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Huo Yi

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Huo Yi
霍弋
Inspector of Jiaozhi Province (交州刺史しし)
(nominal)
In office
263 (263)–271 (271)
MonarchCao Huan / Sima Yan
Area Commander of Nanzhong
(南中みなみなか都と督とく)
In office
263 (263)–271 (271)
MonarchCao Huan / Sima Yan
General Who Stabilises the South
(安やす南みなみ將軍しょうぐん)
In office
263 (263)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan / Cao Huan
Preceded byYan Yu
Administrator of Jianning
(建たて寧やすし太守たいしゅ)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
General Who Inspects the Army
(監かん軍ぐん將軍しょうぐん)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
Gentleman of the Yellow Gate
(黃門こうもん侍さむらい郎ろう)
In office
234 (234)–? (?)
MonarchLiu Shan
Personal details
BornUnknown
Zhijiang, Hubei
Died271
ChildrenHuo Zai
Parent
RelativesHuo Du (uncle)
OccupationGeneral
Courtesy nameShaoxian (紹先)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Huo.

Huo Yi (died 271), courtesy name Shaoxian, was a military general of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period of China. His father, Huo Jun, served under Liu Bei, the founding emperor of Shu. During his service under the Shu emperor Liu Shan, Huo Yi suppressed tribal rebellions in the restive Nanzhong region and maintained peace in the area. After Shu was conquered by its rival state Cao Wei in 263, Huo Yi surrendered to the Wei regime and was permitted to remain in charge of keeping the peace in Nanzhong. In return, Huo Yi became a Wei subject and continued serving under the Jin dynasty, which replaced the Wei regime in 266.

Early life and career[edit]

Huo Yi was born in Zhijiang, Nan Commandery (南みなみ郡ぐん), which is present-day Zhijiang, Hubei.[1] His father was Huo Jun, a general who served under the warlord Liu Bei in the late Eastern Han dynasty and died in 217. In 221, Liu Bei declared himself emperor and established the state of Shu Han, after which he appointed Huo Yi as a taizi sheren (太子たいし舍人とねり; an attendant to the crown prince). Liu Bei died in 223 and was succeeded by his son Liu Shan, who appointed Huo Yi as an Internuncio (謁者) after his enthronement.[2]

Between 227 and 234, when Shu's chancellor-regent Zhuge Liang was stationed in Hanzhong Commandery during the launching of a series of military campaigns against Shu's rival state Cao Wei, he requested for Huo Yi to be transferred to his office. Huo Yi worked together with Zhuge Liang's adoptive son Zhuge Qiao during this period of time. They would travel in the same chariot and sleep in the same residence.[3]

Huo Yi was appointed as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門こうもん侍さむらい郎ろう) after Zhuge Liang died in 234. Later, when Liu Shan designated his son Liu Xuan as his heir apparent, he appointed Huo Yi as a zhongshuzi (中ちゅう庶子しょし; an aide) to Liu Xuan. Liu Xuan enjoyed horse-riding and archery and used to behave recklessly, but Huo Yi managed to use teachings from ancient classics to persuade Liu Xuan to improve his behaviour therefore succeeded in providing him proper guidance.[4]

Service in the South[edit]

He was later transferred to assist with the military affairs in the Laixiang region in the southern part of Shu and appointed as Chief Controller (都みやこ督ただし), was also assigned as Protector of the Army (護まもる軍ぐん) while managing military affairs as before . When the tribal peoples in Yongchang Commandery (永昌えいしょう郡ぐん) caused trouble using steep terrain to protect themselves while pillaging and razing nearby settlements, Huo Yi was appointed as the Administrator of Yongchang Commandery (永昌えいしょう太守たいしゅ) and was ordered to lead troops to attack the tribes. Huo Yi achieved victory as he killed the tribal chiefs, destroyed their bases and restored peace at the borders of Yongchang. For his contributions, he was promoted to General Who Inspects the Army (監かん軍ぐん將軍しょうぐん) and appointed as the Administrator of Jianning Commandery (建たて寧やすし郡ぐん), effectively being in charge of affairs in Nanzhong.[5]

