Chen (state)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from State of Chen)
State of Chen
陳ひね國こく
c. 1045 BC–479 BC
CapitalWanqiu (宛あて丘おか)
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
c. 1045 BC
• Became capital of Chu
479 BC
 Succeeded by
Chu (state)
Chen
"Chen" in seal script (top), Traditional (middle), and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese陳ひね
Simplified Chinese陈

Chen (Chinese: 陈国; Chinese: 陳ひね國こく; pinyin: Chen Guo) was a state founded by the Duke Hu of Chen during the Zhou dynasty of ancient China. It existed from c. 1045 BC–479 BC. Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province. Chen, the 4th most popular surname in the world, and members of the Hu clan would claim descent from the Duke Hu of Chen who was in turn descended from the legendary Emperor Shun. At its peak, Chen encompassed fourteen cities in modern-day Henan and Anhui.

Name[edit]

It is written 陳ひね the same as the Chen surname. In ancient texts, it is sometimes misspelled as 敶, also pronounced Chen.[1]

Territory[edit]

Chen was originally from Taihao (太ふとし昊ひろし、太ふとし皞), the capital of Fuxi's clan.[2] It was south of the Yellow River.[2][3]

Capital[edit]

Chen territory (east China)

Its capital was Wanqiu, in present-day Huaiyang County in the plains of eastern Henan province.[4][5][6] Zhu Xi explains that Wanqiu means "[a hill] with a crater on top surrounded by high walls on all four sides".[7]

History[edit]

According to tradition, the royal family of Chen were descendants of the legendary sage king Emperor Shun. After the conquest of the Shang dynasty in 1046/45 BC, King Wu of Zhou enfeoffed his son-in-law Gui Man, a descendant of Shun, at Chen, and Man became known as Duke Hu of Chen (Chen Hugong).[8][9]

Duke Shēn of Chen, son of Hugong then became second duke of Chen.[10]

Chen later became an ally state of Chu, fighting as an ally of Chu at the Battle of Chengpu. It was finally unified with the Chu in 479 BC. Many people of Chen then took the name of their former country as their family name, and account for the many of Chinese people with the family name Chen today. After the destruction of the old Chu capital at Ying, Chen became the Chu capital.

Location of Chen state

Achievements and descendants[edit]

  • The founding duke, Chen Hugong, is credited with being the originator of the Chen (surname), now the fourth most popular surname in the world[11]
  • The Chen clan would later found the Chen Dynasty of China and then the Trần dynasty, a golden age of Vietnam (陳ちん朝ちょう Tran is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Chen).
  • In 1400 AD, Hồ Quý Ly overthrew the Trần dynasty and established the Hồ dynasty (Hồ is the Vietnamese pronunciation for "Hu"). He claimed to be a descendant of Chen Hugong and Emperor Shun, and changed the name of Vietnam from Đại Việt to Đại Ngu (大だい虞おそれ), or Great Ngu (Ngu is the Vietnamese pronunciation for Yu 虞おそれ the legendary state of Emperor Shun).[12]
  • In ancient times 陳ひね sounded similar to 東ひがし dong, meaning 'East'. It also sounded similar to 田た tian. After the warring states period, some members of the Chen clan in Qi (state) adopted the surname 田た Tian, which later became popular in Chinese and Japanese surnames.

In summary, surnames with descent from Chen include:

Culture[edit]

The Shijing has at least 10 songs dedicated to Chen:《宛あて丘おか》、《東門ひがしもん之の枌》、《衛門えもん》、《東門ひがしもん之の池いけ》、《東門ひがしもん之の楊》、《墓はか門もん》、《防ぼう有ゆう鵲かささぎ巢す》、《月出つきで》、《株かぶ林りん》、《澤さわ陂》。[13]

Rulers[edit]

The state of Chen lasted nearly 600 years and produced over 25 rulers. In chronological order from first to last (note Hu Gong means Duke of Hu and vice versa):

  1. Duke Hu of Chen
  2. Duke Shēn of Chen [10]
  3. Duke Xiang of Chen
  4. Duke Xiao of Chen
  5. Duke Shèn of Chen
  6. Duke You of Chen
  7. Duke Xi of Chen
  8. Duke Wu of Chen
  9. Duke Yi of Chen
  10. Duke Ping of Chen
  11. Duke Wen of Chen
  12. Duke Huan of Chen
  13. Chen Tuo
  14. Duke Li of Chen
  15. Duke Zhuang of Chen
  16. Duke Xuan of Chen
  17. Duke Mu of Chen
  18. Duke Gong of Chen
  19. Duke Ling of Chen
  20. Xia Zhengshu
  21. Duke Cheng of Chen
  22. Duke Ai of Chen
  23. Prince Liu
  24. Chuan Fengxu
  25. Duke Hui of Chen
  26. Duke Huai of Chen
  27. Duke Min of Chen

Table[edit]

