Conquest of Shu by Wei
Conquest of Shu by Wei | |||||||
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Part of the wars of the Three Kingdoms period | |||||||
Conquest of Shu by Wei | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Cao Wei | Shu Han | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Sima Zhao Zhong Hui Deng Ai Zhuge Xu |
Liu Shan Jiang Wei Liao Hua Zhuge Zhan † | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
160,000–180,000[c] | 90,000–102,000[d] |
Conquest of Shu by Wei | |||||||
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Traditional Chinese | |||||||
Simplified Chinese | |||||||
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The Conquest of Shu by Wei was a military campaign launched by the dynastic state of Cao Wei against its rival Shu Han in late 263 during the Three Kingdoms period of China. The campaign culminated in the fall of Shu Han and the tripartite equilibrium maintained in China for over 40 years since the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220. The conquest laid the foundation for an eventual reunified China under the Western Jin dynasty in 280.
Background[edit]
Following the end of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220,[7] three contending states emerged in China and fought for control over the territories of the former Han Empire. Among the three, Wei was the most powerful one in terms of military prowess, economic resources, manpower and geographical size. The other two, Shu and Wu, re-established their alliance against Wei in 223.[8]
Between 228 and 234, the Shu regent Zhuge Liang, who advocated an aggressive foreign policy towards Wei, launched a series of five military campaigns (known as the "Northern Expeditions") to attack Wei territories in Yong and Liang provinces (covering parts of present-day Gansu and Shaanxi). The ultimate goal of the campaigns was to clear the path for Shu forces to capture the Wei capital, Luoyang, and restore the Han dynasty. All the campaigns turned out unsuccessful.[9] After Zhuge Liang died in 234, his successors Jiang Wan and Fei Yi adopted a more defensive stance against Wei and focused on policies promoting internal development and stability in Shu. However, between 240 and 262, the Shu general Jiang Wei followed up on Zhuge Liang's legacy by launching another 11 military campaigns against Wei. However, each campaign was ultimately aborted due to inadequate food supplies, heavy losses on the battlefield, or other reasons. The campaigns not only severely depleted Shu's already limited resources and took a heavy toll on Shu's population, but also resulted in much public resentment against Jiang Wei.[10]
In the meantime, the Wei general Sima Yi came to power after staging a successful coup d'état in 249. After his death in 251, his eldest son Sima Shi succeeded him as regent and consolidated power and control over the Wei government.[11] In 254, Sima Shi deposed the Wei emperor Cao Fang, who tried to seize back power from him, and installed Cao Mao on the throne. Following Sima Shi's death in 255, his younger brother Sima Zhao became the new regent and continued to monopolise power in Wei.[12] In 260, Cao Mao attempted to launch a coup d'état to overthrow Sima Zhao but failed and lost his life. Cao Huan, who succeeded Cao Mao as the Wei emperor, remained a puppet ruler under Sima Zhao's influence and control.[13]
Wei strategic planning[edit]
Timeline of the Conquest of Shu by Wei[14] | ||
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Approximate date range | Location | Event(s) |
Winter 262 | Luoyang, Henan | Sima Zhao announces his plan for the conquest of Shu to the Wei imperial court. He puts Zhong Hui in charge of military affairs in the Guanzhong region. Wei mobilises about 180,000 troops from its various provinces in preparation for the invasion of Shu. |
Early 263 | Zhugqu County, Gansu | Jiang Wei sends a warning to Chengdu that Wei appears to be preparing for an invasion of Shu. Huang Hao advises Liu Shan to ignore the warning. |
Autumn 263 | Luoyang, Henan | The Wei imperial court issues an edict outlining a three-pronged invasion of Shu: Zhong Hui, Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu would each lead an army to attack Shu from the eastern, western and central flanks respectively. |
20 September – 19 October 263 | Luoyang, Henan | The Wei armies set out from Luoyang. |
Shaanxi | Zhong Hui executes Xu Yi for failing his mission to oversee the construction of a road leading into Shu. | |
Chenggu County and Mian County, Shaanxi | Zhong Hui orders Li Fu and Xun Kai to attack Lecheng and Hancheng counties respectively. Wang Han and Jiang Bin manage to hold their positions at Lecheng and Hancheng respectively. | |
Ningqiang County, Shaanxi | Zhong Hui sends Hu Lie to attack Yang'an Pass. Jiang Shu surrenders to Hu Lie and assists him in conquering Yang'an Pass. Fu Qian is killed in action while defending the pass. | |
20 October – 17 November 263 | Tianshui, Longxi County and Yuzhong County, Gansu, and Ankang, Shaanxi | Wei Commandery administrators Wang Qi, Qian Hong, Yang Xin and Liu Qin lead troops from their respective commanderies to join the invasion of Shu. |
Longnan and Wen County, Gansu | Liu Shan sends Liao Hua, and Zhang Yi and Dong Jue, to lead reinforcements to Tazhong and Yang'an Pass respectively. The Shu reinforcements stop at Yinping when they learn that Zhuge Xu's army is attacking Jianwei. | |
Zhugqu County, Gansu | Deng Ai defeats Jiang Wei at Tazhong. | |
Intersection of the Bailong and Jialing rivers | Jiang Wei attempts to retreat to Baishui but Yang Xin intercepts him at Qiangchuankou and defeats him. | |
Wen County, Gansu | Jiang Wei heads north to Konghan Valley to bypass Zhuge Xu, who is blocking Wujie Bridge near Yinping. When Zhuge Xu lifts the blockade, Jiang Wei quickly turns back, crosses the bridge and moves on to Jiange. Zhuge Xu arrives too late to stop Jiang Wei. | |
Jiange County, Sichuan | Jiang Wei, Liao Hua, Zhang Yi and Dong Jue retreat to Jiange. Zhong Hui attacks Jiange several times but fails to breach the Shu defences. | |
Wen County, Gansu and Jiange County, Sichuan | Deng Ai comes up with the idea of taking a shortcut from Yinping to Mianzhu to bypass Jiange's defences and go straight for Chengdu. He asks Zhuge Xu to join him but the latter refuses. Zhong Hui frames Zhuge Xu for cowardice and seizes command of his army. | |
18 November – 17 December 263 | Wen County, Gansu | Deng Ai leads an elite strike force through a shortcut bypassing Jiange and leading from Yinping to Chengdu. |
Jiangyou, Sichuan | Ma Miao, the Shu administrator of Jiangyou, surrenders to Deng Ai. | |
Mianzhu, Sichuan | Deng Ai defeats Zhuge Zhan at Mianzhu. Zhuge Zhan, Zhuge Shang, Huang Chong, Li Qiu and Zhang Zun are killed in battle. | |
Mianyang, Sichuan | Jiang Wei abandons Jiange and heads towards Ba Commandery. Zhong Hui moves to Fu County and orders Hu Lie, Tian Xu and Pang Hui to pursue Jiang Wei. | |
Chengdu and Guanghan, Sichuan | Liu Shan sends Zhang Shao, Qiao Zhou and Deng Liang to bring his surrender document and imperial seal to Deng Ai at Luo County. He also instructs Zhang Jun and Jiang Xian to relay his orders for the rest of Shu to surrender to Wei. He sends Li Hu to order Jiang Wei to surrender to Zhong Hui at Fu County. | |
Chengdu, Sichuan | Deng Ai and his forces occupy Chengdu. | |
Mianyang, Sichuan | Jiang Wei surrenders to Zhong Hui at Fu County. |
Wei decision to attack Shu[edit]
In 262,[e] Sima Zhao noted that Shu was growing weak and lacking in resources after constantly waging war against Wei, so he wanted to launch a large-scale invasion of Shu to eliminate the threat of Shu. Among those he consulted, only Zhong Hui agreed that Wei was capable of conquering Shu. Zhong Hui then assisted Sima Zhao in formulating a strategy for the conquest of Shu.[15]
Sima Zhao made an announcement to the Wei imperial court as follows:
