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Dong He

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Dong He
董ただし和わ
A statue of Dong He in Zhijiang, Hubei
General of the Household and Manager of the Army
(掌てのひら軍ぐん中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう)
(under Liu Bei)
In office
214 (214)–221 (221)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han / Liu Bei (from 219)
Administrator of Yizhou (益えき州しゅう太守たいしゅ)
(under Liu Zhang)
In office
? (?)–214 (214)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Prefect of Chengdu (成都せいと令れい)
(under Liu Zhang)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Personal details
BornUnknown
Zhijiang, Hubei
Diedearly 221[a]
ChildrenDong Yun
OccupationOfficial
Courtesy nameYouzai (幼よう宰おさむ)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Dong.

Dong He (died early 221),[a] courtesy name Youzai, was an official in the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He originally served under the warlord Liu Zhang before becoming a subordinate of Liu Bei (the founding emperor of Shu) after Liu Zhang's surrender to Liu Bei in 214. Where he would serve in Liu Bei's office alongside Zhuge Liang until his death seven years later. He was known for his frugality and virtue which earned him the admiration of the people of the land of Shu.[1]

Early life

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Dong He was born in Zhijiang, Nan Commandery (南みなみ郡ぐん), which is present-day Zhijiang, Hubei. His ancestral home was in Jiangzhou, Ba Commandery. During the End of the Han dynasty, in 196, Dong He led his family back west in the Yi Province.[b] Liu Zhang named him as Chief (長ちょう) of Niubi (牛うし鞞) and Jiangyuan (江原えばら). Dong He was also appointed as Prefect of Chengdu (成都せいと令れい).[2]

Service under Liu Zhang

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During this time, the Yi province was rich and fruitful. Soon, the local customs became extravagant and wasteful. Those who managed properties dressed in the same clothes as marquises and ate with jade utensils. The marriage ceremonies and funeral processions were so extravagant that they could ruin an entire family. However, Dong He lived as an example for others. He wore simple clothing and was known to be a vegetarian. He guard himself against excess and would end the instituted regulations. Therefore, wherever he was, he improved the current customs. Awed by him, the magnates of the prefecture would not dare to break the laws.[3]

This strict application of the laws didn't go well with the powerful and influential families of the region therefore they convinced Liu Zhang to have Dong He transferred far away as Commandant of the dependent state of Badong (巴ともえ東ひがし屬國ぞっこく都と尉じょう). Local officials and common people learned of this therefore several thousands begged to have Dong He stay, among them were also the elderly and the frail.[4]

Liu Zhang listened to them and allowed Dong He to stay for two years before he was appointed as the Administrator of Yizhou (益えき州しゅう太守たいしゅ), again a far away and still unruly land. Yet Dong He did not change his ways. His integrity and restraint remained the same. He resolved the common affairs with a sincere heart and would seek to work with the non-Chineses people. Hence the people from the southern region were fond of him and trusted him.[5]

As a Commandery, Yizhou (益えき州しゅう) disposed of many natural assets. Among them were parrots, peacocks, salt ponds, agricultural fields, fishing rivers, livestock along with gold and silver. Making the region bountiful from common to rare resources however it was also difficult to maintain control over the territory because of the rebellious tribes. Dong He received praises from Chang Qu for being one of the few officials who could restrain the locals therefore benefit from the abundant riches of the land.[6]

Service under Liu Bei

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In 214, Liu Bei seized Yi province from Liu Zhang. At this time, Dong He was known for his righteousness and integrity in Sichuan. He was loved and trusted by the people of the whole province. Therefore, Liu Bei summoned him to serve as General of the Household and Manager of the Army (掌てのひら軍ぐん中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう) alongside the Military Advisor General (軍師ぐんし將軍しょうぐん) Zhuge Liang to manage his office affairs.[7][8] They presented proposals that could be adopted while they turned back those that could not. In those positions, Zhuge Liang and Dong He were of the same mind. Since Dong He opened his office and started receiving a salary, he has been in charge of difficult regions, had to oversee important matters and managed high positions for more than twenty years. Yet the day he died, his family didn't have any personal wealth.[9]

