諸しょ羌。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 75.
  6. ^ (漢かん姜きょう維復寇西平ひらめ，不ふ克かつ。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 75.
  1. ^ (漢かん姜きょう維自以練西方せいほう風俗ふうぞく，兼けん負まけ其才武たけ，欲よく誘さそえ諸しょ羌、胡えびす以為羽翼うよく，謂いい自じ隴以西いせい，可か斷だん而有。每まい欲よく興きょう軍ぐん大だい舉，費ひ禕常裁さい制せい不ふ從したがえ，與あずか其兵不ふ過か萬まん人にん，曰：「吾われ等とう不ふ如丞相しょう亦また已やめ遠どお矣；丞相じょうしょう猶なお不能ふのう定じょう中ちゅう夏なつ，況きょう吾われ等とう乎！不ふ如且保ほ國治くにはる民みん，謹守社稷しゃしょく，如其功業こうぎょう，以俟能のう者しゃ，無為むい希まれ冀徼倖，決けつ成敗せいばい於一舉；若わか不ふ如志，悔之無む及。」) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  2. ^ (及禕死し，維得行ぎょう其志，乃將數すう萬まん人にん出石いずし營，圍かこえ狄道。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  3. ^ (大將軍だいしょうぐん師し問とい於虞松まつ曰：「今こん東西とうざい有事ゆうじ，二方ふたかた皆みな急きゅう，而諸將はた意い沮，若わか之の何なに？」松まつ曰：「昔むかし周しゅう亞あ夫おっと堅けん壁かべ昌あきら邑而吳くれ、楚すわえ自じ敗はい，事こと有ゆう似に弱じゃく而強，不可ふか不ふ察也。今いま恪つとむ悉其銳するど衆しゅ，足そく以肆暴，而坐守もり新城しんじょう，欲よく以致一いち戰せん耳みみ。若わか攻おさむ城じょう不拔ふばつ，請戰不可ふか，師し老ろう衆しゅう疲つかれ，勢いきおい將はた自じ走はし，諸しょ將之まさゆき不ふ徑みち進すすむ，乃公之の利也としや。姜きょう維有重じゅう兵へい而縣軍ぐん應おう恪つとむ，投とう食しょく我わが麥むぎ，非ひ深ふか根ね之の寇也。且謂我わが幷力於東おひがし，西方せいほう必虛，是ぜ以徑進しん。今こん若わか使つかい關せき中ちゅう諸しょ軍ぐん倍ばい道どう急きゅう赴，出で其不意ふい，殆將走はし矣。」師し曰：「善よし！」乃使郭かく淮、陳ちん泰やすし悉關中之なかの衆しゅ，解かい狄道之の圍かこえ；敕毌丘おか儉按兵へい自じ守もり，以新城じょう委い吳くれ。陳ちん泰やすし進しん至いたり洛らく門もん，姜きょう維糧盡つき，退すさ還かえ。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  4. ^ (狄道長ちょう李り簡密書しょ請降於漢。六月ろくがつ，姜きょう維寇隴西。 ... 漢かん姜きょう維自狄道進しん拔河間あいだ、臨洮。將軍しょうぐん徐じょ質ただし與あずか戰たたかえ，殺ころせ其盪寇將軍ぐん張ちょう嶷，漢かん兵へい乃還。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  5. ^ (漢かん姜きょう維復議ぎ出で軍ぐん，征せい西にし大將軍だいしょうぐん張ちょう翼つばさ廷爭，以為：「國くに小しょう民みん勞ろう，不ふ宜むべ黷武。」維不聽，率りつ車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん夏なつ侯こう霸及翼つばさ同どう進すすむ。八はち月がつ，維將數すう萬まん人にん至いたり枹なら罕，趨狄道どう。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  6. ^ (征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん陳ちん泰やすし敕雍州しゅう刺史しし王おう經けい進しん屯たむろ狄道，須泰軍ぐん到いた，東西とうざい合ごう勢ぜい乃進。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  7. ^ (泰たい軍ぐん陳ひね倉くら，經けい所しょ統すべ諸しょ軍ぐん於故關與かんよ漢かん人じん戰せん不利ふり，經けい輒渡洮水。