Formerly, Huo Yi was a subordinate of Yan Yu (閻宇), born from the same Nan commmandery as him. As Yan Yu succeeded Zhang Biao as Area Commander of Laixiang (庲降都と督とく). To help him, Huo Yi served under him as his deputy. As his assistant, Huo Yi demonstrated exceptional aptitude therefore he would succeed Yan Yu as General Who Stabilises the South (安やす南みなみ將軍しょうぐん).[6]

In 257, Yan Yu led troops to assist Shi Ji in case of internal problem in Wu.[7] The following year, Yan Yu was reassigned as Area Commander of Badong (巴ともえ東都とうと督とく) near the Wu–Shu border.[8] Although not recorded to have succeeded or appointed by the Shu Han court as Area Commander of Laixiang (庲降都と督とく). Huo Yi was the highest authority in the region. During his tenure, Huo Yi worked to pacify foreign customs, promoted fair legislation and educated the common people. Under his rule, minor and severe offenses were resolved with according sanctions, the foreigners and Han citizens safe from danger.[9]

At the end of the year 263, the state of Cao Wei launched a campaign against Shu. Huo Yi recently promoted as General Who Stabilises the South (安やす南みなみ將軍しょうぐん) along with the Commander (領りょう軍ぐん) of the Badong Commandery (巴ともえ東ひがし郡ぐん) Luo Xian managed to keep their respective regions secure during those turbulent times and led their officials to yield when they learned that Liu Shan surrendered. Due to their reasonable conduct, both of them remained in their previous positions and received gifts and high praises from the capital.[10]

Previously, when he received news of the invasion, Huo Yi wanted to lead troops from Nanzhong to assist in the defence of the Shu capital Chengdu, but as Liu Shan already decided the arrangements for the defence of the city, he rejected Huo Yi's offer. Thereafter, as Chengdu could not be defended, Liu Shan surrendered to the Wei general Deng Ai, bringing an end to the Shu regime. When he learned of the fall of Shu, Huo Yi wore mourning garments and lamented greatly for three days, after which his subordinates urged him to follow in his lord's footsteps by surrendering to Wei as well. Huo Yi refused to surrender and stated that he would fight to the death unless he was assured that Liu Shan was safe and was treated well after submitting to Wei.[11]

To his subordinates, he said :“Now that the situation reached such a critical point. And that we don't know for certain if our ruler is safe or in danger, we cannot be nonchalant in our actions. If our ruler finds an agreement with Wei to reach peace and is treated with respect then we would keep our territory safe and surrender at the right time. However, if our ruler risk danger and is treated with contempt then to the death I would resist them. In that case, all there would be to discuss would be the preparation to make!”[12]

Upon receiving news that Liu Shan was not harmed and had moved from Chengdu to the Wei capital Luoyang, he officially surrendered to Wei, leading all the defenders of the six commanderies to dispatch a memorial :"I your servant, long I have head that the occurrences of the State take prominence over a man's life. That when a difficulty arose a loyal man should offer his life. However now that the State of your servant is overwhelmed and his ruler submitted. I believe that a defence to the death would be pointless therefore we entrust and pledge to the new State to commit to his service with full resolution."[13]

The Wei regent Sima Zhao was very pleased so he appointed Huo Yi as the Area Commander (都みやこ督ただし) of Nanzhong and allowed the latter to remain in charge of Nanzhong.[14] Furthermore, the province of Jiaozhi was not yet conquered however Huo Yi was appointed as Inspector of Jiaozhi Province (交州刺史しし) to administrate it from afar and could nominate and appoint his own chief officials.[15]

Huo Yi later sent troops to assist Lü Xing (呂りょ興きょう) during his revolt against the Wu government and successfully pacified the three commanderies of Jiaozhi (交阯), Rinan (日南にちなん) and Jiuzhen (九きゅう真しん). Annexing a significant portion of the Jiao province. For his contributions, he received a marquis title and other rewards from the Jin imperial court. [16]

