Emperor Shun
Shun | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Predecessor | Emperor Yao |
Successor | Yu the Great |
Spouse | Ehuang (娥皇) Nüying ( |
Issue | Shangjun ( |
Father | Gusou (瞽叟) |
Mother | Wodeng ( |
Emperor Shun (Chinese:
Names[edit]
Shun's clan name (
Life of Shun[edit]
According to traditional sources, Shun received the mantle of leadership from Emperor Yao at the age of 53, and then died at the age of 100 years. Before his death Shun is recorded as relinquishing his seat of power to Yu (禹), the founder of the Xia Dynasty. Shun's capital was located in Puban (
Under Emperor Yao, Shun was appointed successively Minister of Instruction, General Regulator and chief of the Four Peaks, and put all affairs in proper order within three years.[5] Yao was so impressed that he appointed Shun as his successor to the throne. Shun wished to decline in favour of someone more virtuous, but eventually assumed Yao's duties.[5] It was said that "those who had to try a lawsuit did not go to Danzhu, but to Shun." Danzhu was the son of Yao.[6]
After ascending to the throne, Shun offered sacrifices to the god Shang Di (
Shun divided the land into twelve provinces, raising altars upon twelve hills, and deepening the rivers.[9] Shun dealt with Four Perils: banishing Gonggong to You Prefecture, confining Huan-dou (驩兜) on Mount Chong (
According to the Canon of Shun, Shun began to reign at the age of 30, reigned with Yao for 30 years, and reigned 50 more years after Yao's abdication, then Shun died.[17] The Bamboo Annals state that Yao chose Shun as his heir three years before abdicating the throne to him. Both sources agree that after abdicating, Yao lived for another 28 years in retirement during Shun's reign.
In later centuries, Yao and Shun were glorified for their virtue by Confucian philosophers. Shun was particularly renowned for his modesty and filial piety (xiao
Legends[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Emperor_Shun.jpg/220px-Portraits_of_Famous_Men_-_Emperor_Shun.jpg)
Sima Qian claimed in Annals of the Five Emperors (
When he was barely an adult, his stepmother threw him out of the house. Shun was forced to live on his own. Yet, because of his compassionate nature and his natural leadership skills, everywhere he went, people followed him, and he was able to organize the people to be kind to each other and do the best they could. When Shun first went to a village that produced pottery, after less than one year, the pottery became more beautiful than they had ever been. When Shun went to a fishing village, the people there were at first fighting amongst themselves over the fishing grounds, and many people were injured or killed in the fights. Shun taught them how to share and allocate the fishing resources, and soon the village was prospering and all hostilities ceased.
When Emperor Yao became old, he became distressed over the fact that his nine sons were all useless, only knew how to spend their days enjoying themselves with wine and song. Yao asked his ministers, the Four Mountains, to propose a suitable successor. Yao then heard of Shun's tales. Wise Yao did not want to simply believe in the tales about Shun, so he decided to test Shun. Yao gave a district to Shun to govern and married his two daughters to him, with a small dowry of a new house and some money.
Though given an office and money, Shun still lived humbly. He continued to work in the fields every day. Shun even managed to convince his two brides, the two princesses, Yao's daughters, named Ehuang (Fairy Radiance) and Nüying (Maiden Bloom),[18] who were used to good living, to live humbly and work along the people. However, Shun's stepmother and half brother became extremely jealous and conspired to kill Shun. Once Shun's half brother Xiang lit a barn on fire, and convinced Shun to climb onto the roof to put the fire out, but then Xiang took away the ladder, trapping Shun on the burning roof. Shun skilfully made a parachute out of his hat and cloth and jumped down in safety. Another time, Xiang and his mother conspired to get Shun drunk and then throw him into a dried-up well and then bury him with rocks and dirt. Shun's half-sister, never approving of her mother and brother's schemes, told Shun's wives about the scheme. Shun thus prepared himself. Shun pretended to get drunk, and when he was thrown into the well, he had already a tunnel pre-dug to escape to the surface. Thus, Shun survived many attempts on his life. Yet, he never blamed his stepmother or his half brother, and forgave them every time.