"Since the Shouchun rebellions, we have not launched a military expedition for six years; we have trained our soldiers and repaired their armor, such that we may eliminate the two barbaric states. If we plan to conquer Wu, I estimate that the process of constructing ships and opening up waterways will take up more than 1,000 units of ten-thousand-manpower. In other words, we will need 100,000 labourers to work over a period of more than 100 days. Besides, the southern lands are humid, and our troops will surely fall victim to plague and disease. Therefore, I think we should conquer Shu first. Three years after that, we can make use of Shu's geographical advantage by sending our navy downstream along the river to attack Wu, while concurrently sending our army to invade Wu by land. It would be as easy as Jin conquering Yu and Guo, and Qin eliminating Han and Wei. According to our calculations, Shu has a 90,000-strong army, of which more than 40,000 troops guard Chengdu and the interior commanderies. This means they have fewer than 50,000 troops elsewhere. Presently, we can distract Jiang Wei at Tazhong and make him unable to deal with the situation to his east. We can then send our army through the Luo Valley where they are least defended, to seize control of Hanzhong. If the Shu forces remain in their forts and passes, they will be isolated from each other. We can send the bulk of our forces to conquer their cities and smaller detachments to seize their towns and villages. By then, they will have neither sufficient time nor manpower to guard Jiange and Yang'an Pass. At that point, with Liu Shan's ineptness as a ruler, with Shu's border defenses shattered, and with its people quivering with fear, the fall of Shu is inevitable."[5]
The Wei general Deng Ai, who had been leading Wei forces to resist multiple Shu incursions along the Wei–Shu border since 255,[f] voiced strong objections to the campaign against Shu. Sima Zhao worried that Deng Ai would embolden others to oppose the campaign as well, so he commissioned his registrar Shi Zuan (
Wei's three-pronged invasion of Shu[edit]
In the winter of 262, Sima Zhao appointed Zhong Hui as General Who Guards the West (
In the autumn of 263, the Wei imperial court issued an edict outlining a three-pronged invasion of Shu:
- Deng Ai would lead 30,000 troops through Gansong (
甘 松 ; southeast of present-day Têwo County, Gansu) to attack Jiang Wei's position at Tazhong (沓 中 ; northwest of present-day Zhugqu County, Gansu); - Zhuge Xu would lead 30,000 troops to Wujie Bridge (
武 街 橋 ; northwest of present-day Wen County, Gansu) to block Jiang Wei's retreat route; - Zhong Hui would lead more than 100,000 troops to attack Shu via the Xie Valley (
斜 谷 ; southwest of present-day Mei County, Shaanxi);- Zhong Hui's subordinates, Li Fu (
李 輔) and Hu Lie, would lead a detachment through the Luo Valley (駱谷; southwest of present-day Zhouzhi County, Shaanxi).[3][18] - The Wei imperial court authorised Wei Guan to supervise Zhong Hui and Deng Ai's military operations. Wei Guan also held the appointment of an acting military judge under Zhong Hui, and had command of 1,000 troops.[19]
- Zhong Hui's subordinates, Li Fu (
Shu strategic planning[edit]
Changes in the Shu defences at Hanzhong[edit]
Previously, when the Shu general Wei Yan first took charge of guarding Hanzhong Commandery in 219,[20] he borrowed the concept of "double gates" from the Yijing and deployed heavily armed troops at interlocking camps on the outskirts and exits of trails leading into Hanzhong. These camps were meant to obstruct and hold off any invading forces.[21] During the Battle of Xingshi in 244, the Shu general Wang Ping used the same strategy to defend Hanzhong from a Wei invasion led by Cao Shuang.[22]
Jiang Wei pointed out that Wei Yan's idea of the interlocking camps was useful for only defence and would not provide additional advantages.[23] He proposed vacating the camps and moving all their troops and resources to the two fortresses of Hancheng (
In 258,[13] Jiang Wei ordered Hu Ji, Jiang Bin and Wang Han (
Jiang Wei's early warning[edit]
In early 263, Jiang Wei wrote a memorial to the Shu emperor Liu Shan as follows:
"I heard that Zhong Hui has been mobilising troops in Guanzhong and appears to be preparing to launch an invasion. As a precautionary measure, I think we should send Zhang Yi and Liao Hua to lead our forces to guard Yang'an Pass and the bridge at Yinping."[26]
One of Liu Shan's trusted eunuchs, Huang Hao, who believed in sorcery, believed a fortune-tellers' prediction that Wei would not invade Shu, so he advised the emperor to ignore Jiang Wei's memorial and not put it up for discussion in the imperial court.[27]
Prelude[edit]
Between 20 September and 19 October 263,[a] the Wei troops mobilised for the campaign had gathered in the Wei capital Luoyang and were ready to depart. Before they left, the Wei government gave out promotions and rewards, and staged a drill to boost their morale. During this time, when a Wei officer Deng Dun (鄧敦) said that Shu could not be conquered, Sima Zhao executed him as a warning to others to not speak ill of the campaign.[28]
Zhong Hui had ordered Xu Yi, a son of the veteran Wei general Xu Chu, to oversee the construction of a road leading into Shu. However, when the road turned out to be poorly built, Zhong Hui disregarded Xu Yi's background and executed him for failing his mission. The Wei army was shocked at Zhong Hui's audacity.[29]
Wei reinforcements[edit]
Between 20 October and 17 November 263,[g] Sima Zhao ordered three commandery administrators to lead their garrison forces to join the campaign: Wang Qi to lead troops from Tianshui Commandery to attack Jiang Wei's camp; Qian Hong to lead troops from Longxi Commandery and launch a frontal assault on Jiang Wei's position; and Yang Xin (楊欣) to lead troops from Jincheng Commandery (
Liu Qin (
Shu response to the Wei invasion[edit]
Upon receiving news of the Wei invasion, the Shu government ordered Liao Hua to lead reinforcements to support Jiang Wei at Tazhong. At the same time, they also sent Zhang Yi, Dong Jue and others to lead troops to Yang'an Pass (
When the Shu reinforcements reached Yinping (
Eastern flank[edit]
Lecheng and Hancheng[edit]
Around September or October 263, after his army passed through the Xie and Luo valleys as planned, Zhong Hui ordered his subordinates Li Fu and Xun Kai (荀愷) to each lead a detachment of 10,000 troops to attack Lecheng and Hancheng respectively.[34][35] At the time, Lecheng and Hancheng were respectively guarded by the Shu officers Wang Han (
During this time, Zhong Hui wrote to Jiang Bin to ask him for the location of the tomb of his father Jiang Wan. Jiang Bin politely obliged and told Zhong Hui that his father's tomb was in Fu County (涪縣; present-day Mianyang, Sichuan). Zhong Hui sent his men to pay respects on his behalf at Zhuge Liang's tomb at Mount Dingjun,[37] and later visited Jiang Wan's tomb when he reached Fu County.[38]
Wang Han and Jiang Bin managed to hold their positions at Lecheng and Hancheng respectively. After failing to capture either of the two fortresses, Zhong Hui led his army to bypass the two fortresses and move on towards Yang'an Pass.[39] While Wang Han's eventual fate is unknown, it is recorded that after the fall of Shu, Jiang Bin surrendered to Zhong Hui at Fu County and befriended him.[40]
Yang'an Pass[edit]
While Zhong Hui was supervising the assaults on Lecheng and Hancheng, he ordered Hu Lie to lead the vanguard force to attack Yang'an Pass and seize control of the pass's stockpiles of food supplies and equipment.[41]
The Shu general Fu Qian was in charge of guarding Yang'an Pass. His subordinate, Jiang Shu (蔣舒), previously served as an area commander at Wuxing (
Jiang Shu first attempted to persuade Fu Qian to lead his troops out of Yang'an Pass to engage the enemy in battle, but Fu Qian refused as he felt that it was too risky. Jiang Shu then lied to Fu Qian that he would go out to fight the enemy while Fu Qian would remain behind to guard the pass. After Fu Qian agreed, Jiang Shu led the troops out of Yang'an Pass to Yinping, where he surrendered to Hu Lie. Seeing that Yang'an Pass's defences had weakened after Jiang Shu's defection, Hu Lie led his troops to attack the pass and succeeded in capturing it along with its resources. Fu Qian fought bravely to resist the enemy but ultimately lost his life. The Wei soldiers were impressed by his heroism.[43][44]
Western flank[edit]
From Tazhong to Yinping[edit]
Around mid-November 263, after one month of battle at Tazhong, Deng Ai defeated Jiang Wei in battle and forced him to retreat towards Yinping.[45] After Jiang Wei received news that Zhong Hui's army had taken Yang'an Pass and occupied Hanzhong, he attempted to retreat to Baishui (
Upon learning that Zhuge Xu had blocked his retreat route at the Wujie Bridge near Yinping, Jiang Wei led his remaining troops through Konghan Valley (
Shu defence of Jiange[edit]