泰たい以經不ふ堅けん據よりどころ狄道，必有他た變へん，率りつ諸しょ軍ぐん以繼之の。經けい已やめ與あずか維戰於洮西にし，大敗たいはい，以萬餘人還保狄道城，餘あまり皆みな奔散，死者ししゃ萬まん計けい。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  8. ^ (張ちょう翼つばさ謂いい維曰：「可か以止矣，不ふ宜よろし復ふく進しん，或ある毀此大功たいこう，為ため蛇へび畫が足あし。」維大怒いか，遂とげ進すすむ圍かこえ狄道。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  9. ^ (辛からし未み，詔みことのり長ちょう水みず校こう尉じょう鄧艾行ぎょう安西あんざい將軍しょうぐん，與あずか陳ちん泰やすし幷力拒こばめ維，戊つちのえ辰たつ，復ふく以太尉じょう孚まこと為ため後繼こうけい。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  10. ^ (泰たい進軍しんぐん隴西，諸しょ將しょう皆みな曰：「王おう經けい新しん敗はい， ... 此計之の得え者しゃ也。」泰たい曰：「姜きょう維提輕けい兵へい深入ふかいり， ... 君くん等とう何なん言こと如是にょぜ！」) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  11. ^ (遂とげ進軍しんぐん度ど高城たかぎ嶺みね，潛行せんこう，夜よる至いたり狄道東南とうなん高だか山上さんじょう，多た舉烽火ひ，鳴な鼓こ角かく。狄道城中じょうちゅう將士しょうし見み救すくい至いたり，皆みな憤いきどお踊おどり。維不意ふい救すくい兵卒へいそつ至いたり，緣えん山やま急きゅう來らい攻おさむ之の，泰やすし與あずか交戰こうせん，維退。泰たい引兵揚言ようげん欲ほし向こう其還路ろ，維懼，九きゅう月がつ，甲きのえ辰たつ，維遁走とんそう，城中じょうちゅう將士しょうし乃得出で。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  12. ^ (王おう經けい歎曰：「糧かて不ふ至いたり旬しゅん，向むかい非ひ救すくい兵へい速そく至いたり，舉城屠ほふ裂きれ，覆くつがえ喪も一いち州しゅう矣！」泰たい慰勞いろう將士しょうし，前後ぜんご遣や還かえ，更さら差さ軍ぐん守もり，幷治城じょう壘るい，還かえ屯たむろ上じょう邽。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  13. ^ (姜きょう維退駐ちゅう鍾提。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 76.
  1. ^ (姜きょう維在鍾提，議ぎ者しゃ多た以為維力已やめ竭，未み能のう更さら出で。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  2. ^ (安西あんざい將軍しょうぐん鄧艾曰：「洮西之の敗はい，非ひ小しょう失しつ也，士卒しそつ凋殘，倉くら廩空虛むなし，百姓ひゃくしょう流離りゅうり。今こん以策言ごと之の，彼かれ有ゆう乘じょう勝之かつゆき勢ぜい，我わが有ゆう虛弱きょじゃく之の實み，一也かずや。彼かれ上下じょうげ相しょう習，五ご兵へい犀利さいり，我わが將はた易えき兵へい新しん，器うつわ仗未復ふく，二に也。彼かれ以船行ぎょう，吾われ以陸軍ぐん，勞ろう逸いっ不同ふどう，三也みつや。狄道、隴西、南みなみ安やす、祁山各かく當とう有ゆう守もり，彼かれ專せん為一ためいち，我わが分ぶん為ため四よん，四よん也。從したがえ南みなみ安やす、隴西因いん食しょく羌穀，若わか趣おもむき祁山，熟じゅく麥むぎ千せん頃ごろ，為之ためゆき外がい倉くら。賊ぞく有ゆう黠計，其來必矣。」) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  3. ^ (秋あき，七なな月がつ，姜きょう維復率りつ衆しゅ出で祁山，聞鄧艾もぐさ已やめ有ゆう備，乃回，從したがえ董ただし亭てい趣おもむき南みなみ安やす；艾もぐさ據よりどころ武たけ城山しろやま以拒之の。維與艾もぐさ爭そう險けわし不ふ克かつ，其夜，渡わたり渭東行ぎょう，緣えん山やま趣おもむき上じょう邽，艾もぐさ與あずか戰せん於段谷だに，大破たいは之の。