Four Perils

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"Taowu" redirects here. For the prehistoric mammal, see Taowu liui.
Si Xiong
Chinese name
Chinese四よん凶きょう
Literal meaningFour Perils
Japanese name
Kanji四よん凶きょう
Hiraganaしきょう
Si Zui
Chinese name
Chinese四よん罪ざい
Literal meaningFour Evildoers
Four Criminals
Japanese name
Kanji四よん罪ざい
Hiraganaしざい

The Four Perils (Chinese: 四よん凶きょう; pinyin: Sì Xiōng) are four malevolent beings that existed in Chinese mythology and the antagonistic counterparts of the Four Benevolent Animals.

Book of Documents[edit]

In the Book of Documents, they are defined as the "Four Criminals" (四よん罪ざい; Sì Zuì):[1][2]

Zuo Zhuan, Shanhaijing, and Shenyijing[edit]

In Zuo Zhuan,[8][9] Shanhaijing, and Shenyijing, the Four Perils (Hanzi: 四よん凶きょう; pinyin: Sì Xiōng) are defined as:

Identification[edit]

Zhang Shoujie's Correct Meanings of the Record of the Grand Historian (史記しき正義まさよし; Shǐjì Zhèngyì) identifies Huandou (讙兠) with Hundun (渾沌こんとん), Gonggong with Qiongqi (窮きゅう竒), Gun with Taowu (檮杌), and the Sanmiao "Three Miao" (三さん苗なえ) with Taotie (饕餮).[16]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ According to Schuessler (2009), 鯀こん (standard Chinese gǔn < Old Chinese *kwə̂nʔ) is the same word as 鮌 (gǔn < OC *kwə̂nʔ) and 鯤 (kūn < OC *kûn), the latter being a mythical giant fish mentioned in Zhuangzi.[5][6]
  2. ^ a.k.a. 帝みかど江こう; Dìjiāng; 'Emperor River', 'Thearch River', 帝みかど鴻おおとり; Dìhóng; 'Emperor Swan', 'Thearch Swan'

References[edit]