By the time the Shu reinforcements led by Zhang Yi and Dong Jue reached Hanshou County, Jiang Wei and Liao Hua had decided to abandon their position at Yinping and rendezvous with Zhang Yi and Dong Jue at Jiange.[50][51]
During this time, Zhong Hui launched several assaults on Jiange but failed to breach the mountain pass's defences.[52] He then wrote a letter to Jiang Wei to persuade him to surrender:
"Sir, you are skilled in both civil and military affairs. You are exceptionally brilliant in strategy and your achievements are well-known throughout the Bashu region and the rest of the Empire. People from near and afar admire you. Every time I reflect on history, I hope that we can serve the same dynasty. Our relationship is like the friendship between Jizha and Zichan."[53]
Jiang Wei did not reply to Zhong Hui's letter, and ordered his troops to strengthen their defences at Jiange.[54] Zhong Hui also wrote a long address to the Shu forces to urge them to surrender:
"In the past, when the Han dynasty declined, the Empire became fragmented and the people suffered extreme hardships. Emperor Wu used his divinely-bestowed military genius to bring order to chaos, save the people from their suffering, and restore peace and stability to the Empire. Emperor Wen followed the will of Heaven and the people, and took the throne. Emperor Ming expanded on their legacy and made glorious achievements during his reign. Outside our borders, there are many people living under different regimes and having different cultures from us, and they have yet to experience the grace and benevolence of our Empire. The three Previous Emperors thought it was a great pity. The current Emperor has a magnanimous heart and the will to expand his predecessors' legacy. His subjects serve with the utmost loyalty, do their best to serve the dynasty, maintain order and stability in government, and bring peace and prosperity to the people. That is why our Empire is so well-ruled. When we show benevolence towards ethnic minorities, they willingly submit to our rule. Are the people of Shu any different from other peoples? It is a shame that the people of Shu are bound to a lifetime of endless servitude. Our army has received a mission to act in accordance with Heaven's will and punish those who oppose the dynasty. The General Who Attacks the West, Inspector of Yong Province, and General Who Guards the West are leading five armies on this mission. The armies of ancient times went to war in the name of righteousness and benevolence. A ruler's army should seek to win the people's hearts instead of simply fighting. Yu Shun ruled with benevolence to win over the Miao; when King Wu of Zhou overthrew the Shang dynasty, he opened up the vaults and distributed the riches to the people, and honoured the virtuous officials who previously served under Shang. At the present, the General Who Guards the West goes to war not for the purposes of gaining greater glory for himself and the dynasty; what he truly desires is to save the people from suffering. He shall explain the perilous situation you are currently in, and he hopes that you will heed his honest advice.[55] The Former Lord of Yi Province had grand ambitions when he built an army from scratch. When he suffered defeats in Ji and Xu provinces and got threatened by Yuan Shao and Lü Bu, our Emperor Wu came to his aid and developed a bond with him. However, he betrayed Emperor Wu later and they no longer shared similar beliefs. While Zhuge Kongming governed Shu well and secured its borders, Jiang Boyue kept waging war, harassing our borders and causing harm to the Qiang and Di peoples. At the time, as we were busy with other affairs, we had no time to deal with his intrusions. Now that our borders are peaceful and our Empire is stable, we decide to amass our forces and wait for an opportunity to launch an all-out retaliatory strike. Shu draws its military strength from only one province and its defences are scattered around; it stands no chance against our imperial army. The Shu forces has already suffered disastrous defeats at Duan Valley and Houhe; it cannot hope to resist the might of our army. In recent years, Shu has never been quite peaceful as it has constantly been in a state of war and its people are already exhausted. How can it hope to resist an army united in spirit and purpose? You have witnessed it. In the past, Shu's chancellor Chen Zhuang was captured by the Qin army, while Gongsun Shu was killed by Wu Han. As you can see, no power can occupy and rule any of the Nine Provinces for long. You would have probably heard that intelligent people can foresee danger and wise people can avoid disaster. That was how Weizi left the Shang dynasty and became a guest of the Zhou dynasty; that was how Chen Ping left Xiang Yu to serve the Han dynasty and made great achievements later. Your desire to seek a moment's peace is akin to consuming a slow-acting poison. Can you not think of doing something better than limiting yourself to serving Shu? Our Empire is willing to spare our enemies and our leaders are willing to show benevolence. Those who surrender to us early receive generous treatment; those who surrender to us late will not be spared. When the Wu general Sun Yi surrendered to us, he received promotions and rewards. Wen Qin and Tang Zi betrayed us and joined the enemy. In the end, when Tang Zi was captured and Wen Qin's two sons surrendered to us, we still treated them well by awarding them titles and appointing them as generals. Tang Zi even had the opportunity to participate in high-level state affairs. The Emperor also highly favoured Sun Yi. Shu has so many virtuous talents, so all the more we would welcome them with open arms. If you can carefully assess the situation and decide to follow in the footsteps of Weizi and Chen Ping, we are willing to treat you and your descendants generously. Imagine how nice this would be: Everyone in the Empire lives in peace and harmony; farmers work in the fields; markets bustle with activity; there is no danger; there is only prosperity for everyone. If you persist in seeking a moment's peace and refuse to mend your ways, it will be too late for regrets by the time our army destroys Shu. Please carefully consider your choices and make the best decision for yourself. You should also inform the others and let everyone know our intentions."[56]
When his army's food supplies ran low, Zhong Hui considered giving up on taking Jiange and retreating.[57]
Zhong Hui seizing command of Zhuge Xu's army[edit]
When Deng Ai asked Zhuge Xu to join him in taking a detour to bypass Jiange, the latter refused because he was not authorised to. Zhuge Xu then led his army to Baishui to rendezvous with Zhong Hui and join him in attacking Jiang Wei at Jiange. Zhong Hui wanted to seize control of Zhuge Xu's army so he secretly reported to the Wei imperial court that Zhuge Xu showed cowardice during battle. As a result, Zhuge Xu was relieved of his command and sent back to the Wei capital Luoyang in a prison cart.[58]
Deng Ai's detour[edit]
When he was at Yinping, Deng Ai came up with the idea of taking a shortcut through Deyang Village to Fu County that would lead them to an area about 100 li west of Jiange and about 300 li from the Shu capital Chengdu. His idea was to lure Jiang Wei to send reinforcements from Jiange to Fu County and weaken Jiange's defences; if Jiang Wei did not send reinforcements, Fu County would be isolated and easily conquered.[59]
Zhong Hui approved Deng Ai's idea and even ordered his subordinate Tian Zhang (
Battle of Mianzhu[edit]
Following their capture of Jiangyou, Deng Ai and his men pushed on further to Fu County, where they encountered resistance from Shu forces led by Zhuge Zhan. Zhuge Zhan's subordinate, Huang Chong, urged his superior to swiftly take control of the mountainous terrain around Fu County and use that geographical advantage to stop the Wei forces from entering the flat lands. When Zhuge Zhan hesitated, Huang Chong broke down in tears as he repeatedly urged the former to do so.[63]
Zhuge Zhan then ordered his vanguard force to attack Deng Ai at Fu County but they lost the battle. Zhuge Zhan and his remaining troops then retreated to Mianzhu, where he soon received a letter from Deng Ai asking him to surrender. A furious Zhuge Zhan executed the messenger who delivered the letter,[64] and ordered his troops to assemble in formation outside Mianzhu and prepare to engage the enemy in battle.