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  4. ^ (以艾為ため鎮西ちんぜい將軍しょうぐん，都みやこ督ただし隴右諸しょ軍事ぐんじ。維與其鎮西にし大將軍だいしょうぐん胡えびす濟ずみ期き會かい上じょう邽，濟すみ失しつ期き不ふ至いたり，故こ敗はい，士卒しそつ星ぼし散ち，死者ししゃ甚衆，蜀しょく人じん由よし是ぜ怨維。維上書うわがき謝しゃ，求もとめ自じ貶黜，乃以衞まもる將軍しょうぐん行ぎょう大將たいしょう軍事ぐんじ。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  5. ^ (漢かん姜きょう維聞魏ぎ分ぶん關せき中ちゅう兵へい以赴淮南ワイナン，欲よく乘じょう虛むなし向こう秦しん川がわ，率りつ數すう萬まん人出ひとで駱谷，至いたり沈嶺。時長ときなが城じょう積せき穀こく甚多，而守兵へい少しょう，征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん都と督とく雍、涼すずし諸しょ軍事ぐんじ司馬しば望のぞむ及安西にし將軍しょうぐん鄧艾進しん兵へい據よりどころ之の，以拒維。維壁於芒水すい，數すう挑戰ちょうせん，望もち、艾あい不ふ應おう。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  6. ^ (漢かん姜きょう維聞諸しょ葛かずら誕死，復ふく還かえ成都せいと，復ふく拜はい大將軍だいしょうぐん。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  7. ^ (是ぜ時じ，維數出兵しゅっぺい，蜀しょく人じん愁苦，中ちゅう散大さんだい夫おっと譙周作さく仇かたき國論こくろん以諷之の曰：「或ある問とい往古おうこ能のう以弱勝しょう強者きょうしゃ，其術如何いか？ ... 如遂極ごく武たけ黷征，土ど崩くずし勢ぜい生せい，不幸ふこう遇ぐう難なん，雖有智者ちしゃ將はた不能ふのう謀はかりごと之の矣。」) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 77.
  1. ^ (漢かん大將軍だいしょうぐん姜きょう維將出で軍ぐん，右みぎ車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん廖化曰：「兵へい不ふ戢，必自焚，伯はく約やく之これ謂いい也。智さとし不出ふしゅつ敵てき而力小しょう於寇，用よう之の無む厭いや，將はた何なに以存！」) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 78.
  2. ^ (冬ふゆ，十じゅう月がつ，維入寇にゅうこう洮陽，鄧艾與あずか戰せん於侯和わ，破やぶ之これ，維退住じゅう沓くつ中ちゅう。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 78.
  3. ^ (初はつ，維以羈旅依よ漢かん，身み受重任じゅうにん，興きょう兵へい累年るいねん，功績こうせき不ふ立だて。黃き皓あきら用事ようじ於中，與あずか右みぎ大將軍だいしょうぐん閻宇親善しんぜん，陰かげ欲よく廢はい維樹宇。維知之の，言げん於漢主ぬし曰：「皓あきら姦かん巧たくみ專恣せんし，將はた敗はい國家こっか，請殺之の！」漢かん主ぬし曰：「皓あきら趨走小しょう臣しん耳みみ，往董允まこと每まい切きり齒ぱ，吾われ常つね恨之，君くん何なん足そく介意かいい！」維見皓あきら枝えだ附ふ葉は連れん，懼於失言しつげん，遜へりくだ辭じ而出。漢かん主ぬし敕皓詣まい維陳謝ちんしゃ。維由是ぜ自じ疑懼ぎく，返かえし自じ洮陽，因よし求もとめ種しゅ麥むぎ沓くつ中ちゅう，不ふ敢歸成都せいと。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 78.
  1. ^ Sanguozhi vols. 26, 33 and 44, and Zizhi Tongjian vols. 75–78.
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