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Guan Yu

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"Guan Gong" and "Guandi" redirect here. For other uses, see Guan Gong (disambiguation) and Guandi (disambiguation).
"Guan Yunchang" redirects here. For the 2011 film, see The Lost Bladesman.
"Guanyu" redirects here. For the racing driver, see Zhou Guanyu.
In this Chinese name, the family name is Guan.
Guan Yu
關せき羽はね
A portrait of Guan Yu in the Sancai Tuhui
General of the Vanguard (前ぜん將軍しょうぐん)
In office
219 (219)–220 (220)
MonarchsLiu Bei (King of Hanzhong) /
Emperor Xian (Han dynasty)
General Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇將軍しょうぐん)
(under Liu Bei)
In office
c. 211 (c. 211)–219 (219)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Administrator of Xiangyang (襄じょう陽ひ太守たいしゅ)
(under Liu Bei)
In office
c. 211 (c. 211)–219 (219)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Lieutenant-General (偏へん將軍しょうぐん)
(under Cao Cao, then Liu Bei)
In office
200 (200) – c. 211 (c. 211)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Personal details
BornUnknown
Xie County, Hedong Commandery, Han Empire (present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi)
DiedJanuary or February 220[a]
Linju County, Xiangyang Commandery, Han Empire (present-day Nanzhang County, Hubei)
Children
OccupationGeneral
Courtesy nameYúncháng (雲くも長ちょう)
Posthumous nameMarquis Zhuàngmóu (壯たけし繆侯)
PeerageMarquis of Hànshòu Village
(漢かん壽ことぶき亭てい侯こう)
Deity names
  • Guān Dì (關せき帝みかど; "Divus Guan")
  • Guān Gōng (關せき公こう; "Lord Guan")
  • Guān Shèng Dì Jūn (關せき聖帝せいてい君くん; "Holy Ruler Deity Guan")
  • Sangharama Bodhisattva (伽藍がらん菩薩ぼさつ)
Other names
  • Guān Èr Yé (關せき二に爺じい; "Lord Guan the Second")
  • Kwan Yee Gor (Cantonese Yale: Gwāan Yih Gō; Pinyin: Guān Èr Gē; 關せき二に哥; "Guan the Second Brother")
  • Měi Rán Gōng (美髯びぜん公こう; "Lord of the Magnificent Beard")
  • Chángshēng (長生ちょうせい)
  • Shòucháng (壽ことぶき長ちょう)
  • See this section for more posthumous titles
Guan Yu
Guan's name in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Traditional Chinese關せき羽はね
Simplified Chinese关羽
Hanyu PinyinGuān Yǔⓘ
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinGuān Yǔⓘ
Bopomofoㄍㄨㄢ   ㄩˇ
Gwoyeu RomatzyhGuan Yeu
Wade–GilesKuan1 Yü3
Yale RomanizationGwān Yǔ
IPA[kwán ỳ]
Wu
SuzhouneseKue Yû
Yue: Cantonese
Yale RomanizationGwāan Yúh
JyutpingGwaan1 Jyu5
IPA[kʷan˥ jy˩˧]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJKoan Ú
Tâi-lôKuan Ú

Guan Yu ([kwán ỳ] ⓘ; d. January or February 220[a]), courtesy name Yunchang, was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Along with Zhang Fei, he shared a brotherly relationship with Liu Bei and accompanied him on most of his early exploits. Guan Yu played a significant role in the events leading up to the end of the Han dynasty and the establishment of Liu Bei's state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period. While he is remembered for his loyalty towards Liu Bei, he is also known for repaying Cao Cao's kindness by slaying Yan Liang, a general under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao, at the Battle of Boma. After Liu Bei gained control of Yi Province in 214, Guan Yu remained in Jing Province to govern and defend the area for about seven years. In 219, while he was away fighting Cao Cao's forces at the Battle of Fancheng, Liu Bei's ally Sun Quan broke the Sun–Liu alliance and sent his general Lü Meng to conquer Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province. By the time Guan Yu found out about the loss of Jing Province after his defeat at Fancheng, it was too late. He was subsequently captured in an ambush by Sun Quan's forces and executed.[2]

Guan Yu's life was lionised and his achievements were glorified to such an extent after his death that he was deified during the Sui dynasty. Through generations of storytelling, culminating in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, his deeds and moral qualities have been given immense emphasis, making Guan Yu one of East Asia's most popular paradigms of loyalty and righteousness. He is remembered as a culture hero in Chinese culture and is still worshipped by many people of Chinese descent in China, Taiwan, and other countries today. In religious devotion, he is reverentially called the "Emperor Guan" (Guān Dì) or "Lord Guan" (Guān Gōng). He is a deity worshipped in Chinese folk religion, popular Confucianism, Taoism, and Chinese Buddhism, and small shrines to him are almost ubiquitous in traditional Chinese shops and restaurants.

Historical sources

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The authoritative historical source on Guan Yu's life is the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) written by Chen Shou in the third century. During the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal comments. Some alternative texts used in the annotations to Guan Yu's biography include: Shu Ji (Records of Shu), by Wang Yin; Wei Shu (Book of Wei), by Wang Chen, Xun Yi and Ruan Ji; Jiang Biao Zhuan, by Yu Pu; Fu Zi, by Fu Xuan; Dianlue, by Yu Huan; Wu Li (History of Wu), by Hu Chong; and Chronicles of Huayang, by Chang Qu.

Physical appearance

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Woodblock print of Guan Yu found in Khara-Khoto. One of the earliest illustrations of Guan Yu discovered.

No explicit descriptions of Guan Yu's physical appearance exist in historical records. However, the Sanguozhi recorded that Zhuge Liang once referred to Guan Yu as having a "peerless beard".[b]

Traditionally, Guan Yu is portrayed as a red-faced warrior with a long, lush beard. The idea of his red face may have been derived from a description of him in Chapter 1 of the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, where the following passage appears:[3]

"Xuande took a look at the man, who stood at a height of nine chi,[c] and had a two chi[d] long beard; his face was of the colour of a dark zao,[e] with lips that were red and plump; his eyes were like those of a crimson phoenix,[f] and his eyebrows resembled reclining silkworms.[g] He had a dignified air and looked quite majestic."

Alternatively, the idea of his red face could have been borrowed from opera representation, where red faces represented loyalty and righteousness.[citation needed] In illustrations of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu is traditionally depicted wearing a green robe over his body armour.

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu's weapon was a guandao named Green Dragon Crescent Blade, which resembled a glaive and was said to weigh 82 catties (about 49 kg or 108 lbs).[7]

Early life and career

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Liu Bei (left), Guan Yu (back), and Zhang Fei (right) in an illustration by Japanese painter Sakurai Sekkan (1715–90)

Guan Yu was from Xie County (解かい縣けん), Hedong Commandery, which is present-day Yuncheng, Shanxi. His original courtesy name was Changsheng (長生ちょうせい).[Sanguozhi 1] He was very studious, and was interested in the ancient history book Zuo zhuan and could fluently recite lines from it.[Sanguozhi others 1][Sanguozhi zhu 1] He fled from his hometown for unknown reasons[h] and went to Zhuo Commandery. When the Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in the 180s, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei joined a volunteer militia formed by Liu Bei, and they assisted a colonel Zou Jing in suppressing the revolt.[Sanguozhi 2][Sanguozhi others 2] Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were known as stalwart and strong men; which made them talented fighters.[9]