Deng Ai ordered his son Deng Zhong (鄧忠) and subordinate Shi Zuan (
Fall of Shu[edit]
When Jiang Wei learnt of the fall of Mianzhu, he led his forces east towards Ba Commandery (
Liu Shan's surrender[edit]
In the meantime, after capturing Mianzhu, Deng Ai and his men pressed on further to Luo County (雒縣; north of present-day Guanghan, Sichuan) near the Shu capital Chengdu. Around this time, when Liu Shan held a discussion with his subjects on what options they had, some suggested that they flee to their ally state Wu while others proposed retreating southward into the Nanzhong region (covering parts of present-day southern Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou).[71]
Liu Shan ultimately heeded Qiao Zhou's suggestion to give up resistance and surrender to Deng Ai.[1] One of Liu Shan's sons, Liu Chen, had strongly advocated making a last stand against Deng Ai. However, after Liu Shan decided to surrender, Liu Chen went to the ancestral temple of his grandfather Liu Bei and cried his heart out. He then killed his wife and children before committing suicide.[72][73]
Liu Shan wrote a surrender document as follows:
"Due to two rivers cutting across our lands, we have become deeply and distantly separated from each other. We occupied Shu by chance, thought that we could hold up in one corner, and defied Heaven's will and the Empire's might. As the years passed, we gradually found ourselves drifting further away from the imperial capital by tens of thousands of li. I often recall the time during the Huangchu era when Emperor Wen sent General Xianyu Fu to Shu to announce a warmly- and sincerely-worded imperial edict, reiterate his kindness, and open his doors to accepting our surrender. He made his benevolence and righteousness so obvious. I am of poor character and virtue. I failed to see the bigger picture, greedily clung on to the mediocre legacy of my predecessor, put up a struggle for so many years, and resisted attempts by the Empire to make us more civilised. When Heaven expresses its fury, it is just a matter of time before all things submit to its authority. The Empire's grand army shows its might and instils fear everywhere it goes. Who dares to not have a change of heart and meekly submit to its power? I have ordered all my officers and soldiers to lay down their weapons and remove their armour, all the government offices to keep their treasuries and stores intact, all my people to line up in the outskirts of their cities, and all food supplies to be left in the fields. We await the Empire's grace, and hope that our people can preserve their lives. I bow down in the hope that the Great Wei Empire will, with the aid of wise and virtuous officials like Yi Yin and the Duke of Zhou, rule with benevolence and spread its virtues throughout the world. I hereby send my aides Palace Attendant Zhang Shao, Household Counsellor Qiao Zhou, and Chief Commandant of Escorting Cavalry Deng Liang to present my seal of authority to you as an act of surrender and as a token of my sincerity and allegiance. My fate shall totally rest in the hands of you, General. I will also bring along a coffin when I meet you. There is no need for me to say anything further.[74]
As instructed, Zhang Shao, Qiao Zhou and Deng Liang brought the surrender document and Liu Shan's imperial seal to Deng Ai at Luo County. Deng Ai was so pleased to receive the surrender document and imperial seal that he reported victory to the Wei government and sent Zhang Shao and Deng Liang back to Chengdu.[75][76] At the same time, Liu Shan also instructed Zhang Jun (
When Deng Ai and his troops arrived at the north gate of Chengdu, Liu Shan tied himself up and brought along a coffin as he led an entourage of over 60 people to officially surrender to Deng Ai. Deng Ai burnt the coffin, freed Liu Shan from his bonds and treated him kindly. Using the acting imperial authority granted to him by the Wei government, Deng Ai appointed Liu Shan as acting General of Chariots of Cavalry (驃騎
Deng Ai appointed Shi Zuan as the Inspector of Yi Province and put Qian Hong in charge of overseeing the former Shu commanderies. He also ordered the construction of a memorial at Mianzhu to glorify his victory and had the fallen Wei soldiers buried there alongside their Shu counterparts.[80]
Jiang Wei's surrender[edit]
Meanwhile, the Shu forces under Jiang Wei received confusing information about the situation in Chengdu. Some said that Liu Shan wanted to remain in Chengdu and defend the city, while others claimed that the Shu emperor was going to abandon Chengdu and flee south to Jianning Commandery (
When Zhong Hui finally met Jiang Wei, he asked him: "Why are you late?" With a solemn expression on his face and tears streaming down his cheeks, Jiang Wei replied: "Our meeting today came too early." Zhong Hui was impressed by Jiang Wei's response.[84]
Wu reinforcements[edit]
Between 18 November and 17 December 263,[i] the Shu government had made an urgent request for support from their ally state, Wu, in the east. On 8 January 264,[i] the Wu emperor Sun Xiu ordered five officers to lead three separate forces to attack Wei territories in the hope of diverting Wei attention away from Shu: Ding Feng to attack Shouchun (
Aftermath[edit]
Deng Ai's arrest and downfall[edit]
Feeling proud of his achievements, Deng Ai became very arrogant and boastful as he took control of and oversaw the post-war Shu territories. Around February 264, he wrote to Sima Zhao to suggest ideas to conquer Wei's other rival state, Wu. When Sima Zhao told him that his proposal had to be discussed in the imperial court before approval, Deng Ai grew impatient and hinted that he was justified in ignoring standard protocol and behaving autocratically as long as he acted in Wei's interests.[87] Zhong Hui, who secretly desired to rebel against Wei, used the opportunity to exploit and manipulate Deng Ai's arrogance to great effect. After intercepting a report from Deng Ai to the Wei imperial court, he imitated Deng Ai's handwriting and edited the report to make it sound rude and demanding. He also destroyed a letter from Sima Zhao to Deng Ai.[88]
In late February 264, the Wei imperial court ordered Zhong Hui and Wei Guan to arrest Deng Ai, relieve him of his command, and send him back to Luoyang in a prison cart.[89] On or after 3 March 264, Wei Guan sent Tian Xu to lead soldiers to intercept and kill Deng Ai, his son Deng Zhong and subordinate Shi Zuan at the west of Mianzhu.[90][91]
Zhong Hui's rebellion[edit]
After Deng Ai was arrested and taken away, Zhong Hui assumed overall command of the Wei forces occupying former Shu territories. At Jiang Wei's instigation,[92] he decided to start a rebellion against Sima Zhao, and came up with a strategy to attack Luoyang with Jiang Wei's assistance.[93]
On 1 March 264, a day after arriving in Chengdu, Zhong Hui summoned all the high-ranking Wei officers to attend a meeting and showed them a fake imperial decree ordering them to rise up against Sima Zhao and overthrow him. However, he became worried that the officers were unwilling to support him so he instructed his close aides to seize command of the officers' units and detain the officers.[94] On 3 March, when there were rumours that Zhong Hui wanted to purge all the officers who refused to participate in the rebellion, the detained officers broke out of captivity, regrouped with their units, and launched a mutiny against Zhong Hui. Chaos broke out in Chengdu and hundreds of people were killed. Zhong Hui and Jiang Wei fought the mutinying soldiers but were ultimately overwhelmed and killed.[95]
Wu invasion of Badong[edit]
During the Wei invasion of Shu, the Shu general Yan Yu (閻宇), who was in charge of guarding Badong Commandery (
In November or December 263, when news of Chengdu's fall reached Yong'an, Luo Xian managed to calm down the people and restore order and stability in Yong'an. After receiving news confirming that Liu Shan had indeed surrendered to Wei, Luo Xian gathered all his troops and mourned the fall of Shu for three days.[99]
In the meantime, Wu prepared to take advantage of the situation to invade Shu and seize control of former Shu territories under the pretext of sending reinforcements to help Shu resist the Wei invaders. Around March 264, the Wu general Bu Xie led troops from Xiling (
Enraged at Bu Xie's defeat, the Wu emperor Sun Xiu ordered his general Lu Kang to lead 30,000 troops to support Bu Xie and besiege Yong'an. After a six-month-long siege, more than half of Yong'an's population fell sick from infectious diseases. Just then, the Wei general Hu Lie led reinforcements from Jing Province to help Luo Xian and lift the siege on Yong'an. The Wu forces retreated upon seeing the arrival of Wei reinforcements.[101] Sima Zhao accepted Luo Xian's surrender and ordered him to remain behind and continue guarding Yong'an.[102]