Zhuge Liang's appreciation of Dong He and others

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After Dong He's death, Zhuge Liang became Chancellor and told his various officers and subordinates: "Now advising and appointing in the office have the benefice of collecting everyone’s thoughts and gathering loyal benefit from other's ideas then extend loyalty. If far away there is even small resentment, that someone doesn't concur with today's agreement or disaccord isn't spoke plainly then there will be vast losses. However if opposition is reversed and unity secured then it is like relinquishing broken stilts and acquiring pearls and jade. Still, the concerns of a man’s heart can not be exhausted. Only Xu Shu (Yuanzhí) could deal quickly and without doubts with also Dong He (Youzai) who managed the office for seven years, if a matter was not completed then he would examine it as much as ten times then reach mutual understanding. If one person is able to emulate just one tenth of Yuanzhí or Youzai’s assiduous awareness and loyalty to the state then I can have fewer mistakes."[10]

Zhuge Liang also said: "In the past, I first associated with Cuī Zhoupíng (崔ちぇ州しゅう平たいら). Then, I was often informed of my strengths and failings. Later, I would interact with Xu Yuanzhi and I was often met with his instruction. Earlier, I would consult important matters with Dong Youzai and with every speech he was conscientious and sincere. Afterward, I managed affairs with Hu Ji (Weidu) and frequently, I was met with his admonishments. Although my temperament and nature is rustic and ignorant hence I'm unable to always accept their comments completely, however with these four talented men I was friend from the start to the end and also aware enough to not have doubts of their loyal nature and upright words."[11]

Zhuge Liang always spoke highly of Dong He and had fond memories of him after his death.[12]

Appraisal

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Chen Shou, who wrote Dong He's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), appraised Dong He as follows: "Dong He was a wise and honorable official. He pursued the purity of “The Sacrificial Lamb”... Along with Liu Ba, Ma Liang, Chen Zhen and Dong Yun, he was one of the best officials in Shu."[13]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b Dong He's biography in volume 38 of Sanguozhi recorded that Zhuge Liang became Chancellor after his death (死し之の日にち家か無む儋石之の財ざい。亮あきら後ご為ため丞相じょうしょう). The biography also recorded that he served seven years in office along with Zhuge Liang (又また董ただし幼よう宰おさむ參さん署しょ七なな年ねん). Therefore, Dong He must have died in early 221, before Liu Bei proclaimed himself Emperor and appointed Zhuge Liang as Chancellor in 15 May 221.
  2. ^ Sun Jiaben believed that the text may have been erroneous. Moving eastward would have been necessary to go from Ba commandery to Nan commandery which was unusual at this time. In his opinion, the text must originally had Dong He's birthplace as Ba commandery with his ancestors moving there from Nan commandery. Lü Bi thinks the same. However, Chang Qu, another historian who wrote extensively about the history of the Sichuan region in the Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi), also recorded Dong He as being born in Nan Commmandery (南みなみ郡こおり董ただし和わ).