According to the Han Jin Chunqiu and the Jin Shu. Early on, Huo Yi alongside Yang Ji (楊稷), Mao Jiong (毛もう炅) and other of his subordinates swore an oath that if they were besieged by an enemy then they would resist for 100 days otherwise their families would be executed. However, If after more than 100 days, reinforcement didn't come. Then, Huo Yi would take the responsibility. In 271, while he besieged Jiaozhi's stronghold, Tao Huang heard of this pact and provided food to the city when there was famine. His subordinates remonstrated him against such a charitable act, however Tao Huang reassured them that with Huo Yi's death, Jin wouldn't be able to dispatch reinforcement to the city.[17][18]

Legacy[edit]

Chang Qu, who wrote extensively about the history of the Sichuan region in the Chronicles of Huayang (Huayang Guo Zhi), recorded that at the time he was writing (between 348 and 354), the local officials, when they interacted with the foreign tribes, were respectful of their traditions and merciful when judging them, all of which was following Huo Yi's precepts.[19] After Huo Yi's death, his son Huo Zai (霍在) inherited the command of his soldiers and led them to establish peace with the leading clans of the south.[20] Moreover, Huo Yi's grandson, Huo Biao (霍彪), served as the Administrator of Yuexi/Yuesui Commandery (越えつ嶲郡) during the Jin dynasty.[21]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ (南みなみ郡ぐん霍弋為ため參さん軍ぐん。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  2. ^ (子こ弋，字じ紹先，先さき主ぬし末まつ年ねん為ため太子たいし舍人とねり。後こう主しゅ踐阼，除じょ謁者。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  3. ^ (丞相じょうしょう諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら北きた駐ちゅう漢かん中ちゅう，請為記き室しつ，使つかい與あずか子こ喬たかし共きょう周旋しゅうせん游ゆう處しょ。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  4. ^ (亮あきら卒そつ，為ため黃門こうもん侍さむらい郎ろう。後こう主しゅ立太子りったいし璿，以弋為ため中ちゅう庶子しょし，璿好騎射きしゃ，出入でいり無む度ど，弋援引えんいん古こ義ぎ，盡つき言げん規ぶんまわし諫，甚得切磋せっさ之の體からだ。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  5. ^ (後こう為ため參さん軍ぐん庲降屯たむろ副ふく貳に都と督とく，又また轉うたて護まもる軍ぐん，統みつる事ごと如前。時どき永昌えいしょう郡ぐん夷えびす獠恃險けわし不ふ賔，數すう為ため寇害，乃以弋領永昌えいしょう太守たいしゅ，率りつ偏へん軍ぐん討之，遂とげ斬き其豪帥そち，破壞はかい邑落，郡ぐん界かい寧やすし靜せい。遷監軍ぐん將軍しょうぐん，領りょう建たて寧やすし太守たいしゅ，還かえ統みつる南みなみ郡ぐん事ごと。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  6. ^ (表ひょう後ご，以南いなん郡ぐん閻宇為ため都と督とく，南みなみ郡ぐん霍弋為ため參さん軍ぐん。弋甚善ぜん參さん毗之禮れい，遂とげ代だい宇為監かん軍ぐん、安やす南みなみ將軍しょうぐん。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  7. ^ (蜀しょく遣や右みぎ將軍しょうぐん閻宇將兵しょうへい五ご千せん，增ぞう白しろ帝みかど守もり，以須績之後ご命いのち。) Sanguozhi vol. 56.