Order of battle[edit]
Wei forces[edit]
- Grand Chief Controller (
大 都 督 ) Sima Zhao, the regent of Wei, oversaw the entire campaign from the Wei capital Luoyang.[5] - General Who Guards the West (
鎮西 將軍 ) Zhong Hui led an army of over 100,000 to attack Shu from the eastern flank.[3]- Official of Justice (廷尉
卿 ) Wei Guan served as an acting military judge under Zhong Hui. He also received imperial authority to supervise Zhong Hui and Deng Ai's military operations.[19] - Chief Clerk (
長 史 ) Du Yu[103] - General of the Vanguard (
前 將軍 ) Li Fu (李 輔) led a detachment of 10,000 troops to attack Lecheng County.[35] - Army Protector (
護 軍 ) Xun Kai (荀愷) led a detachment of 10,000 troops to attack Hancheng County.[35] - Army Protector (
護 軍 ) Hu Lie led the vanguard force to attack Yang'an Pass.[41] - Officer of the Standard (
牙 門 將 ) Xu Yi oversaw the construction of a road leading into Shu. He was executed for failing his mission when the road turned out to be poorly built.[29] - Tian Zhang (
田 章 ) accompanied Deng Ai on his detour through the shortcut to Mianzhu.[61] - General Who Pacifies Bandits (
平 寇將軍 ) Pang Hui[70] - Army Protector (
護 軍 ) Tian Xu[70]
- Official of Justice (廷尉
- Inspector of Yong Province (雍州
刺史 ) Zhuge Xu led an army of 30,000 to attack Shu from the central flank.[3] - General Who Attacks the West (
征 西 將軍 ) Deng Ai led an army of 30,000 to attack Shu from the western flank.[3]- Deng Zhong led the attack on Mianzhu.[69]
- Major (
司馬 ) Shi Zuan (師 纂), a former registrar under Sima Zhao. He was reassigned to serve in Deng Ai's army. He led the attack on Mianzhu.[69]
- Administrator of Weixing (
魏 興 太守 ) Liu Qin (劉 欽) led troops from Weixing Commandery to attack Hanzhong Commandery via the Ziwu Valley.[31] - Administrator of Tianshui (
天水 太守 ) Wang Qi led troops from Tianshui Commandery to attack Tazhong.[30] - Administrator of Longxi (隴西
太守 ) Qian Hong led troops from Longxi Commandery to attack Tazhong.[30] - Administrator of Jincheng (
金城 太守 ) Yang Xin (楊欣) led troops from Jincheng Commandery to attack Gansong.[30]
Shu forces[edit]
- General-in-Chief (
大將軍 ) Jiang Wei led the Shu defences at Tazhong before he retreated to Yinping and then to Jiange.[51]- Right General of Chariots and Cavalry (
右 車 騎 將軍 ) Liao Hua led reinforcements to support Jiang Wei at Tazhong and Yinping before retreating to Jiange together with him.[51] - Left General of Chariots and Cavalry (
左 車 騎 將軍 ) Zhang Yi led reinforcements to join Jiang Wei at Jiange.[51] - Senior General Who Assists the State (輔國
大將軍 ) Dong Jue led reinforcements to join Jiang Wei at Jiange.[51]
- Right General of Chariots and Cavalry (
- † Left General of the Household (
左 中 郎 將 ) Fu Qian guarded Yang'an Pass.[43]- Jiang Shu (蔣舒) defected to Wei forces and assisted them in capturing Yang'an Pass.[43]
- Army Inspector (
監 軍 ) Wang Han (王 含) led 5,000 troops to guard Lecheng County.[35] - General of Pacifying Martial Might (綏武
將軍 ) Jiang Bin led 5,000 troops to guard Hancheng County.[35] - Administrator of Jiangyou (
江 油 太守 ) Ma Miao (馬 邈) guarded Jiangyou.[62] - † General Who Protects the Army (
護 軍 將軍 ) Zhuge Zhan guarded Mianzhu.[68] - Right General-in-Chief (
右 大將軍 ) Yan Yu (閻宇) led reinforcements from Badong Commandery to defend Chengdu.[98]
Wu forces[edit]
- General-in-Chief (
大將軍 ) Ding Feng led Wu forces to attack Shouchun and divert Wei attention away from Shu.[86]- Liu Ping led Wu forces to attack Nan Commandery.[85]
- Upper General-in-Chief (
上大 將軍 ) Shi Ji led Wu forces to attack Nan Commandery.[85] - General of the Rear (
後 將軍 ) Ding Fēng led Wu forces to attack Wei territories along the middle Mian River.[85] - Sun Yi led Wu forces to attack Wei territories along the middle Mian River.[85]
- General Who Pacifies the Army (
撫 軍 將軍 ) Bu Xie led Wu forces to attack Yong'an County after the fall of Shu.[100] - General Who Guards the Army (鎮軍
將軍 ) Lu Kang led 30,000 troops to reinforce Bu Xie.[101]
In popular culture[edit]
Mie Shu Ji (
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b The Zizhi Tongjian recorded that the Wei imperial court issued an edict ordering Deng Ai, Zhuge Xu and Zhong Hui to lead Wei forces to attack Shu from three directions. This took place sometime between the 5th and 7th months of the 4th year of the Jingyuan era of Cao Huan's reign. The Wei armies departed the capital Luoyang in the 8th month.[1] The 8th month of the 4th year of Jingyuan corresponds to 20 September to 19 October 263 in the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Sima Zhao's biography in the Jin Shu recorded that the Wei generals' reports of victory reached Luoyang in the 10th month of the 4th year of the Jingyuan era of Cao Huan's reign.[2] This month corresponds to 18 November to 17 December 263 in the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Zhong Hui's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Deng Ai and Zhuge Xu each led 30,000 troops and Zhong Hui led more than 100,000 troops during the campaign.[3] Sima Zhao's biography in the Jin Shu recorded that Wei mobilised a total of 180,000 troops for the campaign.[4]
- ^ Sima Zhao estimated that Shu had a total of 90,000 troops (50,000 at the frontline and 40,000 guarding Chengdu and the inner territories) before the campaign.[5] However, the Shu Ji recorded that Shu had 102,000 troops when Liu Shan surrendered to Deng Ai.[6]
- ^ The Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Sima Zhao made this announcement in the 3rd year of the Jingyuan era of Cao Huan's reign. This year corresponds to 262 in the Gregorian calendar.[1] However, Sima Zhao's biography in the Jin Shu recorded that he made this announcement in the summer of the 4th year of the Jingyuan era, which corresponds to the summer of 263.[5] This article follows the dates in the Zizhi Tongjian.
- ^ See Deng Ai#Battles against Shu.
- ^ Sima Zhao's biography in the Jin Shu recorded that this took place in the 9th month of the 4th year of the Jingyuan era of Cao Huan's reign.[30] This month corresponds to 20 October to 17 November 263 in the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Deng Ai's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that he took the shortcut in the 10th month of the 4th year of the Jingyuan era of Cao Huan's reign.[60] This month corresponds to 18 November to 17 December 263 in the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Sun Xiu's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Shu requested support from Wu in the 10th month of the 6th year of the Yong'an era of Sun Xiu's reign.[85] This month corresponds to 18 November to 17 December 263 in the Gregorian calendar. Sun Xiu's biography also recorded that Sun Xiu ordered Ding Feng, Liu Ping, Ding Fēng and Sun Yi to lead Wu forces to attack Wei territories on the jiashen day after the 10th month of the 6th year of the Yong'an era.[85] The closest jiashen day after the 10th month is the 22nd day of the 11th month, which corresponds to 8 January 264 in the Gregorian calendar.
References[edit]
- ^ a b c Sima (1084), vol. 78.
- ^ ([
景元 四 年 ]冬 十 月 ,天子 以諸侯 獻 捷 交至, ...) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ a b c d e ([
景元 ]四 年 秋 ,乃下詔 使 鄧艾、諸 葛 緒 各 統 諸 軍 三 萬 餘人 ,艾 趣 甘 松 、沓 中 連 綴 維,緒 趣 武 街 、橋 頭 絕 維歸路 。會 統 十 餘 萬 衆 ,分 從 斜 谷 、駱谷入 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (於是
征 四方 之 兵 十 八 萬 , ...) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ a b c d (
景元 [四 年 ]夏 ,帝 將 伐 蜀 ,乃謀眾曰:「自 定 壽 春 已 來 ,息 役 六 年 ,治 兵 繕 甲 ,以擬二 虜 。略 計 取 吳 ,作戰 船 ,通 水道 ,當用 千 餘 萬 功 ,此十 萬 人 百 數 十 日 事 也。又 南 土下 濕 ,必生疾 疫。今 宜 先取 蜀 ,三 年 之 後 ,在 巴 蜀 順流 之 勢 ,水陸 並進 ,此滅虞 定 虢,吞韓並 魏 之 勢 也。計 蜀 戰士 九 萬 ,居 守成 都 及備他 郡 不 下 四 萬 ,然 則 餘 眾不過 五 萬 。今 絆 姜 維於遝中,使 不 得 東 顧,直 指 駱穀,出 其空虛 之 地 ,以襲漢 中 。彼 若 嬰城守 險 ,兵 勢 必散,首尾 離 絕 。舉大眾以屠城 ,散 銳 卒 以略野 ,劍 閣 不 暇 守 險 ,關頭 不能 自存 。以劉禪 之 暗 ,而邊城 外 破 ,士 女 內震,其亡可 知也 。」) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ (
又 遣 尚書 郎 李 虎 送 士民 簿 , ...帶 甲 將士 十 萬 二 千 , ...) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 33. - ^ Sima (1084), vol. 69.
- ^ Sima (1084), vol. 70.
- ^ Sima (1084), vols. 71-72.
- ^ Sima (1084), vols. 74-78.
- ^ Sima (1084), vol. 75.
- ^ Sima (1084), vol. 76.
- ^ a b Sima (1084), vol. 77.
- ^ Sanguozhi vols. 28, 33 and 44, Jin Shu vol. 2, and Zizhi Tongjian vol. 78.
- ^ (
文 王 以蜀大將 姜 維屢擾邊陲,料 蜀 國 小 民 疲 ,資力 單 竭,欲 大 舉圖蜀 。惟 會 亦 以為蜀 可 取 ,豫 共 籌度地形 ,考 論 事 勢 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
征 西 將軍 鄧艾以為未 有 釁,屢陳異議 。帝 患之,使 主 簿 師 纂為艾 司馬 以喻之 ,艾 乃奉命 。) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ (
景元 三 年 冬 ,以會為 鎮西 將軍 、假 節 都 督 關 中 諸 軍事 。文 王 勑青、徐 、兖、豫 、荊、揚 諸 州 ,並 使 作 船 ,又 令 唐 咨作浮海大船 ,外為 將 伐 吳 者 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ a b (於是
征 四方 之 兵 十 八 萬 ,使 鄧艾自 狄道攻 姜 維於遝中,雍州刺史 諸 葛 緒 自 祁山軍 於武街 ,絕 維歸路 ,鎮西 將軍 鐘 會 帥 前 將軍 李 輔、征 蜀 護 軍 胡 烈 等 自 駱穀襲 漢 中 。) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ a b (鄧艾、
鐘 會 之 伐 蜀 也,瓘以本官 持 節 監 艾 、會 軍事 ,行 鎮西 軍司 ,給 兵 千 人 。) Jin Shu vol. 36. - ^ Sima (1084), vol. 68.
