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Zong Yu

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Zong Yu
宗むね預あずか
Senior General Who Guards the Army
(鎮軍大將軍だいしょうぐん)
In office
258 (258)–263 (263)
MonarchLiu Shan
Inspector of Yan Province (兗州刺史しし)
(nominal)
In office
258 (258)–263 (263)
MonarchLiu Shan
Senior General Who Attacks the West
(征せい西にし大將軍だいしょうぐん)
In office
? (?)–258 (258)
MonarchLiu Shan
General of the Rear (後こう將軍しょうぐん)
In office
? (?)–258 (258)
MonarchLiu Shan
Colonel of the Garrison Cavalry (屯たむろ騎き校こう尉じょう)
In office
247 (247)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
Master of Writing (尚書しょうしょ)
In office
? (?)–247 (247)
MonarchLiu Shan
Palace Attendant (侍さむらい中ちゅう)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
Personal details
BornUnknown
Dengzhou, Henan
Died264
OccupationGeneral, diplomat
Courtesy nameDeyan (德とく豔)
PeerageSecondary Marquis (關せき內侯)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Zong.

Zong Yu (c. 187 - 264[1]), courtesy name Deyan, was a military general and diplomat of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Like Liao Hua and Zhang Yi, Zong was one of few officials who served the Shu-Han state throughout its entire existence. [2]

Early career

[edit]

Zong Yu was born in the late Eastern Han dynasty in Anzhong County (安やす眾縣), Nanyang Commandery (南陽なんよう郡ぐん), which is around present-day Dengzhou, Henan.[3]

In 214, Zong Yu followed the general Zhang Fei into Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing)[4] to serve as reinforcements for the warlord Liu Bei, who was fighting for control over Yi Province with the provincial governor Liu Zhang.[5]

After the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty, Zong Yu served in the state of Shu, which Liu Bei established in 221 to challenge the legitimacy of the Wei state that replaced the Eastern Han dynasty in 220.[6] In the early Jianxing era (223–237) of Liu Shan's reign, Zhuge Liang, the Imperial Chancellor of Shu, appointed Zong Yu as his Registrar (主おも簿ぼ) and later made him an Army Adviser (參さん軍ぐん) and Right General of the Household (右みぎ中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう).[7]

Diplomatic trips to Wu

[edit]

Following Zhuge Liang's death in 234,[8] Shu's ally state Wu worried that Wei would take advantage of the situation to attack Shu, so it sent an additional 10,000 troops to the Wu garrison at Baqiu (巴ともえ丘たかし; present-day Yueyang, Hunan) for two purposes: 1) to reinforce Shu in the event of a Wei invasion and 2) seize Shu territories if Shu cannot defend itself against Wei. When the Shu government received intelligence of the increased Wu military presence at Baqiu, they immediately strengthened their defences at Yong'an (永安えいあん; present-day Fengjie County, Chongqing) near the Wu–Shu border to prepare for unforeseen circumstances.[9]

Shu later sent Zong Yu as their emissary to meet the Wu emperor Sun Quan, who asked him: "The east (Wu) and west (Shu) are like one family. I heard that the west has strengthened their defences at Baidicheng. Why is that so?"[10] Zong Yu replied: "I think it is normal for the west to strengthen its defences at Baidicheng, just as it is normal for the east to send more troops to Baqiu. That's why I don't think it is a cause for concern."[11] Sun Quan laughed and praised Zong Yu for making such a bold and candid reply. Among the Shu diplomats who visited Wu, Zong Yu was second only to Deng Zhi and Fei Yi in terms of how highly Sun Quan favoured and regarded him.[12]

Zong Yu was later reassigned to be a Palace Attendant (侍さむらい中ちゅう) and promoted to serve as a Master of Writing (尚書しょうしょ) in the imperial secretariat. In 247, he was appointed as a Colonel of the Garrison Cavalry (屯たむろ騎き校こう尉じょう).[13]

