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Battle of Fancheng (241)

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Battle of Fancheng (241)
Part of the wars of the Three Kingdoms period
DateApril – July 241
Location
Fancheng and Xiangzhou districts, Xiangyang, Hubei, China
Result Cao Wei victory
Belligerents
Cao Wei Eastern Wu
Commanders and leaders
Sima Yi
Hu Zhi		 Zhu Ran
Zhuge Jin
Strength
Unknown 100,000+
Casualties and losses
Unknown 10,000+
Battle of Fancheng
Traditional Chinese樊城之の戰たたかえ
Simplified Chinese樊城之の战

The Battle of Fancheng was a military offensive launched in 241 by the state of Eastern Wu against its rival state, Cao Wei, during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign was initiated by Wu's founding emperor, Sun Quan, two years after the death of the second Wei emperor, Cao Rui. The campaign ended with a decisive defeat for the Wu forces.

Prelude[edit]

In the spring of 241, Sun Quan prepared to launch a campaign against Wei. Yin Zha (殷いん札さつ), the administrator of Wu Commandery, advised Sun Quan to attack Wei in coordination with their ally state, Shu Han. According to Yin Zha's suggested plan, the Shu forces would attack Wei from the west of Chang'an, while the Wu forces would attack Wei from three directions: Zhuge Jin and Zhu Ran to attack Xiangyang; Lu Xun to attack Shouchun (壽ことぶき春はる; present-day Shou County, Anhui); Sun Quan to attack the Huai River region and enter Xu Province. Yin Zha explained that this coordinated campaign would wear down Wei's defences because they were unable to fend off attacks on two fronts. However, Sun Quan did not follow this plan.[1]

The battle[edit]

Sometime between 28 April and 27 May, Wu forces attacked Wei at four different locations: Quan Cong attacked the Huai River region and clashed with Wei forces at Quebei (芍陂; south of present-day Shou County, Anhui); Zhuge Ke attacked Lu'an; Zhu Ran and Sun Lun (孫まご倫りん) attacked Fancheng (樊城; present-day Fancheng District, Xiangyang, Hubei); Zhuge Jin and Bu Zhi attacked Zhazhong (柤中; in present-day Xiangyang, Hubei).

In response to the Wu assault, Hu Zhi (胡えびす質しつ) led lightly armed forces from Jing Province to reinforce Fancheng. Someone warned Hu Zhi that the Wu forces attacking Fancheng had superiority in numbers and advised him to refrain from resisting them. However, Hu Zhi said, "The defences at Fancheng are weak. We should advance there to reinforce them, or else there will be big trouble." Having said that, he led his troops to Fancheng and restored stability in Fancheng.[2][3]

Even after Hu Zhi reinforced Fancheng, the Wu forces did not withdraw from Jing Province. Sima Yi, the regent of Wei, heard about it and requested permission to lead troops to resist the enemy. However, there were some officials in the Wei imperial court who argued that there was no need to take swift action since Fancheng was strong enough to withstand attacks and that the enemy would be worn out after travelling a long distance. Sima Yi disagreed and pointed out that the Wu invasion posed a huge threat to Wei,[4] because he knew that the loss of Fancheng would place Wei in a dangerous position. Between 26 June and 25 July, Sima Yi led an army from the Wei imperial capital, Luoyang, to fight the invaders. The Wei emperor Cao Fang personally saw them off at Luoyang's Jinyang Gate (津つ陽ひ門もん). Upon reaching Fancheng, Sima Yi knew that he should not linger for too long because of the heat of summer. He then sent lightly armed cavalry to harass the Wu forces but his main army remained in position. Later, he ordered the troops to pretend as if they were going to attack, so as to scare the enemy away. The Wu forces fell for the ruse and retreated overnight. Sima Yi and the Wei forces pursued the retreating Wu forces to the intersection of the Han, Bai, and Tang rivers, where they defeated and killed over 10,000 enemy soldiers and captured their boats, equipment, and other resources.[5][6][7]

Aftermath[edit]

The Wei emperor Cao Fang sent a Palace Attendant (侍さむらい中ちゅう) as an emissary to meet Sima Yi at Wan (宛あて; in present-day Nanyang, Henan) to congratulate him and host a banquet to celebrate the victory.[8] In August 241, the Wei imperial court added two counties to Sima Yi's marquisate and enfeoffed 11 of his relatives as marquises as a reward for his contributions.[9]

In Wu, Zhuge Jin died sometime between 26 July and 23 August. His second son, Zhuge Rong, inherited his father's marquisate and military appointment and was stationed at Gong'an County. Zhuge Jin's eldest son, Zhuge Ke, did not inherit his father's marquisate because he already had a marquisate of his own.[10] Two years later, in 243, Zhuge Ke sent spies to scout the strategic locations near Shouchun (壽ことぶき春はる; present-day Shou County, Anhui) in preparation for an attack on Shouchun. In October 243, Sima Yi led troops from Luoyang to attack Zhuge Ke at Wan (皖; present-day Qianshan County, Anhui). When Sima Yi and the Wei army reached Shu County (舒縣; present-day Shucheng County, Anhui), Zhuge Ke gave orders to burn down all the supplies stockpiled in Wan, abandon the garrison, and retreat.[11] Sun Quan eventually reassigned Zhuge Ke to guard Chaisang Commandery (柴しば桑くわ郡ぐん; near present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi).[12] Lü Ju, a son of the Wu veteran general Lü Fan, was also promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏へん將軍しょうぐん) for his contributions in the campaign.[13]