- ^ (
初 ,先 主 留 魏 延 鎮漢中 ,皆實 兵 諸 圍 以禦外敵 ,敵 若 來 攻 ,使 不 得 入 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (及興
勢 之 役 ,王 平 捍拒曹爽,皆 承 此制。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (維
建議 ,以為錯守諸 圍 ,雖合周 易 「重 門 」之 義 ,然 適 可 禦敵,不 獲 大利 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
不 若 使 聞敵至 ,諸 圍 皆 歛兵聚穀,退 就漢、樂 二 城 ,使 敵 不 得 入 平 ,且重關 鎮守 以捍之 。有事 之 日 ,令 游 軍 並進 以伺其虛。敵 攻 關 不 克 ,野 無 散 穀 ,千里 縣 糧 ,自然 疲 乏 。引退 之 日 ,然 後 諸 城並 出 ,與 游 軍 并力搏之,此殄敵 之 術 也。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (於是
令 督 漢 中 胡 濟 却住漢 壽 ,監 軍 王 含守樂 城 ,護 軍 蔣斌守 漢 城 ,又 於西安 、建 威 、武 衞 、石門 、武 城 、建 昌 、臨遠皆 立 圍 守 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ ([
景 耀]六 年 ,維表後 主 :「聞鍾會 治 兵 關 中 ,欲 規 進取 ,宜 並 遣 張 翼 、廖化督 諸 軍 分 護 陽 安 關口 、陰平 橋 頭 以防未然 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
皓 徵 信 鬼 巫 ,謂 敵 終 不 自 致,啟 後 主 寢 其事,而羣臣 不知 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ ([
景元 四 年 ]秋 八 月 ,軍 發 洛陽 ,大 賚將士 ,陳 師 誓 眾。將軍 鄧敦謂 蜀 未 可 討,帝 斬 以徇。) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ a b (
先 命 牙 門 將 許 儀 在 前 治 道 ,會 在 後 行 ,而橋穿 ,馬 足 陷 ,於是斬 儀 。儀 者 ,許 褚之子 ,有功 王室 ,猶 不 原 貸 。諸 軍 聞之,莫不震 竦。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ a b c d e ([
景元 四 年 ]九 月 ,又 使 天水 太守 王 頎攻維營,隴西太守 牽弘邀其前 ,金城 太守 楊頎趣 甘 松 。) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ a b (
魏 興 太守 劉 欽趣子 午 谷 ,諸 軍 數 道 平行 ,至 漢 中 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (及鍾
會 將 向 駱谷,鄧艾將 入 沓 中 ,然 後 乃遣右 車 騎 廖化詣 沓 中 為 維援,左 車 騎 張 翼 、輔國大將軍 董 厥等詣 陽 安 關口 以為諸 圍 外 助 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
比 至 陰平 ,聞魏將 諸 葛 緒 向 建 威 ,故 住 待 之 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
會 使 護 軍 荀愷、前 將軍 李 輔各統 萬 人 ,愷圍漢 城 ,輔圍樂 城 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ a b c d e (
鐘 會 分 為 二 隊 ,入 自 斜 谷 ,使 李 輔圍王 含于樂 城 ,又 使 部將 荀愷攻 蔣斌於漢城 。) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ (
蜀 令 諸 圍 皆 不 得 戰 ,退 還 漢 、樂 二 城 守 。蜀 監 軍 王 含守樂 城 ,護 軍 蔣斌守 漢 城 ,兵 各 五 千 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
會 徑 過 ,西出 陽 安口 ,遣 人 祭 諸 葛 亮 之 墓 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
魏 大將軍 鍾會至 漢 城 ,與 斌 書 曰: ...會得 斌 書 報 ,嘉 歎意義 ,及至涪,如其書 云 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ ([鍾]
會 攻 樂 城 ,不能 克 ,聞關口 已 下 ,長驅 而前。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
後 主 旣 降 鄧艾,斌 詣 會 於涪,待 以交友之 禮 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ a b (
使 護 軍 胡 烈 等 行 前 ,攻 破 關城 ,得 庫 藏 積 糓。會 直 指 陽 安 ,護 軍 胡 烈 攻 陷 關城 。) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ (
蜀 記 曰:蔣舒為 武 興 督 ,在 事 無 稱 。蜀 命 人 代 之 ,因 留 舒助漢 中 守 。舒恨,故 開城 出 降 。) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ a b c (
漢 晉 春秋 曰:蔣舒將 出 降 ,乃詭謂 傅 僉曰:「今 賊 至 不 擊 而閉城 自 守 ,非 良 圖 也。」僉曰:「受命 保城 ,惟 全 為 功 ,今 違 命 出 戰 ,若 喪 師 負 國 ,死 無益 矣。」舒曰:「子 以保城 獲 全 為 功 ,我 以出戰 克 敵 為 功 ,請各行 其志。」遂 率 衆 出 。僉謂其戰也,至 陰平 ,以降 胡 烈 。烈 乘 虛 襲 城 ,僉格鬬而死 ,魏 人 義之 。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (鍾會
攻圍 漢 、樂 二 城 ,遣 別 將 進攻 關口 ,蔣舒開城 出 降 ,傅 僉格鬬而死 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
月餘 ,維為鄧艾所 摧,還 住 陰平 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
未到 ,聞其已 破 ,退 趣 白水 , ...) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
姜 維聞之 ,引還,王 頎追敗 維於強 川 。) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ (維聞鍾會
諸 軍 已 入 漢 中 ,引退 還 。欣等追 躡於彊 川口 ,大戰 ,維敗走 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (聞雍
州 已 塞 道 屯 橋 頭 ,從 孔 函 谷 入北 道 ,欲 出 雍州後 。諸 葛 緒 聞之,却還三 十 里 。維入北道 三 十 餘 里 ,聞緒軍 却,尋 還 ,從 橋 頭 過 ,緒 趣 截維,較一 日 不 及。維遂東 引,還 守 劒閣。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (維與
張 翼 、廖化合 軍 守 劍 閣 ,鐘 會 攻 之 。) Jin Shu vol. 2. - ^ a b c d e (
翼 、厥甫至 漢 壽 ,維、化 亦 舍 陰平 而退,適 與 翼 、厥合,皆 退 保 劒閣以拒會 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (鍾會
攻 維未能 克 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
會 與 維書曰:「公 侯 以文武之 德 ,懷 邁世之 略 ,功 濟 巴 、漢 ,聲 暢 華 夏 ,遠近 莫不歸 名 。每 惟 疇昔,甞同大 化 ,吳 札 、鄭 喬 ,能 喻斯好 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (維不荅書,
列 營守險 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