Some time later, Zong Yu made another diplomatic visit to Wu and met Sun Quan again. Before he left, Sun Quan held his hand and tearfully told him: "For many years, you have undertaken the task of strengthening ties between our two states. Now, both of us are old and frail already. I am afraid we might not see each other again!"[14] Zong Yu also told Sun Quan: "Shu is small and isolated. Although they are neighbours in name, the east and west are actually dependent on each other. Wu cannot do without Shu; Shu also cannot do without Wu. I hope that Your Majesty will bear in mind that rulers and subjects need each other." He then described himself as "old and sickly" and expressed his worries that he might not see Sun Quan again.[15] Sun Quan gave Zong Yu one hu of large pearls as a parting gift.[16]

Standing up to Deng Zhi

[edit]

In 247, when the Shu general Deng Zhi returned to the capital Chengdu to assume his new appointment as General of Chariots of Cavalry (車くるま騎き將軍しょうぐん),[17] he met Zong Yu on his way to the imperial court and asked him: "According to the rules of propriety, a man should no longer serve in the military once he reaches 60. Why do you still want to receive command of troops at this age?" Zong Yu rebuked him: "You are already 70, but you haven't relinquished your command of troops. So why can't I receive command of troops when I am 60?"[18]

Deng Zhi's colleagues, including his superior General-in-Chief Fei Yi, tended to give in to his arrogant and condescending attitude. Zong Yu was the only person who stood up to him.[19]

Later career and death

[edit]

After he returned from his last diplomatic trip to Wu, Zong Yu was promoted to General of the Rear (後こう將軍しょうぐん) and put in charge of guarding Yong'an (永安えいあん; present-day Fengjie County, Chongqing) near the Wu–Shu border. He was later further promoted to Senior General Who Attacks the West (征せい西にし大將軍だいしょうぐん) and awarded a peerage as a Secondary Marquis (關せき內侯).[20]

In 258, Zong Yu was recalled to Chengdu due to poor health.[21] Later, he was reassigned to the position of Senior General Who Guards the Army (鎮軍大將軍だいしょうぐん) and appointed as the nominal Inspector of Yan Province (兖州刺史しし).[22]

Around 261,[23] when Zhuge Liang's son Zhuge Zhan took charge of the Shu central government, Liao Hua asked Zong Yu to accompany him to visit Zhuge Zhan.[24] Zong Yu refused and told Liao Hua: "Both of us are already above the age of 70. All that we desire have passed. Nothing but death remains for us. Why bother to seek favours from the younger generation by paying calls for trivial issues?"[25]