When Liu Bei was appointed as the Minister (相そう) of Pingyuan, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were appointed as Majors of Separate Command (别部司し马), each commanding detachments of soldiers under Liu Bei. Liu Bei cherished them as if they were his own brothers and the three of them were as close as brothers to the point of sharing the same room, sleeping on the same mat and eating from the same pot.[10] Zhang Fei and Guan Yu protected Liu Bei whenever there were large crowds of people and also stood guard beside him when he sat down at meetings all day long. They followed him on his exploits and were always ready to face any danger and hardship.[Sanguozhi 3] And for their military prowess were appraised as "enemy of ten-thousand".[Sanguozhi 4] Guan Yu was noted for his kindness towards his soldiers and fealty to Liu Bei akin to family, but had no respect for the gentry and treated them without courtesy.[Sanguozhi others 3][Sanguozhi 5][Sanguozhi others 4]

Short service under Cao Cao

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Background

[edit]

Liu Bei and his men followed Cao Cao back to the imperial capital Xu after their victory over Lü Bu at the Battle of Xiapi in 198. About a year later, Liu Bei and his followers escaped from Xu under the pretext of helping Cao Cao lead an army to attack Yuan Shu. Liu Bei went to Xu Province, killed the provincial inspector Che Zhou (車くるま冑かぶと), and seized control of the province. He moved to Xiaopei and left Guan Yu in charge of the provincial capital Xiapi.[Sanguozhi 6][Sanguozhi others 5][Sanguozhi zhu 2]

In 200, Cao Cao led his forces to attack Liu Bei, defeated him and retook Xu Province. Liu Bei fled to northern China and found refuge under Cao Cao's rival Yuan Shao, while Guan Yu was captured by Cao Cao's forces and brought back to Xu. Cao Cao treated Guan Yu respectfully and asked Emperor Xian to appoint Guan Yu as a Lieutenant-General (偏へん將軍しょうぐん).[Sanguozhi 7][Sanguozhi others 6]

Battle of Boma

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Main article: Battle of Boma

Later that year, Yuan Shao sent his general Yan Liang to lead an army to attack Cao Cao's garrison at Boma (白馬はくば; near present-day Hua County, Henan), which was defended by Liu Yan (劉りゅう延のべ). Cao Cao sent Zhang Liao and Guan Yu to lead the vanguard to engage the enemy. In the midst of battle, Guan Yu recognised Yan Liang's parasol so he charged towards Yan Liang, decapitated him and returned with his head. Yan Liang's men could not stop him. With Yan Liang's death, the siege on Boma was lifted. On Cao Cao's recommendation, Emperor Xian awarded Guan Yu the peerage of "Marquis[i] of Hanshou Village" (漢かん壽ことぶき亭てい侯こう).[Sanguozhi 8]

Leaving Cao Cao

[edit]

Although Cao Cao admired Guan Yu's character, he also sensed that Guan Yu had no intention of serving under him for long. He told Zhang Liao, "Why don't you make use of your friendship with Guan Yu to find out what he wants?" When Zhang Liao asked him, Guan Yu replied, "I am aware that Lord Cao treats me very generously. However, I have also received many favours from General Liu and I have sworn to follow him until I die. I cannot break my oath. I will leave eventually, so maybe you can help me convey my message to Lord Cao." Zhang Liao did so, and Cao Cao was even more impressed with Guan Yu.[Sanguozhi 9] The Fu Zi gave a slightly different account of this incident. It recorded that Zhang Liao faced a dilemma of whether or not to convey Guan Yu's message to Cao Cao: if he did, Cao Cao might execute Guan Yu; if he did not, he would be failing in his service to Cao Cao. He sighed, "Lord Cao is my superior and he is like a father to me, while Guan Yu is like a brother to me." He eventually decided to tell Cao Cao. Cao Cao said, "A subject who serves his lord but doesn't forget his origins is truly a man of righteousness. When do you think he will leave?" Zhang Liao replied, "Guan Yu has received favours from Your Excellency. He will most probably leave after he has repaid your kindness."[Sanguozhi zhu 3]

After Guan Yu slew Yan Liang and lifted the siege on Baima, Cao Cao knew that he would leave soon so he gave Guan Yu greater rewards. Guan Yu sealed up all the gifts he received from Cao Cao, wrote a farewell letter, and headed towards Yuan Shao's territory to find Liu Bei. Cao Cao's subordinates wanted to pursue Guan Yu, but Cao Cao stopped them and said, "He's just doing his duty to his lord. There's no need to pursue him."[Sanguozhi 10]

Pei Songzhi commented on this as follows: "Cao Cao admired Guan Yu's character even though he knew that Guan Yu would not remain under him. He did not send his men to pursue Guan Yu when Guan Yu left, so as to allow Guan Yu to fulfil his allegiance (to Liu Bei). If he was not as magnanimous as a great warlord should be, how would he allow this to happen? This was an example of Cao Cao's goodness."[Sanguozhi zhu 4]

Returning to Liu Bei

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A mural of Guan Yu's "Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles" (千里せんり走はし單騎たんき) in the Summer Palace, Beijing.

When Cao Cao and Yuan Shao clashed at the Battle of Guandu in 200, Yuan sent Liu Bei to contact Liu Pi (劉りゅう辟), a Yellow Turban rebel chief in Runan (汝なんじ南みなみ), and assist Liu Pi in attacking the imperial capital Xu while Cao Cao was away at Guandu. Guan Yu reunited with Liu Bei around this time. Liu Bei and Liu Pi were defeated by Cao Cao's general Cao Ren, after which Liu Bei returned to Yuan Shao. Liu Bei secretly planned to leave Yuan Shao, so he pretended to persuade Yuan Shao to form an alliance with Liu Biao, the Governor of Jing Province. Yuan Shao sent Liu Bei to contact another rebel leader, Gong Du (共きょう都と/龔都), in Runan, where they gathered a few thousand soldiers. Cao Cao turned back and attacked Runan after scoring a decisive victory over Yuan Shao at Guandu. Liu Bei fled south and found shelter under Liu Biao, who put him in charge of Xinye at the northern border of Jing Province. Guan Yu followed Liu Bei to Xinye.[Sanguozhi others 7][Sanguozhi 11]

Battle of Red Cliffs and aftermath

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See also: Battle of Red Cliffs and Battle of Jiangling (208)

Liu Biao died in 208 and was succeeded by his younger son, Liu Cong, who surrendered Jing Province to Cao Cao when the latter started a campaign that year with the aim of wiping out opposing forces in southern China. Liu Bei evacuated Xinye together with his followers and they headed towards Xiakou, which was guarded by Liu Biao's elder son Liu Qi and independent of Cao Cao's control. Along the journey, Liu Bei divided his party into two groups – one led by Guan Yu which would sail along the river towards Jiangling; another led by Liu Bei which would travel on land. Cao Cao sent 5,000 elite cavalry to pursue Liu Bei's group and they caught up with them at Changban, where the Battle of Changban broke out. Liu Bei and his remaining followers managed to escape from Cao Cao's forces and reach Han Ford (漢かん津つ), where Guan Yu's group picked them up and they sailed to Xiakou together.[Sanguozhi others 8][Sanguozhi 12]

In 208, Liu Bei allied with Sun Quan and they defeated Cao Cao at the decisive Battle of Red Cliffs. Cao Cao retreated north after his defeat and left Cao Ren behind to defend Jing Province.[Sanguozhi 13] During the Battle of Jiangling, Guan Yu was stationed at the northern routes to block Cao Ren's supply lines via infiltration. Li Tong engaged Guan Yu, attempting to support Cao Ren's forces, but died from illness during the campaign.[Sanguozhi others 9] Xu Huang and Man Chong also engaged with Guan Yu in Hanjin(漢かん津つ) in order support Cao Ren against Zhou Yu.[Sanguozhi others 10] Finally, Yue Jin, stationed in Xiangyang, defeated Guan Yu and Su Fei (蘇そ非ひ) and drove them away.[Sanguozhi others 11] After seizing and pacifying the various commanderies in southern Jing Province, Liu Bei appointed Guan Yu as the Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Xiangyang and General Who Defeats Bandits (盪寇將軍しょうぐん), and ordered him to station at the north of the Yangtze River.[Sanguozhi 13]