Eventually, Shun's stepmother and half brother repented their past wrongs. Shun wholeheartedly forgave them both, and even helped Xiang get an office. Shun also managed to influence Emperor Yao's 9 worthless sons into becoming useful contributing members of society.
Emperor Yao was very impressed by all of Shun's achievements, and thus chose Shun as his successor and put him on the throne in the year of Jiwei (
Shun is also renowned as the originator of the music called Dashao (
In the last year of Shun's reign, Shun decided to tour the country. But unfortunately, he died suddenly of an illness on the journey near the Xiang River. Both his wives rushed from home to his body, and wept by the river for days. Their tears turned into blood and stained the reeds by the river. From that day on, the bamboo of that region became red-spotted, which explains the origin of spotted bamboo. Then overcome by grief, both women threw themselves into the river and drowned.
Shun considered his son, Shangjun (
Descendants[edit]
Tradition has it that Chen are descendants of Emperor Shun. Gui Man, a descendant of Shun, became Chen Hugong, the founder of the State of Chen. Later Chen dynasty emperors such as Chen Baxian would also claim descent from Shun.[2][3]
Hồ Quý Ly, the progenitor of the Hồ dynasty, would later claim descent from Duke Hu of Chen
Tian (
Alternative biography[edit]
Emperor Shun | |
---|---|
![]() Modern depiction of Emperor Shun |
It is thought by some scholars that Mencius asserted "Shun was an Eastern barbarian; he was born in Chu Feng, moved to Fu Hsia, and died in Ming T'iao and that emperor Yao came to his field's with oxs and married his daughters to him and appointed him and that he did not reign as emperor until after yao died because they cannot be two rulers.[23] Additionally, the Bamboo Annals and Han Fei paint a very different picture of Shun. Both the Annals and the book Han Feizi stated that Shun overthrew Yao and left him in prison to die. Danzhu, Yao's son and rightful heir, was banished and later defeated in battle. In addition, Han Fei stated that Yu then rebelled and banished Shun.[24][25] This account was referenced in Li Bai's poem "Distant Parting" (
Han Fei also mentioned that Shun personally settled land and water disputes among farmers and fishermen by cohabitating with them.[6]
Events of Shun's reign[edit]
![]() |
- In the 3rd year of his reign, he ordered Jiutao (
咎 陶 ) to establish penalties to deal with various criminals. - In the 9th year of his reign, the Queen Mother of the West came to worship in China and brought white jade rings and Jue (玦) as gifts.
- In the 14th year of his reign, Yu of Xia was appointed to manage disasters caused by floods and winds.
- In the 15th year of his reign, he appointed Houshi (
后 氏 ) to build the palace. - In February of the 17th year, dancing was first taught at schools.
- In the 25th year of his reign, envoy of the Xishen (
息 慎 ) tribe came and, as gifts, brought the bow and arrow. - In the 29th year, he ordered Ziyi (
子 义) to serve as duke in Shang. - In the 30th year of his reign, his wife Mang (
盲 ) died and was honored with a tomb built for her at Wei (渭). - In the 32nd year of his reign, he transferred military power to Yu of Xia.
- In January of the 33rd year of his reign, he rewarded Yu of Xia for his achievement in managing the floods, in the aftermath of which, nine provinces were re-established in China.
- In the 35th year of his reign, he ordered Yu of Xia to send troops to Youmiao (
有 苗 ).[27] After Yu achieved victory, Youmiao sent an envoy with a request to join China. - In his 36th year of his reign, he ordered the Great Wall (of Shun's time, not the current Great Wall of China) to be torn down.
- In the 42nd year of his reign, the Xuandu (
玄 都 ) people came to worship him and brought precious jade as gifts. - The winter of the 47th year of his reign was very warm and the grass did not die.