Shu's existence came to an end in 263 when the Shu emperor Liu Shan surrendered to Shu's rival state Wei following a Wei invasion of Shu.[26] In the following year, Zong Yu and Liao Hua received orders to relocate to the Wei imperial capital Luoyang but they died from illness during the journey.[27]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Liao Hua's biography in Sanguozhi indicated that he and Zong Yu died in the spring (1st to 3rd month) of the 1st year of the Xian'xi era. This corresponds to 15 Feb to 1 May 264 in the Julian calendar.
  2. ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 1178.
  3. ^ (宗むね預あずか字じ德とく豔，南陽なんよう安やす衆人しゅうじん也。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  4. ^ (建けん安やす中ちゅう，隨ずい張ちょう飛入とびいり蜀しょく。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  5. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 67.
  6. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 69.
  7. ^ (建けん興きょう初はつ，丞相じょうしょう亮あきら以為主ぬし簿ぼ，遷參軍ぐん右みぎ中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  8. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 72.
  9. ^ (及亮卒そつ，吳ご慮おもんばか魏ぎ或ある承うけたまわ衰おとろえ取ど蜀しょく，增ぞう巴ともえ丘たかし守兵しゅへい萬まん人にん，一いち欲よく以為救援きゅうえん，二欲以事分割也。蜀しょく聞之，亦また益えき永えい安之やすゆき守もり，以防非常ひじょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  10. ^ (預あずか將はた命いのち使し吳くれ，孫まご權けん問とえ預あずか曰：「東ひがし之の與あずか西にし，譬たとえ猶なお一家いっか，而聞西にし更さら增ぞう白しろ帝みかど之の守もり，何なに也？」) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  11. ^ (預あずか對たい曰：「臣しん以為東ひがし益えき巴ともえ丘たかし之の戍，西增にしまし白しろ帝みかど之の守もり，皆みな事ごと勢ぜい宜むべ然しか，俱不足ふそく以相問とい也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  12. ^ (權けん大だい笑わらい，嘉よしみ其抗直じき，甚愛待まち之の，見み敬たかし亞あ於鄧芝しば、費ひ禕。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  13. ^ (遷為侍さむらい中ちゅう，徙尚書しょ。延のべ熈十じゅう年ねん，為ため屯たむろ騎き校こう尉じょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  14. ^ (預あずか復ふく東ひがし聘吳，孫まご權けん捉預手しゅ，涕泣ていきゅう而別曰：「君きみ每まい銜命結ゆい二に國こく之の好こう。今いま君くん年長ねんちょう，孤こ亦また衰おとろえ老おい，恐こわ不ふ復ふく相しょう見み！」) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  15. ^ (吳くれ歷れき曰：預あずか臨別，謂いい孫まご權けん曰：「蜀しょく土ど僻へき小しょう，雖云鄰國，東西とうざい相しょう賴よりゆき，吳くれ不可ふか無む蜀しょく，蜀しょく不可ふか無む吳ご，君臣くんしん憑恃，唯ただ陛下へいか重じゅう垂たれ神慮しんりょ。」又また自說じせつ「年とし老ろう多病たびょう，恐こわ不ふ復ふく得え奉たてまつ聖せい顏かお」。) Wu Li annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  16. ^ (遺のこ預あずか大だい珠たま一いち斛，乃還。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  17. ^ (延のべ熈六ろく年ねん，就遷為ため車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん，後ご假かり節ふし。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  18. ^ (時どき車しゃ騎き將軍しょうぐん鄧芝自じ江え州しゅう還かえ，來朝らいちょう，謂いい預あずか曰：「禮れい，六ろく十じゅう不服ふふく戎えびす，而卿甫はじめ受兵，何なに也？」預あずか荅曰：「卿きょう七なな十じゅう不ふ還かえ兵へい，我わが六ろく十じゅう何なん為ため不ふ受邪？」) Sanguozhi vol. 45. Note that according to Cihai, 6th edition (2009–10; collectors' edition), Deng Zhi was about 65 years old during this incident.
  19. ^ (芝しば性せい驕おご慠，自大じだい將軍しょうぐん費ひ禕等皆みな避下之の，而預獨どく不為ふため屈こごめ。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  20. ^ (遷後將軍しょうぐん，督とく永安えいあん，就拜征せい西にし大將軍だいしょうぐん，賜たまもの爵關內侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  21. ^ (景けい耀元年ねん，以疾徵ちょう還かえ成都せいと。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  22. ^ (後こう為ため鎮軍大將軍だいしょうぐん，領りょう兖州刺史しし。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  23. ^ During this year, Zhuge Zhan was made acting General of the Guards. (景けい耀四よん年ねん，为行都と护卫将はた军，...) Sanguozhi vol.35
  24. ^ (時とき都みやこ護まもる諸しょ葛かずら瞻初統みつる朝ちょう事ごと，廖化過か預あずか，欲ほし與あずか預あずか共きょう詣まい瞻許。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  25. ^ (預あずか曰：「吾われ等とう年ねん踰七なな十じゅう，所しょ竊已過か，但ただし少しょう一死いっし耳みみ，何なに求もとめ於年少しょう輩やから而屑屑くず造づくり門もん邪よこしま？」遂とげ不ふ往。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  26. ^ Sima (1084), vol. 78.
  27. ^ (咸熈元年がんねん春はる，化か、預あずか俱內徙洛陽ひ，道みち病びょう卒そつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  • Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
  • de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
  • Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
  • Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
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