Guarding Jing Province

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Between 212 and 214, Liu Bei started a campaign to seize control of Yi Province from the provincial governor Liu Zhang. Most of Liu Bei's subordinates participated in the campaign, while Guan Yu remained behind to guard and oversee Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province.[Sanguozhi 14]

Sun-Liu territorial dispute

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Main article: Sun–Liu territorial dispute

During the mid 210s, a territorial dispute broke out between Liu Bei and Sun Quan in southern Jing Province. According to an earlier arrangement, Liu Bei "borrowed" southern Jing Province from Sun Quan to serve as a temporary base; he would have to return the territories to Sun Quan once he found another base. After Liu Bei seized control of Yi Province, Sun Quan asked him to return three commanderies but Liu Bei refused. Sun Quan then sent his general Lü Meng to lead his forces to seize the three commanderies. In response, Liu Bei ordered Guan Yu to lead troops to stop Lü Meng.[Sanguozhi others 12] Gan Ning, one of Lü Meng's subordinates, managed to deter Guan Yu from crossing the shallows near Yiyang. The shallows were thus named 'Guan Yu's Shallows' (關せき羽瀨はせ).[Sanguozhi others 13] Lu Su (the overall commander of Sun Quan's forces in Jing Province) later invited Guan Yu to attend a meeting to settle the territorial dispute. Around 215, after Cao Cao seized control of Hanzhong Commandery, Liu Bei saw that as a strategic threat to his position in Yi Province so he decided to make peace with Sun Quan and agreed to divide southern Jing Province between his and Sun Quan's domains along the Xiang River. Both sides then withdrew their forces.[Sanguozhi others 14]

Battle of Fancheng

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Main article: Battle of Fancheng
Guan Yu captures Pang De, as depicted in a Ming dynasty painting by Shang Xi, c. 1430.

In 219, Liu Bei emerged victorious in the Hanzhong Campaign against Cao Cao, after which he declared himself "King of Hanzhong" (漢かん中ちゅう王おう). He appointed Guan Yu as General of the Vanguard (前ぜん將軍しょうぐん) and bestowed upon him a ceremonial axe. In the same year, Guan Yu led his forces to attack Cao Ren at Fancheng and besiege the fortress. Cao Cao sent Yu Jin to lead reinforcements to help Cao Ren. It was in autumn and there were heavy showers so the Han River overflowed. The flood destroyed Yu Jin's seven armies. Guan Yu had prepared his navy to advance during the flood, and Yu Jin surrendered to Guan Yu while his subordinate Pang De refused and was executed by Guan Yu. Various local officials such as Administrator of Nanxiang Fu Fang and Inspector Jing Province Hu Xiu defected to Guan Yu. Angered by Cao Cao's forced labor put upon them, rebel peasants and bandits in Liang(梁りょう), Jia(郟) and Luhun(陸りく渾) also submitted to Guan Yu and received official seals to work as his raiders. Guan Yu's fame spread throughout China.[Sanguozhi 15][11]

The Shu Ji recorded that before Guan Yu embarked on the Fancheng campaign, he dreamt about a boar biting his foot. He told his son Guan Ping, "I am growing weaker this year. I might not even return alive."[Sanguozhi zhu 5]

Belittling Sun Quan

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With Liu Bei gaining Hanzhong as well as the northwest commanderies of Jing: Fangling, Shangyong and Xicheng; and now after Yu Jin's defeat, Cao Cao contemplated relocating the imperial capital from Xu further north into Hebei to avoid Guan Yu, but Sima Yi and Jiang Ji told him that Sun Quan would become restless when he heard of Guan Yu's victory. They suggested to Cao Cao to ally with Sun Quan and get him to help them hinder Guan Yu's advances; in return, Cao Cao would recognise the legitimacy of Sun Quan's claim over the territories in Jiangdong. In this way, the siege on Fancheng would automatically be lifted. Cao Cao heeded their suggestion. Previously, Sun Quan had sent a messenger to meet Guan Yu and propose a marriage between his son and Guan Yu's daughter. However, Guan Yu not only rejected the proposal, but also scolded and humiliated the messenger. Sun Quan was enraged.[Sanguozhi 16]

Encounter with Xu Huang

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Cao Cao later sent Xu Huang to lead another army to reinforce Cao Ren at Fancheng. Xu Huang broke through Guan Yu's encirclement and routed Guan Yu's forces on the battlefield, thus lifting the siege on Fancheng.[Sanguozhi others 15] Guan Yu withdrew his forces after seeing that he could not capture Fancheng.[Sanguozhi 17] The Shu Ji recorded an incident about Xu Huang encountering Guan Yu on the battlefield. Xu Huang was previously a close friend of Guan Yu. They often chatted about other things apart from military affairs. When they met again at Fancheng, Xu Huang gave an order to his men: "Whoever takes Guan Yu's head will be rewarded with 1,000 jin of gold." A shocked Guan Yu asked Xu Huang, "Brother, what are you talking about?" Xu Huang replied, "This is an affair of the state."[Sanguozhi zhu 6]

Losing Jing Province

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Wooden statue of Guan Yu in mountain pattern armour, 16th c. Ming dynasty
Main article: Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province

Although Guan Yu defeated and captured Yu Jin at Fancheng, his army found itself lacking food supplies, so he seized grain from one of Sun Quan's granaries at Xiang Pass (湘關). By then, Sun Quan had secretly agreed to an alliance with Cao Cao and sent Lü Meng and others to invade Jing Province while he followed behind with reinforcements. At Xunyang (尋ひろ陽ひ), Lü Meng ordered his troops to hide in vessels disguised as civilian and merchant ships and sail towards Jing Province. Along the way, Lü Meng infiltrated and disabled the watchtowers set up by Guan Yu along the river, so Guan Yu was totally unaware of the invasion.[Sanguozhi others 16]

When Guan Yu embarked on the Fancheng campaign, he left Mi Fang and Shi Ren behind to defend his key bases in Jing Province – Nan Commandery and Gong'an. Guan Yu had constantly treated them with contempt. During the campaign, after Mi Fang and Shi Ren sent insufficient supplies to Guan Yu's army at the frontline, an annoyed Guan Yu said, "I will deal with them when I return." Mi Fang and Shi Ren felt uneasy about this. When Sun Quan invaded Jing Province, Lü Meng showed understanding towards Mi Fang and successfully induced him into surrendering while Yu Fan also persuaded Shi Ren to give up resistance. With the exceptions of the northwest, Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province fell under Sun Quan's control after the surrenders of Mi Fang and Shi Ren.[Sanguozhi 18]

Dubious account from the Dianlue

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The Dianlue recorded:

When Guan Yu was besieging Fancheng, Sun Quan sent a messenger to Guan Yu to offer aid while secretly instructing the messenger to take his time to travel there. He then sent a registrar ahead to meet Guan Yu first. Guan Yu was unhappy that Sun Quan's offer came late because he had already captured Yu Jin by then. He scolded the messenger, "You raccoon dogs dare to behave like this! If I can conquer Fancheng, what makes you think I can't destroy you?" Although Sun Quan felt insulted by Guan Yu's response, he still wrote a letter to Guan Yu and pretended to apologise and offer to allow Guan Yu to pass through his territory freely.[Sanguozhi zhu 7]

Pei Songzhi commented on the Dianlue account as follows:

Although Liu Bei and Sun Quan appeared to get along harmoniously, they were actually distrustful of each other. When Sun Quan later attacked Guan Yu, he dispatched his forces secretly, as mentioned in Lü Meng's biography: '[...] elite soldiers hid in vessels disguised as civilian and merchant ships.' Based on this reasoning, even if Guan Yu did not seek help from Sun Quan, the latter would not mention anything about granting Guan Yu free passage in his territory. If they genuinely wished to help each other, why would they conceal their movements from each other?[Sanguozhi zhu 8]