Ruler Title (Chinese) Other Name (Chinese) Reign (BC) Number of years ruling Identity
1 Chen Hugong 胡えびす公こう 滿みつる 1045—986 Ruled for 60 years The founder of Chen
2 Duke Shēn of Chen [10] 申さる公こう 犀さい侯こう 985—961 Ruled for 25 years -
3 Duke Xiang of Chen 相あい公おおやけ 皋羊 960—939 Ruled for 22 years The younger brother of Duke Shēn
4 Duke Xiao of Chen 孝こう公こう 突 938—905 Ruled for 34 years The son of Duke Shēn
5 Duke Shèn of Chen 慎まき公こう 圉戎 904—855 Ruled for 50 years The son of Duke Xiao
6 Duke You of Chen 幽かそけ公おおやけ 寧やすし 854—832 Ruled for 23 years The son of Duke Shen
7 Duke Xi of Chen 僖公 孝こう 831—796 Ruled for 36 years The son of Duke You
8 Duke Wu of Chen 武たけ公こう 靈れい 795—781 Ruled for 15 years The son of Duke Xi
9 Duke Yi of Chen 夷えびす公こう 說せつ 780—778 Ruled for 3 years The son of Duke Wu
10 Duke Ping of Chen 平たいら公こう 燮 777—755 Ruled for 23 years The younger brother of Duke Yi
11 Duke Wen of Chen 文ぶん公こう 圉 754—745 Ruled for 10 years The son of Duke Ping
12 Duke Huan of Chen 桓公かんこう 鮑あわび 744—707 Ruled for 38 years The son of Duke Wen
13 Chen Tuo - 佗 707─706 Ruled for 8 months The younger brother of Duke Huan
14 Duke Li of Chen 厲公 躍おど 706─700 Ruled for 7 years The son of Duke Huan
15 Duke Zhuang of Chen 莊そう公こう 林はやし 699—693 Ruled for 7 years The son of Duke Li
16 Duke Xuan of Chen 宣せん公こう 杵臼きなうす 692—648 Ruled for 45 years The younger brother of Duke Zhuang
17 Duke Mu of Chen 穆きよし公おおやけ 款 647—632 Ruled for 16 years The son of Duke Xuan
18 Duke Gong of Chen 共きょう公おおやけ 朔ついたち 631—614 Ruled for 18 years The son of Duke Mu
19 Duke Ling of Chen 靈れい公こう 平たいら國こく 613—599 Ruled for 15 years The son of Duke Gong
20 Xia Zhengshu - 徵しるし舒 599 Ruled for multiple months The great-grandson of Duke Xuan
21 Duke Cheng of Chen 成なり公こう 午うま 598—569 Ruled for 30 years The son of Duke Ling
22 Duke Ai of Chen 哀あい公こう 弱じゃく 568—534 Ruled for 35 years The son of Duke Cheng
23 Gongzi Liu - 留とめ 534, from March to November Ruled for 9 months The son of Duke Ai
24 Chuan Fengxu - 穿ほじ封ふう戌いぬ 533—529 Ruled for 5 years Advisor of Chu
25 Duke Hui of Chen 惠めぐみ公おおやけ 吳ご 529—506 Ruled for 28 years Grandson of Duke Ai
26 Duke Huai of Chen 懷ふところ公こう 柳やなぎ 505—502 Ruled for 4 years Son of Duke Hui
27 Duke Min of Chen 湣公 越こし 501—478 Ruled for 24 years Son of Duke Huai

Note: the reign lengths of the dukes before Duke You of Chen are derived from conjecture, and are only for reference.

Family tree[edit]

Chen state
(1)Duke Hu
胡えびす公こう滿みつる
1071-1045-986
(2)Duke Shēn
陈申公こう
犀さい侯こう
？-985-961BC		(3)Duke Xiang
陈相公こう
皋羊
？-960-939
(4)Duke Xiao
陈孝公こう
突
？-938-905BC
(5)Duke Shèn
陈慎公こう
圉戎
？-904-855BC
(6)Duke You
陈幽公こう
寧やすし
?-854-832BC
(7)Duke Xi
陈僖公こう
孝こう
?-832-796BC
(8)Duke Wu
陈武公こう
靈れい
?-796-781BC		□
(9)Duke Yi
陈夷公こう
说
?-781-778BC		(10)Duke Ping
陈平公こう
燮
?-778-755BC		鍼子
(11)Duke Wen
陈文公こう
圉
?-755-745BC
(12)Duke Huan
陈桓公かんこう
鮑あわび
754-745-707BC		(13)Chen Tuo
陈佗
754-707BC
免めん
?-707BC		(14)Duke Li
陈厉公こう
躍おど
?-707-700BC		□
庆氏
(15)Duke Zhuang
陈庄公こう
林はやし
?-700-693BC		Chen Wanm
完かん
706BC-?
Tian Qi		(16)Duke Xuan
陈宣公こう
杵臼きなうす
?-693-648BC
御ご寇
?-672BC		(17)Duke Mu
陈穆公こう
款
?-648-632BC		少しょう西にし
夏なつ氏し		□
宗そう氏し
(18)Duke Gong
陈共公こう
朔ついたち
?-632-614BC		御ご叔
(19)Duke Ling
陈灵公こう
平たいら國こく
?-614-599BC		(20)Xia Zhengshu
夏なつ徵ちょう舒
?-599BC
(21)Duke Cheng
陈成公こう
午うま
?-599-569BC
(22)Duke Ai
陈哀公こう
弱じゃく
?-569-534BC		黃き招]]过
？-534BC
偃師
?-534BC		(23)Prince Liu
留とめ
?-534BC-?		胜□
(24)Duke Hui
陈惠公こう
吳ご
?-529-506BC		貞子さだこ
(25)Duke Huai
陈怀公こう
柳やなぎ
?-506-502BC-?
(26)Duke Min
陈闵公こう
越こし
?-502-478BC