After successfully repelling the Wu invasion, the Wei imperial court wanted to promote agriculture and build up an abundant stockpile of food supplies in Yang and Yu provinces in preparation for a future campaign against Wu. Deng Ai was sent to survey the lands in the Huai River region from Chen Commandery (陳ひね郡ぐん; around present-day Zhoukou, Henan) east to Shouchun, and he proposed constructing a series of canals to irrigate the lands. Sima Yi approved Deng Ai's plan. The project commenced in the following year and helped to resolve not only food shortages but also flooding problems once it was in place.[14]

References[edit]

  1. ^ (春はる，吳くれ人じん將はた伐き魏ぎ。零れい陵りょう太守たいしゅ殷いん札さつ言げん於吳主ぬし曰：「今こん天てん棄曹氏し，喪も誅累見み，虎とら爭そう之の際さい而幼童ようどう涖事。陛下へいか身み自じ御ご戎えびす，取と亂みだれ侮あなど亡ほろび，宜むべ滌荊、揚あげ之の地ち，舉強羸之數すう，使つかい強者きょうしゃ執と戟，羸者轉てん運うん。西にし命いのち益えき州しゅう，軍ぐん于隴右みぎ，授諸葛かずら瑾、朱しゅ然しか大衆たいしゅう，直ちょく指ゆび襄じょう陽ひ，陸りく遜へりくだ、朱しゅ桓別征せい壽ことぶき春はる，大だい駕が入にゅう淮陽，歷れき青あお、徐じょ。襄じょう陽ひ、壽ことぶき春はる，困こま於受敵てき，長安ながやす以西いせい，務つとむ禦蜀軍ぐん，許もと、洛らく之の衆しゅう，勢いきおい必分離ぶんり，掎角並進へいしん，民みん必內應おう。將帥しょうすい對向たいこう，或ある失しつ便宜べんぎ，一軍いちぐん敗はい績，則のり三軍さんぐん離はなれ心しん；便びん當とう秣まぐさ馬ば脂あぶら車しゃ，陵りょう蹈城邑，乘じょう勝かち逐北，以定華はな夏なつ。若わか不悉ふしつ軍ぐん動どう衆しゅ，循前輕けい舉，則のり不足ふそく大用おおゆう，易えき於屢退，民みん疲つかれ威い消けし，時じ往力竭，非ひ上策じょうさく也。」吳ご主しゅ不能ふのう用よう。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 74.
  2. ^ (夏なつ，四よん月がつ，吳ご全ぜん琮略淮南ワイナン，決けつ芍陂，諸しょ葛かずら恪つとむ攻おさむ六ろく安やす，朱しゅ然しか圍かこえ樊，諸しょ葛かずら瑾攻柤中。征せい東ひがし將軍しょうぐん王おう淩、揚あげ州しゅう刺史しし孫まご禮れい與あずか全ぜん琮戰於芍陂，琮敗走はいそう。荊州刺史しし胡えびす質しつ以輕兵へい救すくい樊，或ある曰：「賊ぞく盛もり，不可ふか迫せり。」質しつ曰：「樊城卑兵少しょう，故こ當とう進軍しんぐん為之ためゆき外がい援，不ふ然しか，危矣。」遂とげ勒兵臨圍，城中じょうちゅう乃安。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 74.
  3. ^ (二に年ねん夏なつ五ご月がつ，吳ご將すすむ全ぜん琮寇芍陂，朱しゅ然しか、孫まご倫りん圍かこえ樊城，諸しょ葛かずら瑾、步ふ騭掠柤中， ...) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  4. ^ (... 帝みかど請自討之。議ぎ者しゃ咸言，賊ぞく遠來えんらい圍かこえ樊，不可ふか卒そつ拔。挫くじけ於堅城じょう之の下した，有ゆう自じ破やぶ之これ勢いきおい，宜よろし長ちょう策さく以御之の。帝みかど曰：「邊あたり城じょう受敵而安坐あんざ廟堂びょうどう，疆埸騷動そうどう，衆しゅう心こころ疑惑ぎわく，是ぜ社稷しゃしょく之の大だい憂ゆう也。」) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  5. ^ (吳くれ兵へい猶なお在ざい荊州，太ふとし傅でん懿曰：「柤中民みん夷えびす十じゅう萬まん，隔へだた在ざい水南すいなん，流離りゅうり無主むしゅ，樊城被ひ攻おさむ，歷れき月がつ不ふ解かい，此危事ごと也，請自討之。」六ろく月がつ，太ふとし傅でん懿督諸しょ軍ぐん救すくい樊；吳くれ軍ぐん聞之，夜よる遁，追つい至いたり三さん州しゅう口こう，大だい獲え而還。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 74.