Death

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Bronze statue of Guan Yu in mountain pattern armour, Ming dynasty

By the time Guan Yu retreated from Fancheng, Sun Quan's forces had occupied Jiangling and captured the families of Guan Yu's soldiers. Lü Meng ordered his troops to treat the civilians well and ensure that they were not harmed.[j] Most of Guan Yu's soldiers lost their fighting spirit and deserted and went back to Jing Province to reunite with their families. Guan Yu knew that he had been isolated so he withdrew to Maicheng (麥むぎ城じょう; in present-day Dangyang, Hubei) and headed west to Zhang District (漳鄉), where his remaining men deserted him and surrendered to the enemy. Sun Quan sent Zhu Ran and Pan Zhang to block Guan Yu's retreat route. Guan Yu, along with his son Guan Ping and subordinate Zhao Lei (趙ちょう累るい), were captured alive by Pan Zhang's deputy Ma Zhong (馬うま忠ただし) in an ambush. Guan Yu and Guan Ping were later executed by Sun Quan's forces in Linju (臨沮; in present-day Nanzhang County, Hubei).[Sanguozhi 19][Sanguozhi others 17][Sanguozhi others 18]

Alternate account from the Shu Ji

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The Shu Ji mentioned that Sun Quan initially wanted to keep Guan Yu alive in the hope of using Guan Yu to help him counter Liu Bei and Cao Cao. However, his followers advised him against doing so by saying, "A wolf shouldn't be kept as a pet as it'll bring harm to the keeper. Cao Cao made a mistake when he refused to kill Guan Yu and landed himself in deep trouble. He even had to consider relocating the imperial capital elsewhere. How can Guan Yu be allowed to live?" Sun Quan then ordered Guan Yu's execution.[Sanguozhi zhu 9]

Pei Songzhi disputed this account as follows:

According to (Wei Zhao's) Book of Wu, when Sun Quan sent Pan Zhang to block Guan Yu's retreat route, Guan Yu was executed after he was captured. Linju was about 200 to 300 li away from Jiangling, so how was it possible that Guan Yu was kept alive while Sun Quan and his subjects discussed whether to execute him or not? The claim that 'Sun Quan wanted to keep Guan Yu alive for the purpose of using him to counter Liu Bei and Cao Cao' does not make sense. It was probably meant to silence smart people.[Sanguozhi zhu 10]

Posthumous honours

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Sun Quan sent Guan Yu's head to Cao Cao, who arranged a noble's funeral for Guan Yu and had his head properly buried with full honours.[Sanguozhi zhu 11] In October or November 260, Liu Shan granted Guan Yu the posthumous title "Marquis Zhuangmou" (壯たけし繆侯).[Sanguozhi 20][Sanguozhi others 19] According to posthumous naming rules in the Yi Zhou Shu, "mou" was meant for a person who failed to live up to his reputation.[12]

Anecdotes

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Baling Qiao, mural illustration of Guan Yu Studying Spring and Autumn Annals of Confucius

Request to take Qin Yilu's wife

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See also: Qin Yilu

During the Battle of Xiapi in late 198, when the allied forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei fought against Lü Bu, Guan Yu sought permission from Cao Cao to marry Qin Yilu's wife Lady Du (杜氏とうじ) after they won the battle. After Cao Cao agreed, Guan Yu still repeatedly reminded Cao Cao about his promise before the battle ended. After Lü Bu's defeat and death, Cao Cao was so curious about why Guan Yu wanted Lady Du so badly and he guessed that she must be very beautiful, so he had her brought to him. Cao Cao ultimately broke his promise as he took Lady Du as his concubine and adopted her son Qin Lang (whom she had with Qin Yilu).[Sanguozhi zhu 12][Sanguozhi zhu 13]

Advice to Liu Bei

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The Shu Ji recorded an incident as follows:

When Liu Bei was in the imperial capital Xu, he once attended a hunting expedition together with Cao Cao, during which Guan Yu urged him to kill Cao Cao but he refused. Later, when Liu Bei reached Xiakou (after his defeat at the Battle of Changban), Guan Yu complained, "If you heeded my advice during the hunting expedition in Xu, we wouldn't end up in this troubling situation." Liu Bei replied, "I didn't do so then for the sake of the Empire. If Heaven still helps those who are righteous, it might be possible that this may turn out to be a blessing in disguise!"[Sanguozhi zhu 14]

Pei Songzhi commented on the Shu Ji account as follows:

When Liu Bei, Dong Cheng and others plotted against Cao Cao, their plan failed because it was leaked out. If he did not want to kill Cao Cao for the sake of the Empire, what did he mean when he said this? If Guan Yu did urge Liu Bei to kill Cao Cao during the hunting expedition and Liu Bei did not do so, it was probably because Cao Cao's close aides and relatives were present at the scene and they outnumbered him. Besides, there was a lack of careful planning so Liu Bei had to wait for another opportunity. Even if Liu Bei succeeded in killing Cao Cao, he would not have been able to escape alive, so Liu Bei did not heed Guan Yu's words. There was nothing to regret. The hunting expedition event happened in the past, so it was used to justify that Guan Yu had given Liu Bei "valued advice", which the latter ignored.[Sanguozhi zhu 15]

Asking Zhuge Liang about Ma Chao

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In 214, Ma Chao defected from Zhang Lu's side to Liu Bei's forces, and he assisted Liu Bei in pressuring Liu Zhang to surrender and yield Yi Province to Liu Bei. When Guan Yu received news that Ma Chao (whom he was unfamiliar with) had recently joined them, he wrote to Zhuge Liang in Yi Province and asked him who was comparable to Ma Chao. Zhuge Liang knew that Guan Yu was defending the border (so he should not displease Guan Yu). He replied: "Mengqi is proficient in both civil and military affairs. He is fierce and mighty, and a hero of his time. He is comparable to Qing Bu and Peng Yue. He can compete with Yide, but he is not as good as the peerless beard."[b][Sanguozhi 22]

Guan Yu was very pleased when he received Zhuge Liang's reply and he welcomed Ma Chao.[Sanguozhi 23]

Arm injury

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Guan Yu was once injured in the left arm by a stray arrow which pierced through his arm. Although the wound healed, he still experienced pain in the bone whenever there was a heavy downpour. A physician told him, "The arrowhead had poison on it and the poison had seeped into the bone. The way to get rid of this problem is to cut open your arm and scrape away the poison in your bone." Guan Yu then stretched out his arm and asked the physician to heal him. He then invited his subordinates to dine with him while the surgery was being performed. Blood flowed from his arm into a container below. Throughout the operation, Guan Yu feasted, consumed alcohol and chatted with his men as though nothing had happened.[Sanguozhi 24]

Family

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Guan Yu had two known sons – Guan Ping and Guan Xing. Guan Xing inherited his father's title "Marquis of Hanshou Village" (漢かん壽ことぶき亭てい侯こう) and served in the state of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period.[Sanguozhi 25] Guan Yu also had a daughter. Sun Quan once proposed a marriage between his son and Guan Yu's daughter, but Guan Yu rejected the proposal. Her name was not recorded in history, but she was known as "Guan Yinping" (關せき銀ぎん屏へい) or "Guan Feng" (關せき鳳おおとり) in folktales and Chinese opera, as well as in the Dynasty Warriors video game series (as Guan Yinping). Guan Yu allegedly had a third son, Guan Suo, who is not mentioned in historical texts and appears only in folklore, the Romance of the Three Kingdoms novel, and in Dynasty Warriors.