往者 漢 祚衰微 ,率土 分 崩 ,生 民 之 命 ,幾 於泯滅 。太 祖 武 皇帝 神武 聖哲 ,撥 亂 反 正 ,拯其將 墜,造 我 區 夏 。高祖 文 皇帝 應 天 順 民 ,受命 踐阼。烈 祖 明 皇帝 奕世重光 ,恢拓洪 業 。然 江山 之 外 異 政 殊 俗 ,率土 齊 民 未 蒙 王化 ,此三祖所以顧懷遺恨也。今 主上 聖德 欽明,紹隆前 緒 ,宰 輔忠肅明允 ,劬勞王室 ,布 政 垂 惠 而萬邦 恊和,施 德 百蠻而肅慎致貢。悼彼巴 蜀 ,獨 為 匪民,愍此百姓 ,勞役 未 已 。是 以命授六師 ,龔行天罰 ,征 西 、雍州、鎮西 諸 軍 ,五 道 並進 。古 之 行軍 ,以仁為本 ,以義治之 ;王者 之 師 ,有 征 無 戰 ;故 虞 舜 舞 干 戚而服 有 苗 ,周 武 有 散財 、發 廩、表 閭之義 。今 鎮西 奉 辭 銜命,攝 統 戎 重 ,庶弘文 告 之 訓 ,以濟元元 之 命 ,非 欲 窮 武 極 戰 ,以快一朝 之 政 ,故 畧陳安危 之 要 ,其敬聽話言 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
益 州 先 主 以命世 英才 ,興 兵 朔 野 ,困 躓兾、徐 之 郊,制 命 紹、布 之 手 ,太 祖 拯而濟 之 ,與 隆 大 好 。中 更 背 違 ,棄同即 異 ,諸 葛 孔明 仍規秦 川 ,姜 伯 約 屢出隴右,勞 動 我 邊境 ,侵 擾我氐、羌,方 國家 多 故 ,未 遑脩九伐之征也。今 邊境 乂清,方 內無事 ,畜力 待 時 ,并兵一向 ,而巴蜀 一 州 之 衆 ,分 張 守備 ,難 以禦天下 之 師 。段 谷 、侯 和 沮傷之 氣 ,難 以敵堂堂 之 陳 。比 年 以來 ,曾無寕歲,征夫 勤 瘁,難 以當子來 之 民 。此皆諸賢 所 親 見 也。蜀 相 牡 見 禽於秦 ,公孫 述 授首於漢,九州 之 險 ,是非 一 姓 。此皆諸賢 所 備聞也。明 者 見 危於無形 ,智者 規 禍 於未萌 ,是 以微子 去 商 ,長 為 周 賔,陳平 背 項 ,立 功 於漢。豈 晏安酖毒,懷 祿 而不變 哉?今 國 朝 隆 天 覆 之 恩 ,宰 輔弘寬恕 之 德 ,先 惠 後 誅,好生 惡 殺 。往者 吳 將 孫 壹 舉衆內附,位 為 上司 ,寵 秩殊異 。文 欽、唐 咨為國大 害 ,叛主讎賊,還 為 戎 首 。咨困逼禽獲 ,欽二 子 還 降 ,皆 將軍 、封 侯 ;咨與聞國事 。壹 等 窮 踧歸命 ,猶 加 盛 寵 ,况巴蜀 賢 知見 機 而作者 哉!誠 能 深 鑒成敗 ,邈然高 蹈,投 跡 微 子 之 蹤,錯身陳 平之 軌,則 福 同 古人 ,慶 流 來 裔,百姓 士民 ,安堵 舊 業 ,農 不易 畒,巿不回 肆,去 累卵 之 危,就永安 之 福 ,豈 不 美與 !若 偷安旦夕 ,迷而不 反 ,大兵 一 發 ,玉石 皆 碎,雖欲悔之,亦 無 及已。其詳擇 利害 ,自 求 多 福 ,各 具 宣布 ,咸使聞知 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
會 不能 克 ,糧 運 縣 遠 ,將 議 還 歸 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
會 與 緒 軍 向 劒閣,會 欲 專 軍勢 ,密 白 緒 畏 懦不進 ,檻 車 徵 還 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
艾 上 言 :「今 賊 摧折,宜 遂 乘 之 ,從 陰平 由 邪 徑 經 漢 德陽 亭 趣 涪,出 劒閣西 百 里 ,去 成都 三百 餘里 ,奇 兵 衝其腹心 。劒閣之 守 必還赴涪,則 會 方 軌而進 ;劒閣之 軍 不 還 ,則 應 涪之兵 寡矣。軍 志 有 之 曰:『攻 其不備 ,出 其不意 。』今 掩其空虛 ,破 之 必矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ a b ([
景元 四 年 ]冬 十 月 ,艾 自 陰平 道行 無人 之 地 七 百 餘 里 ,鑿山通 道 ,造作 橋 閣 。山高 谷 深 ,至 為 艱險,又 糧 運 將 匱,頻 於危殆 。艾 以氊自 裹,推轉而下。將士 皆 攀 木 緣 崖 ,魚貫 而進。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ a b (鄧艾
追 姜 維到陰平 ,簡選精銳 ,欲 從 漢 德陽 入江 由 、左 儋道詣 緜竹,趣 成都 ,與 諸 葛 緒 共 行 。緒 以本受節度 邀姜維,西行 非 本 詔 ,遂 進軍 前 向 白水 ,與 會合 。會 遣 將軍 田 章 等 從 劒閣西 ,徑 出 江 由 。未 至 百 里 ,章 先 破 蜀 伏兵 三 校 ,艾 使 章 先登 。遂 長 駈 而前。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ a b (
先登 至 江 由 ,蜀 守將 馬 邈降。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
權 留 蜀 子 崇 ,為 尚書 郎 ,隨 衞 將軍 諸 葛 瞻拒鄧艾。到 涪縣,瞻盤桓未進 ,崇 屢勸瞻宜速 行 據 險 ,無 令 敵 得 入 平地 。瞻猶與 未 納 ,崇 至 于流涕 。) Sanguozhi vol. 43. - ^ ([
景 耀]六 年 冬 ,魏 征 西 將軍 鄧艾伐 蜀 ,自 陰平 由 景 谷道 旁 入 。瞻督諸 軍 至 涪停住 ,前 鋒 破 ,退 還 ,住 緜竹。艾 遣 書 誘 瞻曰:「若 降 者 必表為 琅邪王 。」瞻怒,斬 艾 使 。) Sanguozhi vol. 35. - ^ a b (
會 艾 長驅 而前,瞻却戰 至 緜竹,崇 帥 厲軍士 ,期 於必死 ,臨陣見 殺 。) Sanguozhi vol. 43. - ^ a b (恢
弟子 球 ,羽林 右 部 督 ,隨 諸 葛 瞻拒鄧艾,臨陣授命,死 于緜竹 。) Sanguozhi vol. 43. - ^ a b (
苞 子 遵為尚書 ,隨 諸 葛 瞻於綿 竹 ,與 鄧艾戰 ,死 。) Sanguozhi vol. 36. - ^ a b c (
遂 戰 ,大敗 ,臨陣死 ,時 年 三 十 七 。衆 皆 離散 ,艾 長驅 至 成都 。瞻長子 尚 ,與 瞻俱沒 。) Sanguozhi vol. 35. - ^ a b c (
蜀 衞 將軍 諸 葛 瞻自涪還綿 竹 ,列 陳 待 艾 。艾 遣 子 惠 唐 亭 侯 忠 等 出 其右,司馬 師 纂等出 其左。忠 、纂戰不利 ,並 退 還 ,曰:「賊 未 可 擊 。」艾 怒 曰:「存亡 之 分 ,在 此一舉,何 不可 之 有 ?」乃叱忠 、纂等,將 斬 之 。忠 、纂馳還 更 戰 ,大破 之 ,斬 瞻及尚書 張 遵等首 , ...) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ a b c (
艾 遂 至 緜竹,大戰 ,斬 諸 葛 瞻。維等聞瞻已 破 ,率 其衆東 入 于巴。會 乃進軍 至 涪,遣 胡 烈 、田 續 、龐會等 追 維。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
後 主 使 羣臣會議 ,計 無 所出 。或 以為蜀 之 與 吳 ,本 為 和國 ,宜 可 奔吳;或 以為南中 七 郡 ,阻險斗 絕 ,易 以自守 ,宜 可 奔南。) Sanguozhi vol. 42. - ^ (
是 日 ,北地 王 諶傷國 之 亡 ,先 殺 妻子 ,次 以自殺 。) Sanguozhi vol. 33. - ^ (
漢 晉 春秋 曰:後 主將 從 譙周之 策 ,北地 王 諶怒曰:「若 理 窮 力 屈 ,禍 敗 必及,便 當 父子 君臣 背 城 一 戰 ,同 死 社稷 ,以見先帝 可也 。」後 主 不納 ,遂 送 璽緩。是 日 ,諶哭於昭烈 之 廟 ,先 殺 妻子 ,而後自殺 ,左右 無 不為 涕泣 者 。) Sanguozhi vol. 33. - ^ (
奉書 曰:「限 分 江 、漢 ,遇 值深遠 ,階 緣 蜀 土 ,斗 絕 一隅 ,干 運 犯 冒 ,漸 苒歷載 ,遂 與 京畿 攸隔萬 里 。每 惟 黃 初 中 ,文 皇帝 命 虎 牙 將軍 鮮于輔,宣 溫 密 之 詔 ,申 三好 之 恩 ,開示 門戶 ,大義 炳然,而否德 暗弱 ,竊貪遺 緒 ,俛仰累 紀 ,未 率 大 教 。天 威 旣 震 ,人 鬼 歸 能 之 數 ,怖 駭王師 ,神武 所 次 ,敢不革 面 ,順 以從命 !輒勑羣帥投 戈 釋 甲 ,官 府 帑藏一 無 所 毀。百姓 布野 ,餘 糧 棲畝,以俟后 來 之 惠 ,全 元元 之 命 。伏 惟 大 魏 布 德 施 化 ,宰 輔伊、周 ,含覆藏 疾 。謹遣私署 侍 中 張 紹、光 祿 大夫 譙周、駙馬都 尉 鄧良奉 齎印緩 ,請命告 誠 ,敬 輸忠款,存亡 勑賜,惟 所 裁 之 。輿 櫬在近 ,不 復 縷陳 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 33. - ^ (紹、
良 與 艾 相 遇 於雒縣 。艾 得 書 ,大喜 ,即 報 書 ,遣 紹、良 先 還 。) Sanguozhi vol. 33. - ^ (...