See zh:陈国君主くんしゅ世よ系けい图

Rulers of Chen, Hugong to Yougong
6. Duke You of Chen (陳ひね幽かそけ公おおやけ)
5. Duke Shèn of Chen (陳ちん慎まき公こう)
4. Duke Xiao of Chen (陈孝公こう)
2. Duke Shēn of Chen (陈申公こう)
1. Chen Hugong (陈胡公こう)
3. Chen Xianggong (陈相公こう)
Rulers of Chen, Yougong to Wengong
9. Duke Yi of Chen (陳ひね夷えびす公こう)
8. Duke Wu of Chen (陳ちん武たけし公おおやけ)
11. Duke Wen of Chen (陳ひね文ぶん公こう)
10. Duke Ping of Chen (陳平ちんぺい公おおやけ)
7. Duke Xi of Chen (陳ひね僖公)
6. Duke You of Chen (陳ひね幽かそけ公おおやけ)
Rulers of Chen, Wengong to Gonggong
18. Duke Gong of Chen (陳ひね共ども公おおやけ)
17. Duke Mu of Chen (陳ちん穆きよし公おおやけ)
15. Duke Zhuang of Chen (陳ひね莊そう公こう)
12. Duke Huan of Chen (陳ちん桓公かんこう)
16. Duke Xuan of Chen (陳ひね宣せん公こう)
11. Duke Wen of Chen (陳ひね文ぶん公こう)
14. Duke Li of Chen (陳ひね厲公)
13. Chen Tuo (陳ひね佗)

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 《說せつ文ぶん解かい字じ》陳ちん 段だん玉だま裁さい注ちゅう
  2. ^ a b 《左ひだり傳でん·昭あきら公おおやけ十じゅう七なな年ねん》：陈，大だい皞之虚きょ也
  3. ^ 《史ふみ记·货殖列れつ传》："陈在楚すわえ夏なつ之の交，通つう鱼盐之の货，其民多た贾。"
  4. ^ 《吕氏春秋しゅんじゅう·似に顺论》对此有ゆう更さら为详细的记载："荆庄王おう欲ほっ伐き陈，使つかい人じん视之。使者ししゃ曰：'陈不可ふか伐き也'。·庄しょう王おう曰：'何故なぜ？'对曰：'城郭じょうかく高だか，沟洫深ふか，蓄积多た也。'
  5. ^ 《毛もう詩し傳でん》："四方しほう高だか，中央ちゅうおう下か曰宛丘おか"
  6. ^ 白壽はくじゅ彝つね版ばん《中國ちゅうごく通史つうし》第だい03卷かん 上古じょうこ時代じだい 第だい四よん節せつ 地學ちがく
  7. ^ Zhu Xi, Collected Explanations on the Classic of Poetry, "Volume 3 - Wanqiu". Qinzaotang siku quanshu huiyao 摛藻堂どう四よん庫こ全書ぜんしょ薈要 version p. 79 of 124. quote: "四方高中央下曰宛丘。"
  8. ^ Yang 2003, p. 121.
  9. ^ Han 2010, pp. 2776–7.
  10. ^ a b c Han 2010, pp. 2778–9.
  11. ^ 陳ちん姓せい源げん于淮陽ひ 陳ひね胡えびす公こう是ぜ得とく姓せい始祖しそ及舜帝みかど的てき後裔こうえい [Chen surname originated in Huaiyang, Duke Hu of Chen is the founding ancestor and a descendant of Emperor Shun] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 22 March 2014. Archived from the original on May 29, 2015.
  12. ^ Ngô 1479, p. 296.
  13. ^ 《詩經しきょう·國風くにぶり》

Bibliography[edit]

  • Han, Zhaoqi, ed. (2010). "Houses of Chen and Qi". Shiji 史ふみ记 (in Chinese). Zhonghua Book Company. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
  • Ngô, Sĩ Liên (1479). Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư [Complete Annals of Dai Viet] (in Vietnamese).
  • Yang, Kuan (2003). Xi Zhou Shi 西にし周しゅう史し [History of the Western Zhou] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Publishing House. ISBN 978-7-208-04538-5.

Reading[edit]

  • 《史記しき》卷まき36：陳ちん杞世家か [Shiji]
  • 《春秋しゅんじゅう左ひだり氏し傳でん》(始はじめ見み於隱公こう三さん年ねん) [Spring and Autumn period]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chen_(state)&oldid=1187444699"