Guan Xing's son, Guan Tong (關せき統みつる), married a princess (one of Liu Shan's daughters) and served as a General of the Household (中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう) among the imperial guards. Guan Tong had no son when he died, so he was succeeded by his younger half-brother Guan Yi (關せき彝つね).[Sanguozhi 26]

According to the Shu Ji, after the fall of Shu in 263, Pang Hui (Pang De's son) massacred Guan Yu's family and descendants to avenge his father, who was executed by Guan Yu after the Battle of Fancheng in 219.[Sanguozhi zhu 16]

In 1719, the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty awarded the hereditary title "Wujing Boshi" (五經ごきょう博士はかせ; "Professor of the Five Classics") to Guan Yu's descendants living in Luoyang. The bearer of the title is entitled to an honorary position in the Hanlin Academy.[13][14]

Appraisal

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illustration of Guan Yu by Yashima Gakutei in the Chester Beatty Library

Chen Shou, who wrote Guan Yu's biography in the Sanguozhi, commented on the latter as such: "Guan Yu and Zhang Fei were praised as mighty warriors capable of fighting ten thousand of enemies (萬まん人にん敵てき). They were like tigers among (Liu Bei's) subjects. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei both had the style of a guoshi.[k] Guan Yu repaid Cao Cao's kindness while Zhang Fei released Yan Yan out of righteousness. However, Guan Yu was unrelenting and conceited while Zhang Fei was brutal and heartless. These shortcomings resulted in their downfalls. This was not something uncommon."[Sanguozhi 27]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

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Portrait of Guan Yu (behind) from a Qing dynasty edition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
A 19th-century Japanese woodcut of Guan Yu by Utagawa Kuniyoshi. In this scene, he is being attended to by the physician Hua Tuo while playing weiqi. See here for a large version of the full picture.

The 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms glorifies Guan Yu by portraying him as a righteous and loyal warrior. Guan Yu is one of the most altered and aggrandised characters in the novel,[citation needed] which accounts for his popular image in Chinese society.

See the following for some fictitious stories in Romance of the Three Kingdoms involving Guan Yu:

Worship of Guan Yu

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Multi-story-high statue of Guan Yu at Jinguashi

Guan Yu was deified as early as the Sui dynasty (581–618), and is still worshipped today as a bodhisattva in Buddhist tradition and as a guardian deity in Chinese folk religion and Taoism.[15] He is also held in high esteem in Confucianism and in new religious movements such as Yiguandao.

In Chinese religion

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Guan Yu (lower left) as a subject on Water-Land Ritual paintings of martyred generals
Cart for Shinto procession with Guan Yu statue from the Kanda Shrine, now preserved at the Edo-Tokyo Museum.

In Chinese folk religion, Guan Yu is widely referred to as "Emperor Guan" (關せき帝みかど; Guāndì; dì implies deified status) and "Lord Guan" (關せき公おおやけ; Guān Gōng), while his Taoist title is "Holy Emperor Lord Guan" (關せき聖帝せいてい君くん; Guān Shèng Dì Jūn). Martial temples and shrines dedicated exclusively to Guan Yu can be found across mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and other places with Chinese influence such as Vietnam, South Korea and Japan. Some of these temples, such as the Guandi Temple in Xiezhou (解かい州しゅう), Shanxi, were built exactly in the layout of an imperial residence, befitting his status as a "ruler". Other examples of Guan Yu temples in China include the Guandi Temple of Jinan and the Guanlin Temple of Luoyang.[16]

Historical veneration

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The apotheosis of Guan Yu occurred in stages, as he was given ever higher posthumous titles. Liu Shan, the second emperor of Shu, gave Guan Yu the posthumous title of "Marquis Zhuangmou" (壯たけし繆侯) four decades after his death. During the Song dynasty, Emperor Huizong bestowed upon Guan Yu the title "Duke Zhonghui" (忠ちゅう惠めぐみ公おおやけ), and later the title of a prince. In 1187, Emperor Xiaozong honoured Guan Yu as "Prince Zhuangmou Yiyong Wu'an Yingji" (壯たけし繆義勇武ゆうぶ安英やすえ濟すみ王おう). During the Yuan dynasty, Emperor Wenzong changed Guan Yu's title to "Prince of Xianling Yiyong Wu'an Yingji" (顯あらわ靈れい義勇ぎゆう武安たけやす英えい濟ずみ王おう).

In 1614, the Wanli Emperor bestowed on Guan Yu the title "Holy Emperor Guan, the Great God Who Subdues Demons in the Three Worlds and Whose Awe Spreads Far and Moves Heaven" (三界伏魔大神威遠震天尊關聖帝君). During the Qing dynasty, the Shunzhi Emperor gave Guan Yu the title of "Guan, the Loyal and Righteous God of War, the Holy Great Emperor" (忠義ちゅうぎ神武じんむ關せき聖きよし大帝たいてい) in 1644. This title was expanded to "Guan the Holy Great Emperor; God of War Manifesting Benevolence, Bravery and Prestige; Protector of the Country and Defender of the People; Proud and Honest Supporter of Peace and Reconciliation; Promoter of Morality, Loyalty and Righteousness" (仁ひとし勇いさむ威たけし顯あきら護國ごこく保ほ民みん精せい誠まこと綏靖翊贊宣せん德とく忠義ちゅうぎ神武じんむ關せき聖きよし大帝たいてい), a total of 24 Chinese characters, by the mid-19th century. It is often shortened to "Saint of War" (武たけ聖きよし; Wǔ Shèng), which is of the same rank as Confucius, who is honoured the "Saint of Culture" (文ぶん聖きよし; Wén Shèng). The Qing dynasty promoted the worship of Guan Yu among the Mongol tribes, making him one of their most revered religious figures, second only to their lamas.[17]

Altar of Guan Yu in Osaka.

Throughout history, Guan Yu has also been credited with many military successes. In the 14th century, his spirit was said to have aided Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, at the Battle of Lake Poyang. In 1402, when Zhu Di launched a coup d'état and successfully deposed his nephew, the Jianwen Emperor, Zhu Di claimed that he was blessed by the spirit of Guan Yu. During the last decade of the 16th century, Guan Yu was also credited with the repulse of Japanese invasion of Korea by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The Manchu imperial clan of the Qing dynasty was also associated with Guan Yu's martial qualities. During the 20th century, Guan Yu was worshipped by the warlord Yuan Shikai, president and later a short-lived emperor of China.

Guan Yu's messages were received by mediums through spirit writing, later called Fuji (planchette writing) (扶乩/扶箕), since the late 17th century. "By the mid-Qianlong period (1736–96) the number of 'sacred edicts' issued by Guandi ordering people to do good and help those in need became increasingly frequent." In the 19th century, Guandi's messages received through spirit writing assumed a millennialist character. Dates were announced for the end of the world, followed by messages indicating that Guandi had "prevented the apocalypse" and was indeed "the savior of endtimes." In 1866, the Ten Completions Society (Shiquanhui 十全會じゅうぜんかい) was established to propagate the messages of Guandi and promote the charitable work his spirit had ordered to perform. The tradition of Guandi spirit writing continued in Chinese folk Religion well into the 20th century.[18]

Contemporary veneration

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Altar of Guan Yu at a restaurant in Beijing.