  6. ^ (六ろく月がつ，乃督諸しょ軍ぐん南みなみ征せい，車くるま駕が送出そうしゅつ津つ陽ひ門もん。帝みかど以南いなん方かた暑あつ溼，不ふ宜よろし持久じきゅう，使つかい輕けい騎き挑之，然しか不ふ敢動。於是休戰きゅうせん士し，簡精銳せいえい，募つの先登せんとう，申さる號令ごうれい，示しめせ必攻之の勢いきおい。吳くれ軍ぐん夜よる遁走とんそう，追つい至いたり三さん州しゅう口こう，斬き獲え萬まん餘人よにん，收おさむ其舟船せん軍資ぐんし而還。天子てんし遣や侍さむらい中ちゅう常つね侍さむらい勞ろう軍ぐん于宛。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  7. ^ (六ろく月がつ，乃督諸しょ軍ぐん南みなみ征せい，車くるま駕が送出そうしゅつ津つ陽ひ門もん。帝みかど以南いなん方かた暑あつ溼，不ふ宜よろし持久じきゅう，使つかい輕けい騎き挑之，然しか不ふ敢動。於是休戰きゅうせん士し，簡精銳せいえい，募つの先登せんとう，申さる號令ごうれい，示しめせ必攻之の勢いきおい。吳くれ軍ぐん夜よる遁走とんそう，追つい至いたり三さん州しゅう口こう，斬き獲え萬まん餘人よにん，收おさむ其舟船せん軍資ぐんし而還。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  8. ^ (天子てんし遣や侍さむらい中ちゅう常つね侍さむらい勞ろう軍ぐん于宛。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  9. ^ (秋あき七なな月がつ，增ぞう封ふう食しょく郾、臨潁，并前四よん縣けん，邑萬まん戶こ，子弟してい十じゅう一いち人にん皆みな為ため列侯れっこう。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  10. ^ (閏月じゅんげつ，吳ご大將軍だいしょうぐん諸しょ葛かずら瑾卒。瑾太子たいし恪つとむ先さき已やめ封ふう侯こう，吳ご主しゅ以恪弟おとうと融とおる襲爵しゅうしゃく，攝と兵へい業ぎょう，駐ちゅう公安こうあん。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 74.
  11. ^ (四よん年ねん秋あき九きゅう月がつ，帝みかど督とく諸しょ軍ぐん擊げき諸しょ葛かずら恪つとむ， ... 軍次ぐんじ于舒，恪つとむ焚燒積せき聚，棄城而遁。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  12. ^ (吳ご諸しょ葛かずら恪つとむ遠とお遣や諜人觀相かんそう徑みち要よう，欲よく圖ず壽ことぶき春はる。太ふとし傅でん懿將兵へい入にゅう舒，欲よく以攻恪つとむ，吳ご主しゅ徙恪屯たむろ於柴桑くわ。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 74.
  13. ^ (朱しゅ然しか攻おさむ樊，據よりどころ與あずか朱しゅ異い破やぶ城しろ外がい圍かこえ，還かえ拜はい偏へん將軍しょうぐん，入にゅう補ほ馬ば閑右部ぶ督とく，遷越騎き校こう尉じょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  14. ^ (朝廷ちょうてい欲ほし廣田ひろた畜穀於揚、豫よ之の間あいだ，使つかい尚書しょうしょ郎ろう汝なんじ南みなみ鄧艾行ぎょう陳ひね、項こう以東いとう至いたり壽ことぶき春はる。艾もぐさ以為：「昔むかし太ふとし祖そ破やぶ黃き巾はば，因いん為ため屯田とんでん，積せき穀こく許もと都と以制四方しほう。今いま三さん隅すみ已やめ定じょう，事こと在ざい淮南ワイナン，每まい大軍たいぐん出征しゅっせい，運うん兵へい過半かはん，功こう費ひ巨きょ億おく。陳ひね、蔡之間あいだ，土ど下田しもだ良りょう，可か省しょう許もと昌あきら左右さゆう諸しょ稻田いなだ，幷水東下ひがししも，令れい淮北二に萬まん人にん，淮南ワイナン三さん萬まん人にん，什二に分ふん休きゅう，常つね有ゆう四よん萬まん人にん且田且守；益えき開ひらき河かわ渠みぞ以增溉灌，通つう漕こげ運うん。計けい除じょ衆しゅ費ひ，歲さい完かん五ご百ひゃく萬斛ばんこく以為軍資ぐんし，六ろく、七なな年間ねんかん，可か積せき二に千せん萬斛ばんこく於淮上じょう，此則十じゅう萬之衆五年食也。以此乘じょう吳ご，無む不ふ克かつ矣。」太ふとし傅でん懿善之の。是これ歲さい，始はじめ開ひらけ廣こう漕こげ渠みぞ，每まい東南とうなん有事ゆうじ，大だい興きょう軍ぐん衆しゅ，汎ひろし舟ふね而下，達たち于江、淮，資し食しょく有ゆう儲もうか而無水害すいがい。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 74.
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