  1. ^ Book of Documents "Canon of Shun" quote: “流りゅう共きょう工こう于幽洲しゅう，放ひ驩兜于崇山さん，竄三さん苗なえ于三さん危，殛鯀こん于羽山さん，四よん罪ざい而天下か咸服。”
  2. ^ Shiji "Annals of the Five Emperors" "請流共きょう工こう於幽陵りょう，以變北狄ほくてき；放ひ讙兜於崇山さん，以變南蠻なんばん；遷三さん苗なえ於三さん危，以變西戎せいじゅう；殛鯀こん於羽山さん，以變東夷あずまえびす：四よん罪ざい而天下か咸服。"
  3. ^ Shanhaijing "Classic of the Regions Outsides the Seas: South" & "Classic of the Great Wildernesses: South""
  4. ^ Persons: Huandou
  5. ^ Schuessler, Axel. (2009) Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i. p. 317, 333-4
  6. ^ Zhuangzi, "Enjoyment in Untroubled Ease" quote: "北きた冥めい有ゆう魚ぎょ，其名為ため鯤。鯤之大だい，不知ふち其幾千里せんり也。" translation: "In the Northern Ocean there is a fish, the name of which is Kun - I do not know how many li in size."
  7. ^ Kangxi Dictionary, "魚ぎょ radical 7" quote: "鯀こん：《唐から韻いん》《集あつまり韻いん》《正せい韻いん》𠀤古本ふるもと切きり，音おと袞。《說せつ文ぶん》魚さかな也。《玉たま篇へん》大だい魚さかな也。又また《書しょ·堯典》於，鯀こん哉。《傳つて》鯀こん，崇たかし伯はく之の名な。《釋しゃく文あや》禹父也。《廣こう韻いん》亦また作さく鮌。"
  8. ^ Shiji "Annals of the Five Emperors" quote: "昔むかし帝みかど鴻ひろし氏し有ゆう不ふ才子さいし，掩義隱かくれ賊ぞく，好行よしゆき凶きょう慝，天下てんか謂いい之の渾沌こんとん。少しょう暤氏有ゆう不ふ才子さいし，毀信惡あく忠ちゅう，崇たかし飾かざり惡あく言げん，天下てんか謂いい之の窮きゅう奇き。顓頊氏し有ゆう不ふ才子さいし，不可ふか教訓きょうくん，不知ふち話ばなし言げん，天下てんか謂いい之の梼杌。此三族ぞく世よ憂う之これ。至いたり于堯，堯未能のう去さ。縉云氏し有ゆう不ふ才子さいし，貪むさぼ于飲食いんしょく，冒おかせ于貨賄まかなえ，天下てんか謂いい之の饕餮。天下てんか惡あく之の，比ひ之の三さん凶きょう。舜しゅん賓まろうど於四門もん，乃流四よん凶きょう族ぞく，遷于四よん裔，以御螭魅，於是四よん門もん辟，言げん毋凶人じん也。"
  9. ^ Zuo zhuan "Duke Wen" quote: "舜臣しゅんしん堯，賓まろうど于四門もん，流ながれ四よん凶きょう族ぞく，渾敦，窮きゅう奇き，檮杌，饕餮， 投なげ諸しょ四よん裔，以禦魑魅すだま，". translation: "When Shun became Yao's minister, he received the nobles from the four quarters of the empire, and banished these four wicked ones, Chaos (Hundun 渾敦), Monster (Qiongqi 窮きゅう奇き), Block (Taowu 檮杌), and Glutton (Taotie 饕餮), casting them out into the four distant regions, to meet the spite of the sprites and evil things (Chimei 魑魅すだま)."
  10. ^ Shanhaijing "Classic of the West Mountains" quote: "有ゆう神しん焉，其狀如黃囊，赤あか如丹火ひ，六ろく足そく四よん翼つばさ，渾敦無む面目めんぼく，是ぜ識歌舞まい，實じつ惟おもんみ帝みかど江こう也。"
  11. ^ Shenyijing "Classic of the West Wilderness: Ten Examples" quote: "崑こん崙西有ゆう獸じゅう焉，其狀如犬，長毛ながもう四足しそく，似に羆ひぐま而無爪つめ，有ゆう目め而不見み，行ぎょう不ふ開ひらき。有ゆう兩りょう耳みみ而不聞，有ゆう人知じんち往。有ゆう腹はら無む五臟ごぞう，有ゆう腸ちょう直ちょく而不旋，食物しょくもつ徑みち過か。人ひと有德うとく行ぎょう而往牴觸ていしょく之の。有ゆう凶きょう德則とくのり往依憑之。天使てんし其然，名めい為ため渾沌こんとん。《春秋しゅんじゅう》云うん：渾沌こんとん，帝みかど鴻ひろし氏し不ふ才子さいし也。空そら居きょ無為むい，常つね咋其尾お，回轉かいてん仰天ぎょうてん而笑。"
  12. ^ Shanhaijing "Classic of the West Mountains" quote: "其上有ゆう獸じゅう焉，其狀如牛，蝟毛，名めい曰窮奇き，音おと如獋狗いぬ，是ぜ食しょく人じん。"
  13. ^ Shenyijing "Classic of the Northwest WIlderness: Six Examples" quote: "西北せいほく有ゆう獸じゅう焉，狀じょう似に虎とら，有ゆう翼つばさ能のう飛ひ，便びん剿食人じん。知人ちじん言語げんご，聞人鬥，輒食直じき者しゃ；聞人忠信ちゅうしん，輒食其鼻；聞人惡逆あくぎゃく不善ふぜん，輒殺獸じゅう往饋之の。名めい曰窮奇き，亦また食しょく諸しょ禽獸きんじゅう也。"
  14. ^ Shenyijing, "Classic of the West Wilderness: Ten Examples" quote: "西方せいほう荒あら中有ちゅうう獸じゅう焉，其狀如虎而犬毛げ，長ちょう二に尺しゃく，人面じんめん虎とら足あし，豬口牙きば，尾長おなが一いち丈たけ八はち尺しゃく，攪亂かくらん荒中あらなか，名めい檮杌，一いち名めい傲狠，一いち名めい難訓なんくん。《春秋しゅんじゅう》雲くも顓頊氏し有ゆう不ふ才子さいし名めい檮杌是也これや。"
  15. ^ Shenyijing, "Classic of the Southwest Wilderness: Three Examples" quote: "西方せいほう荒あら中有ちゅうう獸じゅう焉，其狀如虎而犬毛げ，長ちょう二に尺しゃく，人面じんめん虎とら足あし，豬口牙きば，尾長おなが一いち丈たけ八はち尺しゃく，攪亂かくらん荒中あらなか，名めい檮杌，一いち名めい傲狠，一いち名めい難訓なんくん。《春秋しゅんじゅう》雲くも顓頊氏し有ゆう不ふ才子さいし名めい檮杌是也これや。"
  16. ^ Shiji Zhengyi "Volume 1" Siku Quanshu version, Zhejiang university's copy p. 133 pf 156
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