Today, Guan Yu is still widely worshipped by the Chinese; he may be worshipped in Martial temples and Wen Wu temples, and small shrines devoted to him are also found in homes, businesses and fraternal organisations. In Hong Kong, a shrine to Guan Yu can be found in every police station. Though by no means mandatory, Chinese police officers worship and pay respect to him. Although seemingly ironic, members of the triads and Heaven and Earth Society worship Guan Yu as well. Statues used by triads tend to hold the halberd in the left hand, and statues in police stations tend to hold the halberd in the right hand. This signifies which side Guan Yu is worshipped, by the righteous people or vice versa. The appearance of Guan Yu's face for the triads is usually more stern and threatening than the usual statue. In Hong Kong, Guan Yu is often referred to as "Yi Gor" (二に哥; Cantonese for "second elder brother") for he was second to Liu Bei in their fictional sworn brotherhood. Guan Yu is also worshipped by Chinese businessmen in Shanxi, Hong Kong, Macau and Southeast Asia as an alternative wealth god, since he is perceived to bless the upright and protect them from the wicked. Another reason is related to the release of Cao Cao during the Huarong Trail incident, in which he let Cao and his men pass through safely. For that, he was perceived to be able to extend the lifespan of people in need. Among Chinese Filipinos in the Philippines, Guan Yu is also sometimes known as "Santo Santiago" (St. James) or in Hokkien as "Te Ya Kong" (Hokkien Chinese: 帝みかど爺じい公こう; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tè-iâ-kong) or "Kuan Kong" (Hokkien Chinese: 關せき公こう; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Koan-kong).[19]

Among the Cantonese people who emigrated to California during the mid-19th century, the worship of Guan Yu was an important element. Statues and tapestry images of the god can be found in a number of historical California joss houses (a local term for Chinese folk religion temples), where his name may be given with various Anglicised spellings, including: Kwan Dai, Kwan Tai or Kuan Ti for Guandi (Emperor Guan); Kuan Kung for Guan Gong (Lord Guan), Wu Ti or Mo Dai for Wu Di (War Deity), Kuan Yu, Kwan Yu, or Quan Yu for Guan Yu. The Mendocino Joss House, a historical landmark also known as Mo Dai Miu (Wudimiao, i.e. the Temple of the Deity of War), or Temple of Kwan Tai, built in 1852, is a typical example of the small shrines erected to Guan Yu in the United States.

Guan Yu is also worshipped as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, with portraits of him being pasted on doors to ward off evil spirits, usually in pairings with Zhang Fei, Guan Ping, Guan Sheng or Zhou Cang.

Apart from general worship, Guan Yu is also commemorated in China with colossal statues such as the 1,320-tonne sculpture in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, standing at 58 metres.[20]

In Taoism

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Guan Yu is revered as "Holy Ruler Deity Guan" (關せき聖帝せいてい君くん; Guān Shèng Dì Jūn) and a leading subduer of demons in Taoism. Taoist worship of Guan Yu began during the Song dynasty. Legend has it that during the second decade of the 12th century, the saltwater lake in Xiezhou gradually ceased to yield salt. Emperor Huizong then summoned Zhang Jixian (張ちょう繼つぎ先さき), a 30th-generation descendant of Zhang Daoling, to investigate the cause. The emperor was told that the disruption was the work of Chi You, a deity of war. Zhang Jixian then recruited the help of Guan Yu, who battled Chi You over the lake and triumphed, whereupon the lake resumed salt production. Emperor Huizong then bestowed upon Guan Yu the title "Immortal of Chongning" (崇たかし寧やすし真しん君くん; Chóngníng Zhēnjūn), formally introducing the latter as a deity into Taoism.[citation needed]

In the early Ming dynasty, the 42nd Celestial Master, Zhang Zhengchang (張ちょう正常まさつね), recorded the incident in his book Lineage of the Han Celestial Masters (漢かん天てん師し世よ家か), the first Taoist classic to affirm the legend. Today, Taoist practices are predominant in Guan Yu worship. Many temples dedicated to Guan Yu, including the Emperor Guan Temple in Xiezhou County, show heavy Taoist influence. Every year, on the 24th day of the sixth month on the lunar calendar (Guan Yu's birthday in legend), a street parade in Guan Yu's honour would also be held.[citation needed]

In Buddhism

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Imperial thangka of the Qianlong period (1736–95) depicting Guan Yu as Sangharama Bodhisattva.

In Chinese Buddhism, Guan Yu is revered by most Chinese Mahayana Buddhists as Sangharama Bodhisattva (伽とぎ蓝菩萨; 伽藍がらん菩薩ぼさつ; Qiélán Púsà) a heavenly protector of the Buddhist dharma. Sangharama in Sanskrit means 'community garden' (sangha, community + arama, garden) and thus 'monastery'. The term Sangharama also refer to the dharmapala class of devas and spirits assigned to guard the Buddhist monastery, the dharma, and the faith itself. Over time and as an act of syncreticism, Guan Yu was seen as the representative guardian of the temple and the garden in which it stands. His statue traditionally is situated in the far left of the main altar, opposite his counterpart Skanda.[citation needed]

According to Buddhist legends, in 592, Guan Yu manifested himself one night before the Chan master Zhiyi, the founder of the Tiantai school of Buddhism, along with a retinue of spiritual beings. Zhiyi was then in deep meditation on Jade Spring Hill (玉たま泉山いずみやま) when he was distracted by Guan Yu's presence. Guan Yu then requested the master to teach him about the dharma. After receiving Buddhist teachings from the master, Guan Yu took refuge in the triple gems and also requested the Five Precepts. Henceforth, it is said that Guan Yu made a vow to become a guardian of temples and the dharma. Legends also claim that Guan Yu assisted Zhiyi in the construction of the Yuquan Temple, which still stands today.[citation needed]

Notable Guandi temples worldwide (outside mainland China)

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Chinese opera

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A Qing dynasty opera mask of Guan Yu.

Guan Yu appears in Chinese operas such as Huarong Trail, Red Cliffs, and other excerpts from Romance of the Three Kingdoms. His costume is a green military opera uniform with armour covering his right arm and the knees of his pants. The actor's face is painted red with a few black lines, to represent honour and courage. He also wears a long three-section black beard made of yak hair and carries the Green Dragon Crescent Blade. Traditionally, after the show ends, the actor has to wash his face, burn joss paper, light incense, and pray to Chinese deities.[citation needed]

Film and television

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Notable actors who have portrayed Guan Yu in film and television include:[citation needed] Lu Shuming in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Wang Yingquan in The Legend of Guan Gong (2004); Ti Lung in Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon (2008); Ba Sen in Red Cliff (2008–2009); Yu Rongguang in Three Kingdoms (2010); Donnie Yen in The Lost Bladesman (2011); Au Sui-Wai in Three Kingdoms RPG (2012); Han Geng in Dynasty Warriors (2019).

Films which make references to Guan Yu include: Stephen Chow's comedy film From Beijing with Love (1994), which, in one scene, refers to the story of Hua Tuo performing surgery on Guan Yu's arm;[citation needed] Zhang Yimou's Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles (2005), in which the fictional story of Guan Yu slaying six generals and crossing five passes forms a major part of the narrative;[citation needed] the horror comedy film My Name Is Bruce (2007), where Guan Yu's vengeful spirit is accidentally set free by a group of teenagers and he begins to terrorise their town.[citation needed]

Games

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Guan Yu appears as a playable character in many video games based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms which are produced by Koei, including: the strategy game series of the same title as the novel; the action game series Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi. Other non-Koei titles in which he also appears include: Total War: Three Kingdoms;[21] Puzzle & Dragons;[22] Sango Fighter; Destiny of an Emperor; and Atlantica Online. He is also referenced in Emperor: Rise of the Middle Kingdom, Titan Quest, and Koihime Musō.

Guan Yu is referenced in the Portal Three Kingdoms of the card game Magic: The Gathering on a playable card.[citation needed]

The hero Jiang Jun that appears in an add-on for the game For Honor, developed by Ubisoft Montreal, is heavily based on Guan Yu.[citation needed] He is introduced in the 2018 DLC Marching Fire Expansion, along with the other characters from the Chinese Wulin faction. The Jiang Jun wields Guan Yu's signature Guandao weapon and is portrayed as a wise older general.