進軍 到 雒。劉 禪 遣 使 奉 皇帝 璽綬,為 箋詣艾 請降。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
禪 又 遣 太 常 張 峻 、益 州 別 駕 汝 超 [sic]受節度 ,遣 太 僕 蔣顯有 命 勑姜維。又 遣 尚書 郎 李 虎 送 士民 簿 ,領 戶 二 十 八 萬 ,男女 口 九 十 四 萬 ,帶 甲 將士 十 萬 二 千 ,吏四萬 人 ,米 四 十 餘 萬斛 ,金銀 各 二 千 斤 ,錦 綺 綵絹各 二 十 萬 匹 ,餘 物 稱 此。) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 33. - ^ (
艾 至 城北 ,後 主 輿 櫬自縛 ,詣 軍 壘 門 。艾 解 縛 焚櫬,延 請相見 。因 承 制 拜 後 主 為 驃騎將軍 。諸 圍 守 悉被後 主 勑,然 後 降下 。艾 使 後 主 止 其故宮 ,身 往造焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
艾 至 成都 ,禪 率 太子 諸王 及群臣 六 十餘人靣縛輿櫬詣軍門,艾 執 節 解 縛 焚櫬,受而宥 之 。檢 御 將士 ,無 所 虜 畧,綏納降 附 ,使 復舊 業 ,蜀 人稱 焉。輙依鄧禹故事 ,承 制 拜 禪 行 驃騎將軍 ,太子 奉 車 、諸王 駙馬都 尉 。蜀 群司 各 隨 高下 拜 為 王 官 ,或 領 艾 官 屬 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (以師纂領
益 州 刺史 ,隴西太守 牽弘等 領 蜀 中 諸 郡 。使 於緜竹 築 臺 以為京 觀 ,用 彰 戰功 。士卒 死 事 者 ,皆 與 蜀 兵 同 共 埋藏 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (維等
初 聞瞻破 ,或 聞後主 欲 固守 成都 ,或 聞欲南 入 建 寧 ,於是引軍由 廣 漢 、郪道以審虛實 。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
尋 被 後 主 敕令,乃投戈 放 甲 ,詣 會 於涪軍 前 ,將士 咸怒,拔刀 斫石。) Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (維至
廣 漢 郪縣,令 兵 悉放器 仗,送 節 傳 於胡烈 ,便 從 東道 詣 會 降 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
干 寶 晉 紀 云 :會 謂 維曰;「來 何 遲 也?」維正色 流涕 曰:「今日 見 此為速 矣!」會 甚奇之 。) Jin Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ a b c d e f g ([
永安 六 年 ]冬 十 月 ,蜀 以魏見 伐 來 告 。 ... [十 一 月 ]甲 申 ,使 大將軍 丁 奉 督 諸 軍 向 魏 壽 春 ,將軍 留 平 別 詣 施 績於南 郡 ,議 兵 所 向 ,將軍 丁 封 、孫 異 如沔中 ,皆 救 蜀 。蜀 主 劉 禪 降 魏 問 至 ,然 後 罷 。) Sanguozhi vol. 48. - ^ a b ([
永安 ]六 年 ,魏 伐 蜀 ,奉 率 諸 軍 向 壽 春 ,為 救 蜀 之 勢 。蜀 亡 ,軍 還 。) Sanguozhi vol. 55. - ^ (
艾 言 司馬 文 王 曰:「兵 有 先 聲 而後實 者 , ...望 風 而從矣。」文 王 使 監 軍 衞 瓘喻艾 :「事 當 須報,不 宜 輙行。」艾 重言 曰:「銜命征 行 , ...終 不 自 嫌 以損于國也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
世 語 曰:會 善 效 人 書 ,於劒閣 要 艾 章 表白 事 ,皆 易 其言,令 辭 指 悖 傲,多 自 矜伐。又 毀文王 報 書 ,手 作 以疑之 也。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
會 內有異 志 ,因 鄧艾承 制 專 事 ,密 白 艾 有 反 狀 ,於是詔書 檻 車 徵 艾 。司馬 文 王 懼艾或 不 從 命 ,勑會並進 軍 成都 ,監 軍 衞 瓘在會 前 行 ,以文王手 筆 令 宣 喻艾軍 ,艾 軍 皆 釋 仗,遂 收 艾 入 檻 車 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
艾 父子 旣 囚 ,鍾會至 成都 ,先 送 艾 ,然 後作 亂 。會 已 死 ,艾 本營 將士 追 出 艾 檻 車 ,迎 還 。瓘遣田 續 等 討艾, ...) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
世 語 曰:師 纂亦與 艾 俱死。纂性急 少 恩 ,死 之 日 體 無 完 皮 。) Shiyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (... 乃詭
說 會 曰:「聞君自 淮南 已 來 , ... 而從赤松 游 乎?」會 曰:「君 言 遠 矣,我 不能 行 ,且為今 之 道 ,或 未 盡 於此也。」維曰:「其佗則 君 智力 之 所 能 ,無 煩 於老夫 矣。」由 是 情 好 歡甚。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 44. - ^ (
會所 憚 惟 艾 ,艾 旣 禽而會 尋 至 ,獨 統 大衆 ,威 震 西土 。自 謂 功名 蓋世 ,不可 復 為 人 下 ,加 猛 將 銳 卒 皆 在 己 手 ,遂 謀反 。欲 使 姜 維等皆 將 蜀 兵 出 斜 谷 ,會 自 將 大衆 隨 其後。旣 至 長安 ,令 騎士 從 陸 道 ,步兵 從 水道 順流 浮渭入 河 ,以為五日可到孟津,與 騎 會 洛陽 ,一旦 天下 可 定 也。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
會 以五 年 正月 十 五 日 至 ,其明日 ,悉請護 軍 、郡 守 、牙 門 騎 督 以上 及蜀之 故 官 ,為 太 后 發 喪 於蜀朝 堂 。矯太后 遺 詔 ,使 會 起 兵 廢 文 王 ,皆 班 示 坐 上人 ,使 下 議 訖,書 版 署 置 ,更 使 所 親 信代 領 諸 軍 。所 請群官 ,悉閉著 益 州 諸 曹屋中 ,城門 宮門 皆 閉,嚴 兵 圍 守 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
會 帳 下 督 丘 建 本屬 胡 烈 ,烈 薦 之 文 王 ,會 請以自 隨 ,任 愛 之 。 ...或 謂 會 :「可 盡 殺 牙 門 騎 督 以上 。」會 猶豫 未決 。十 八 日 日 中 ,烈 軍兵 與 烈 兒 雷 鼓 出 門 ,諸 軍兵 不 期 皆 鼓 譟出,曾無督促 之 者 ,而爭先 赴城。 ... 斯須,門外 倚梯登城 ,或 燒 城屋 ,蟻 附 亂 進 ,矢下 如雨,牙 門 、郡 守 各 緣 屋 出 ,與 其卒兵 相 得 。姜 維率會 左右 戰 ,手 殺 五 六 人 ,衆 旣 格 斬 維,爭 赴殺會 。會 時 年 四 十 ,將士 死者 數 百 人 。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. - ^ (
時 大將軍 閻宇都 督 巴 東 ,拜 憲 領 軍 ,為 宇副貳 。) Jin Shu vol. 57. - ^ (
魏 之 伐 蜀 ,召宇西 還 ,憲 守 永安 城 。) Jin Shu vol. 57. - ^ a b c (
魏 之 伐 蜀 ,召[閻]宇西還 ,留 宇二 千 人 ,令 [羅 ]憲 守 永安 城 。) Xiangyang Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41. - ^ (及成
都 敗 ,城中 擾動,邊 江 長 吏皆棄城走 ,憲 斬 亂 者 一 人 ,百姓 乃安。知 劉 禪 降 ,乃率所 統 臨於都 亭 三 日 。) Jin Shu vol. 57. - ^ a b c d (及鐘
會 、鄧艾死 ,百 城 無主 ,吳 又 使 步 協 西 征 ,憲 大破 其軍。憲 臨江拒 射 ,不能 禦,遣 參 軍 楊宗突圍北出 ,告 急 安東 將軍 陳 騫,又 送 文武 印綬 、任 子 詣 晉 王 。協 攻 城 ,憲 出 與 戰 ,大破 其軍。孫 休 怒 ,復 遣 陸 抗 等 帥 衆 三 萬 人 增 憲之 圍 。被 攻 凡六月日而救援不到,城中 疾病 大半 。) Xiangyang Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41. - ^ a b (
孫 休 怒 ,又 遣 陸 抗 助 協 。憲 距守經年 ,救援 不 至 ,城中 疾 疫太半 。會 荊州刺史 胡 烈 等 救 之 ,抗 退 。) Jin Shu vol. 57. - ^ (
晉 王 即 委 前任 ,拜 憲 淩江將軍 ,封 萬 年 亭 侯 。) Xiangyang Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41. - ^ (
鐘 會 伐 蜀 ,以預為 鎮西 長 史 。) Jin Shu vol. 34. - ^ "
滅 蜀 記 [Mie Shu Ji]". www.books.com.tw (in Chinese). Retrieved 8 June 2018.
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