References

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  1. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23-220 AD). Brill Publishing. pp. 150–151. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
  2. ^ (董ただし和字わじ幼よう宰おさむ，南みなみ郡ぐん枝えだ江え人じん也，其先本ほん巴ともえ郡ぐん江え州しゅう人じん。漢かん末まつ，和わ率りつ宗族そうぞく西にし遷，益えき州しゅう牧まき劉りゅう璋あきら以為牛うし鞞、〈音おと髀。〉江原えばら長ちょう、成都せいと令れい。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
  3. ^ (蜀しょく土ど富とみ實じつ，時じ俗ぞく奢侈しゃし，貨殖かしょく之の家いえ，侯ほう服ふく玉だま食しょく，婚姻こんいん葬送そうそう，傾かたぶけ家か竭產。和わ躬率以儉，惡あく衣ころも蔬食，防遏ぼうあつ逾僭，為之ためゆき軌制，所在しょざい皆みな移うつり風ふう變へん善ぜん，畏かしこ而不犯はん。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
  4. ^ (然しか縣けん界かい豪ごう強きょう憚はばか和かず嚴いわお法ほう，說せつ璋あきら轉てん和わ為ため巴ともえ東ひがし屬國ぞっこく都と尉じょう。吏民老弱ろうじゃく相しょう攜乞留とめ和わ者しゃ數すう千せん人にん，) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
  5. ^ (璋あきら聽留二に年ねん，還かえ遷益州しゅう太守たいしゅ，其清約やく如前。與あずか蠻夷ばんい從事じゅうじ，務つとむ推誠心しん，南みなみ土ど愛あい而信之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
  6. ^ (有ゆう鸚鵡おうむ、孔雀くじゃく、鹽池しおいけ、田た、漁りょう之の饒にょう，金きむ、銀ぎん、畜產ちくさん之の富とみ。俗ぞく奢おご豪ごう，難なん撫なで御ご，惟おもんみ文ぶん齊ひとし、王おう阜、景けい毅あつし、李り顒及南みなみ郡こおり董ただし和かず為之ためゆき防ぼう檢けん，後ご遂とげ為ため善ぜん。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  7. ^ (初はつ，董ただし和わ在ざい郡ぐん，清きよし俭公直じき，为民夷えびす所しょ爱信，蜀しょく中ちゅう推为循吏，故こ备举而用之の。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 66.
  8. ^ (益えき州しゅう太守たいしゅ南みなみ郡こおり董ただし和わ〔為ため〕掌てのひら軍ぐん中ちゅう郎ろう〔將はた，署しょ大だい司馬しば府ふ事ごと。〕) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
  9. ^ (先さき主ぬし定てい蜀しょく，徵しるし和わ為ため掌てのひら軍ぐん中ちゅう郎ろう將はた，與あずか軍師ぐんし將軍しょうぐん諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら並なみ署しょ左ひだり將軍しょうぐん大だい司馬しば府ふ事ごと，獻けんじ可か替がえ否いな，共きょう為ため歡交。自じ和わ居きょ官かん食しょく祿ろく，外牧ほかまき殊こと域いき，內幹機き衡，二に十じゅう馀年，死し之の日にち家か無む儋石之の財ざい。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
  10. ^ (亮あきら後ご為ため丞相じょうしょう，教きょう與あずか群ぐん下か曰：「夫おっと參さん署しょ者しゃ，集しゅう眾思廣こう忠ちゅう益えき也。若わか遠とお小しょう嫌いや，難なん相違そうい覆くつがえ，曠闕損そん矣。違たがえ覆くつがえ而得中ちゅう，猶なお棄弊蹻而獲え珠玉しゅぎょく。然しか人心じんしん苦く不能ふのう盡つき，惟おもんみ徐じょ元もと直ちょく處しょ茲不惑ふわく，又また董ただし幼よう宰おさむ參さん署しょ七なな年ねん，事こと有ゆう不ふ至いたり，至いたり於十じゅう反たん，來き相しょう啟けい告つげ。苟能慕元直之なおゆき十じゅう一いち，幼よう宰おさむ之の殷いん勤つとむ，有ゆう忠ちゅう於國，則のり亮あきら可か少しょう過か矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
  11. ^ (又また曰：「昔むかし初はつ交州平ひらめ，屢聞得失とくしつ，後ご交元直じき，勤つとむ見み啟けい誨，前ぜん參事さんじ於幼宰おさむ，每まい言げん則そく盡つき，後こう從事じゅうじ於偉度ど，數すう有ゆう諫止；雖姿性せい鄙ひな暗くら，不能ふのう悉納，然しか與あずか此四よん子し終始しゅうし好こう合ごう，亦また足あし以明其不疑うたぐ於直言ちょくげん也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
  12. ^ (其追思おもえ和わ如此。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
  13. ^ (評ひょう曰： ... 董ただし和わ蹈羔羊ひつじ之の素もと， ... 皆みな蜀しょく臣しん之の良りょう矣。) Sanguozhi vol. 39.
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