Guan Yu is referenced in the 2020 game Hades by Supergiant Games. The final "aspect", or form, unlocked for the Eternal Spear weapon is the Aspect of Guan Yu, the Frost Fair Blade, which resembles an ornamented Guandao. The Eternal Spear is said to be the same spear wielded by Guan Yu in the future, taking this form.[23]

Coinage

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Guan Yu is a popular motif in collector coins series featuring Ancient warriors. The Polish Mint issued a 2oz silver coin featuring him in 2019,[24] and another one in 2021.[25]

In modern politics

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During the course of price liberalization debates as part of China's reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping invoked the fictitious story of Guan Yu crossing five passes and slaying six generals (as described in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms) as part of his rhetoric.[26] "To the Chinese audience familiar with the famous tale of Lord Guan, there could have been no doubt of Deng's determination to push ahead with radical price reforms."[27] As Deng explained in 1986 to a North Korean delegation:[27]

Only once prices have been straightened out will be able to step up reform ... Doesn't China have the tale of Lord Guan 'Slaying Six Generals to Force Through Five Passes?' We might have to pass through even more 'passes' than Lord Guan, slaying even more 'generals.' To force a pass is not at all easy and requires taking great risks.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ a b The Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Guan Yu was captured and executed in the 12th month of the 24th year of the Jian'an era of the reign of Emperor Xian of Han.[1] This month corresponds to 23 January to 21 February 220 in the Julian and the proleptic Gregorian calendars.
  2. ^ a b The "peerless beard" referred to Guan Yu because Guan Yu had a beautiful beard.[Sanguozhi 21])
  3. ^ In the Eastern Han dynasty, one chi was approximately 23.1 cm, nine chi was approximately 2.079 metres (6 feet, 9.85 inches).[4][5][6]
  4. ^ In the Eastern Han dynasty, one chi was approximately 23.1 cm, two chi was approximately 46.2 cm (≈18 inches)
  5. ^ His face had a dark red hue to it, like the colour of dark jujube fruit.
  6. ^ The corners of his eyes were upturned
  7. ^ They were long and tapered.
  8. ^ While the term 亡命ぼうめい (wáng mìng) implies criminal activity in modern use, during the Eastern Han dynasty it merely referred to someone who cancelled his registration in the local registers by fleeing his county of origin.[8]
  9. ^ The peerage of marquis was divided into three grades during the Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms period. These are, in ascending order of prestige, tinghou (亭ちん侯こう; village marquis), xianghou (郷さと侯こう; district marquis) and xianhou (縣けん侯こう; county marquis). Guan Yu's was the first.
  10. ^ See Lü Meng#Invasion of Jing Province for details.
  11. ^ Guoshi (國士こくし) could loosely translated as "gentleman of the state". It referred to persons who had made very outstanding contributions to their countries. See the dictionary definition of 國士こくし.

References

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Citations from volume 36 of the Sanguozhi

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  1. ^ (關せき羽はね字じ雲くも長ちょう，本字ほんじ長生ちょうせい，河東かわとう解かい人じん也。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  2. ^ (亡命ぼうめい奔涿郡ぐん。先さき主ぬし於鄉里さと合あい徒と衆しゅ，而羽與あずか張ちょう飛ひ為之ためゆき禦侮。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  3. ^ (先さき主ぬし為ため平原へいげん相しょう，以羽、飛ひ為ため別べつ部ぶ司馬しば，分ふん統すべ部ぶ曲きょく。先さき主おも與あずか二に人にん寢ね則そく同どう牀ゆか，恩おん若わか兄弟きょうだい。而稠人じん廣こう坐すわ，侍立じりつ終日しゅうじつ，隨ずい先さき主しゅ周旋しゅうせん，不ふ避艱險けわし。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  4. ^ (嘉言かげん于太祖そ曰：“备有雄お才ざい而甚得とく众心。张飞、关羽者しゃ，皆みな万まん人にん之の敌也，为之死し用よう。) Sanguozhi vol. 14.
  5. ^ (羽はね善ぜん待まち卒そつ伍ご而骄於士大夫たいふ。)Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  6. ^ (先さき主ぬし之の襲かさね殺ころせ徐じょ州しゅう刺史しし車しゃ冑かぶと，使つかい羽わ守もり下か邳城，行ぎょう太守たいしゅ事ごと，而身還かえ小しょう沛。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  7. ^ (建けん安やす五ご年ねん，曹公東征とうせい，先さき主ぬし奔袁紹。曹公禽羽以歸，拜はい為ため偏へん將軍しょうぐん，禮れい之の甚厚。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  8. ^ (紹遣大將軍だいしょうぐん顏がお良りょう攻おさむ東ひがし郡ぐん太守たいしゅ劉りゅう延のべ於白馬ば，曹公使こうし張ちょう遼りょう及羽為ため先鋒せんぽう擊げき之の。羽はね望見ぼうけん良りょう麾蓋，策さく馬刺ばさし良りょう於萬衆しゅ之の中なか，斬き其首還かえ，紹諸將はた莫能當とう者しゃ，遂とげ解かい白馬はくば圍かこえ。曹公即そく表ひょう封ふう羽わ為ため漢かん壽ことぶき亭てい侯こう。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  9. ^ (初はつ，曹公壯たけし羽はね為ため人じん，而察其心神しん無む乆留之の意い，謂いい張ちょう遼りょう曰：「卿きょう試ためし以情問とい之の。」旣すんで而遼以問羽わ，羽はね歎曰：「吾われ極ごく知ち曹公待まて我わが厚あつ，然しか吾われ受劉將軍しょうぐん厚恩こうおん，誓ちかい以共死し，不可ふか背せ之の。吾われ終おわり不ふ留とめ，吾われ要よう當とう立たて效こう以報曹公乃去。」遼りょう以羽言げん報ほう曹公，曹公義之よしゆき。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  10. ^ (及羽殺ころせ顏がお良りょう，曹公知こうち其必去さ，重じゅう加か賞賜しょうし。羽はね盡つき封ふう其所賜たまもの，拜はい書しょ告つげ辭やめ，而奔先さき主しゅ於袁軍ぐん。左右さゆう欲よく追おい之の，曹公曰：「彼かれ各かく為ため其主，勿追也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  11. ^ (從したがえ先さき主しゅ就劉表ひょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  12. ^ (表ひょう卒そつ，曹公定こうてい荊州，先さき主ぬし自じ樊將南みなみ渡江とのえ，別べつ遣や羽はね乘船じょうせん數すう百ひゃく艘そう會かい江え陵りょう。曹公追つい至當しとう陽ひ長ちょう阪ばん，先さき主ぬし斜はす趣おもむき漢かん津つ，適てき與あずか羽はね船せん相しょう值，共きょう至いたり夏なつ口こう。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  13. ^ a b (孫まご權けん遣や兵へい佐さ先さき主おも拒こばめ曹公，曹公引軍退すさ歸き。先さき主ぬし收おさむ江南こうなん諸しょ郡ぐん，乃封拜はい元勳げんくん，以羽為ため襄じょう陽ひ太守たいしゅ、盪寇將軍しょうぐん，駐ちゅう江北こうほく。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  14. ^ (先さき主ぬし西にし定てい益えき州しゅう，拜はい羽わ董ただし督とく荊州事ごと。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  15. ^ (二に十じゅう四よん年ねん，先さき主ぬし為ため漢かん中ちゅう王おう，拜はい羽わ為ため前ぜん將軍しょうぐん，假かり節ふし鉞。是これ歲さい，羽はね率りつ衆しゅ攻おさむ曹仁於樊。曹公遣や于禁助じょ仁じん。秋あき，大だい霖雨，漢かん水すい汎ひろし溢，禁きん所しょ督とく七なな軍ぐん皆みな沒ぼつ。禁きん降くだ羽はね，羽わ又また斬き將軍しょうぐん龐德。梁はり郟、陸りく渾羣盜ぬすめ或ある遙はるか受羽印しるし號ごう，為ため之の支ささえ黨とう，羽わ威い震ふるえ華はな夏なつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  16. ^ (曹公議ぎ徙許都と以避其銳，司馬しば宣せん王おう、蔣濟以為關せき羽わ得とく志こころざし，孫まご權けん必不願ねがい也。可か遣や人ひと勸すすむ權けん躡其後ご，許もと割わり江南こうなん以封權けん，則のり樊圍自じ解かい。曹公從したがえ之これ。先さき是ぜ，權けん遣や使つかい為ため子こ索さく羽わ女おんな，羽わ罵ののし辱はずかしめ其使，不ふ許婚きょこん，權けん大だい怒いか。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  17. ^ (而曹公こう遣や徐じょ晃あきら救すくい曹仁，羽はね不能ふのう克かつ，引軍退すさ還かえ。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  18. ^ (又また南みなみ郡ぐん太守たいしゅ麋おうしか芳よし在江あるえ陵りょう，將軍しょうぐん傅でん士し仁じん屯たむろ公安こうあん，素す皆みな嫌いや羽わ自じ輕けい己おのれ。羽はね之の出で軍ぐん，芳かおる、仁じん供給きょうきゅう軍資ぐんし不悉ふしつ相しょう救すくい。羽はね言ごと「還かえ當とう治之はるゆき」，芳かおる、仁ひとし咸懷懼不安ふあん。於是權けん陰かげ誘さそえ芳かおる、仁ひとし，芳かおる、仁じん使し人じん迎むかえ權けん。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  19. ^ (權けん已やめ據よりどころ江え陵りょう，盡つき虜とりこ羽わ士し衆しゅ妻子さいし，羽はね軍ぐん遂とげ散ち。權けん遣や將はた逆ぎゃく擊げき羽わ，斬き羽はね及子平ひら于臨沮。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  20. ^ (追つい謚羽曰壯繆侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  21. ^ (羽はね美び鬚髯しゅぜん，故こ亮あきら謂いい之の髯ひげ。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  22. ^ (羽はね聞馬超ちょう來き降ぶ，舊きゅう非ひ故人こじん，羽はね書しょ與あずか諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら，問とい超ちょう人才じんさい可か誰だれ比類ひるい。亮あきら知ち羽わ護まもる前まえ，乃荅之の曰：「孟はじめ起おこり兼けん資し文武ぶんぶ，雄お烈れつ過か人ひと，一世いっせい之の傑すぐる，黥、彭之徒と，當とう與あずか益えき德とく並なみ驅か爭そう先さき，猶なお未み及髯之の絕倫ぜつりん逸いっ羣也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  23. ^ (羽はね省しょう書しょ大だい恱，以示賔客。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  24. ^ (羽はね甞為流矢ながれや所しょ中ちゅう，貫ぬき其左臂ひじ，後ご創そう雖愈，每まい至いたり陰かげ雨う，骨ほね常つね疼痛とうつう，醫い曰：「矢や鏃有毒ゆうどく，毒どく入にゅう于骨，當とう破やぶ臂ひじ作さく創はじめ，刮骨去さ毒どく，然しか後こう此患乃除耳みみ。」羽はね便びん伸しん臂ひじ令れい醫い劈之。時どき羽わ適てき請諸將しょう飲食いんしょく相對そうたい，臂ひじ血ち流離りゅうり，盈みつる於盤器き，而羽割わり炙あぶ引酒，言笑げんしょう自若じじゃく。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  25. ^ (子こ興きょう嗣。興きょう字じ安國やすくに，少しょう有ゆう令れい問とえ，丞相じょうしょう諸しょ葛かずら亮あきら深ふか器き異い之これ。弱冠じゃっかん為ため侍さむらい中ちゅう、中ちゅう監かん軍ぐん，數すう歲さい卒そつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  26. ^ (子こ統すべ嗣，尚なお公主こうしゅ，官かん至いたり虎とら賁中郎ろう將しょう。卒そつ，無む子こ，以興庶子しょし彝つね續ぞく封ふう。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  27. ^ (評ひょう曰：關せき羽はね、張ちょう飛ひ皆みな稱しょう萬まん人にん之の敵てき，為ため世よ虎臣こしん。羽はね報ほう效こう曹公，飛ひ義よし釋しゃく嚴いわお顏がお，並なみ有ゆう國士こくし之の風ふう。然しか羽はね剛つよし而自矜，飛ひ暴而無む恩おん，以短取と敗はい，理數りすう之の常つね也。) Sanguozhi vol. 36.