- In the 49th year of his reign, he moved to Mingtiao (鸣条), a place later called Haizhou (
海 州 ) during the Warring States period. His death came the following year, after a rule described as having lasted fifty years.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Wang, Hui (2020-11-18). "《
五 帝 本 纪》得 与 失 :论司马迁的 上古 史 观" [The Gains and Losses of the Five Emperors' Chronicles: On Sima Qian's View of Ancient History]. Center for Studies of Historical Theory & Historiography of Beijing Normal University (in Chinese). Retrieved 2024-05-09. - ^ a b Yang 2003, p. 121.
- ^ a b Han 2010, pp. 2776–7.
- ^ Wu, note 83, page 105
- ^ a b Canon of Shun, v 2.
- ^ a b Heiner Roetz (1993). Confucian ethics of the axial age: a reconstruction under the aspect of the breakthrough toward postconventional thinking. SUNY Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-7914-1649-6.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 3.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 4.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 5.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 6.
- ^ a b c Canon of Shun, v 9.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 13.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 14.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 15.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 16.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 17.
- ^ Canon of Shun, v 20.
- ^ Murck (2000), p. 9.
- ^ Trần, Xuân Sinh (2003). Thuyết Trần. p. 403.
...Quý Ly claims Hồ's ancestor to be Mãn the Duke Hồ [Man, Duke Hu], founding meritorious general of the Chu dynasty, king Ngu Thuấn's [king Shun of Yu] descendant, created his country's name Đại Ngu...
- ^ Trần, Trọng Kim (1919). "I.III.XI.". Việt Nam sử lược. Vol. I.
Quí Ly deposed Thiếu-đế, but respected [the relationship] that he [Thiếu Đế] was his [Quí Ly's] grandson, only demoted him to prince Bảo-ninh
保 寧 大王 , and claimed himself [Quí Ly] the Emperor, changing his surname to Hồ胡 . Originally the surname Hồ [胡 Hu] were descendants of the surname Ngu [虞 Yu] in China, so Quí Ly created a new name for his country Đại-ngu大 虞 . - ^ K. W. Taylor (9 May 2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press. pp. 166–. ISBN 978-0-521-87586-8.
- ^ Kenneth R. Hall (2008). Secondary Cities and Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, C. 1400-1800. Lexington Books. pp. 161–. ISBN 978-0-7391-2835-0.
- ^ Mencius "Li Lou II" quote "
舜 生 於諸馮,遷於負 夏 ,卒 於鳴條 ,東夷 之 人 也。" translated by Lau, D. C. (1970) p. 128 - ^ Tian, Ye, & Qian Myths of the Creation of Chinese (2020). p. 108-109
- ^ Han Feizi Ch. 44 "On Assumers Archived 2021-08-14 at the Wayback Machine" txt: "
舜 偪堯,禹偪舜 ,湯 放 桀,武 王 伐 紂。此四王者 ,人臣 弒其君 者 也,而天下 譽 之 。"; translation: "Shun intimidated Yao, Yü intimidated Shun, T`ang banished Chieh, and King Wu censured Chow. These four rulers were ministers who murdered their rulers, but All-under-Heaven have extolled them." - ^
遠別 離 line 7. text: "或 言 (云 )堯幽囚 ,舜 野 死 。" translation: "Some said: Yao was confined in darkness. Shun died in the wilderness." - ^ Chu Trinh Phan (2009). Phan Châu Trinh and His Political Writings. SEAP Publications. pp. 127–. ISBN 978-0-87727-749-1.
References[edit]
- "Canon of Shun" (
舜 典 ), Classic of History (書 經 ), traditionally first compiled and edited by Confucius (孔 夫子 ), in about Fifth to Sixth Century BC, in what is now China. Available at Wikisource in English and in Chinese. - Han, Zhaoqi, ed. (2010). "Houses of Chen and Qi". Shiji
史 记 (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3. - Murck, Alfreda (2000). Poetry and Painting in Song China: The Subtle Art of Dissent. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-00782-6.
- Wu, K. C. (1982). The Chinese Heritage. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 0-517-54475-X.
- Yang, Kuan (2003). Xi Zhou Shi
西 周 史 [History of the Western Zhou] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-208-04538-5.
External links[edit]