  8. ^ (景けい耀元年ねん，... 以襄陽ひ羅ら憲けん為ため「鎮」〔領りょう〕軍ぐん，督とく永安えいあん事ごと。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  9. ^ (撫なで和わ異い俗ぞく，為之ためゆき立法りっぽう施ほどこせ教きょう，輕重けいちょう允まこと當とう，夷えびす晉すすむ安之やすゆき。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  10. ^ (景けい耀六ろく年ねん，進しん號ごう安やす南みなみ將軍しょうぐん。是これ歲さい，蜀しょく并于魏ぎ。弋與巴ともえ東ひがし領りょう軍ぐん襄じょう陽ひ羅ら憲けん各かく保全ほぜん一方いっぽう，舉以內附，咸因仍前任ぜんにん，寵ちょう待まち有加ゆか。) Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  11. ^ (漢かん晉すすむ春秋しゅんじゅう曰：霍弋聞魏軍ぐん來らい，弋欲赴成都と，後ご主しゅ以備敵てき旣定きてい，不ふ聽。及成都せいと不ふ守もり，弋素服ふく號ごう哭，大だい臨三さん日にち。諸しょ將しょう咸勸宜よろし速はや降くだ，) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  12. ^ (弋曰：「今こん道路どうろ隔へだた塞ふさが，未み詳しょう主ぬし之の安危あんき，大だい故こ去就きょしゅう，不可ふか苟也。若わか主上しゅじょう與あずか魏ぎ和わ，見み遇ぐう以禮，則のり保ほ境さかい而降，不ふ晚ばん也。若わか萬まん一いち危辱，吾われ將はた以死拒こばめ之これ，何なに論ろん遲速ちそく邪よこしま！」) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  13. ^ (得とく後ご主しゅ東遷とうせん之の問とえ，始はじめ率りつ六郡將守上表曰：「臣しん聞人生せい於三，事こと之の如一，惟おもんみ難なん所在しょざい，則のり致其命いのち。今こん臣しん國こく敗はい主ぬし附ふ，守もり死し無む所しょ，是ぜ以委質しつ，不ふ敢有貳に。」) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  14. ^ (晉すすむ文ぶん王おう善之よしゆき，又また拜はい南中なんちゅう都と督とく，委い以本任にん) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  15. ^ (及晉世よ，因いん仍其任にん。時とき交趾不ふ附ふ，假かり弋節遙はるか領りょう交州刺史しし，得とく以便宜べんぎ選せん用よう長ちょう吏。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  16. ^ (後ご遣や將兵しょうへい救援きゅうえん呂りょ興きょう，平ひら交阯、日南にちなん、九きゅう真しん三さん郡ぐん，功こう封ふう列侯れっこう，進しん號ごう崇たかし賞しょう焉。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41.
  17. ^ (泰やすし始はじめ七なな年ねん，吳ご復ふく取と交趾，初はつ，霍弋使し楊稷、毛もう炅等戍交趾，與あずか之これ誓ちかい曰：「若わか賊ぞく圍かこえ城じょう，未み百ひゃく日にち而降者しゃ，家いえ屬ぞく誅；若わか過か百ひゃく日にち而城沒ぼつ者しゃ，刺史しし受其罪ざい。」及吳陶すえ璜圍之の，稷きび等とう日び未滿みまん而糧盡つき，乞降於璜。璜不許もと，而給糧かて使し守もり。吳ご人並ひとなみ諫，璜曰：「霍弋已死し，無能むのう來者らいしゃ，) Han Jin Chunqiu vol. 03.
  18. ^ (初はつ，霍弋之の遣や稷きび、炅等，與あずか之これ誓ちかい曰：「若わか賊ぞく圍かこえ城じょう未み百ひゃく日にち而降者しゃ，家いえ屬ぞく誅；若わか過か百ひゃく日にち救すくい兵へい不ふ至いたり，吾われ受其罪ざい。」稷きび等とう守もり未み百ひゃく日にち，糧かて盡つき，乞降，璜不許もと，給きゅう其糧使し守もり。諸しょ將しょう並なみ諫，璜曰：「霍弋已死し，不能ふのう救すくい稷きび等とう必矣，) Jin Shu vol. 57.
  19. ^ (今こん官かん和解わかい夷えびす人じん及適（謫）罰ばっ之の，皆みな依よ弋故事こじ。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  20. ^ (弋卒，子こ在ざい襲かさね領りょう其兵，和かず諸しょ姓せい。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 4.
  21. ^ (弋孫彪あや，晉すすむ越えつ嶲太守もり。) Han Jin Chunqiu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 41.
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