Citations from elsewhere in the Sanguozhi

[edit]
  1. ^ (斯人长而好学こうがく，读左传略皆みな上口かみぐち[...]) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  2. ^ (靈れい帝みかど末まつ，黃き巾はば起おこり，州しゅう郡ぐん各かく舉義兵へい，先さき主ぬし率りつ其屬從したがえ校こう尉じょう鄒靖討黃巾はば賊ぞく有功ゆうこう，除じょ安やす喜き尉じょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  3. ^ (关羽与あずか备，义为君臣くんしん，恩おん犹父子ふし。) Sanguozhi vol. 14.
  4. ^ (关、张赳赳たけし，出身しゅっしん匡ただし世よ，扶翼ふよく携上，雄壮ゆうそう虎とら烈れつ。藩屏はんぺい左右さゆう，翻こぼし飞电发，济于艰难，赞主洪ひろし业，侔迹韩、耿，齐声双そう德とく。交待无礼，并致奸 慝，悼惟轻虑，陨身匡ただし国こく。)Sanguozhi vol. 45.
  5. ^ (先さき主ぬし據よりどころ下か邳。靈れい等とう還かえ，先さき主ぬし乃殺徐じょ州しゅう刺史しし車しゃ冑かぶと，留とめ關せき羽わ守もり下か邳，而身還かえ小しょう沛。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  6. ^ (五ご年ねん，曹公東征とうせい先さき主ぬし，先さき主ぬし敗はい績。曹公盡つき收おさむ其衆，虜とりこ先さき主しゅ妻子さいし，并禽關せき羽わ以歸。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  7. ^ (曹公與あずか袁紹相しょう拒こばめ於官渡わたり，汝なんじ南みなみ黃き巾はば劉りゅう辟等叛曹公こう應おう紹。紹遣先さき主將しゅしょう兵へい與あずか辟等略りゃく許もと下か。關せき羽はね亡ほろび歸き先さき主ぬし。曹公遣や曹仁將兵しょうへい擊げき先さき主ぬし，先さき主おも還かえ紹軍，陰かげ欲よく離はなれ紹，乃說紹南連れん荊州牧まき劉りゅう表ひょう。紹遣先さき主將しゅしょう本ほん兵へい復ふく至いたり汝なんじ南みなみ，與あずか賊ぞく龔都等とう合ごう，衆しゅう數すう千せん人にん。 ... 曹公旣すんで破やぶ紹，自じ南みなみ擊げき先さき主ぬし。先さき主おも遣や麋おうしか笁、孫まご乾ひ與あずか劉りゅう表おもて相聞そうもん，表おもて自じ郊迎，以上いじょう賔禮待まち之の，益えき其兵，使つかい屯たむろ新野あらたの。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  8. ^ (聞先主ぬし已やめ過か，曹公將はた精せい騎き五ご千せん急追きゅうつい之の，一いち日にち一いち夜行やこう三さん百ひゃく餘あまり里さと，及於當とう陽ひ之の長坂ながさか。) Sanguozhi vol. 32.
  9. ^ (刘备与あずか周しゅう瑜围曹仁於江陵りょう，别遣关羽绝北道どう。通つう率りつ众击之の，下しも马拔鹿角かつの入にゅう围，且战且前，以迎仁じん军，勇いさむ冠かんむり诸将。通つう道どう得とく病びょう薨，时年四よん十じゅう二に。) Sanguozhi vol. 18.
  10. ^ (從したがえ征せい荊州，別べつ屯たむろ樊，討中廬いおり、臨沮、宜むべ城しろ賊ぞく。又また與あずか滿まん寵ちょう討關羽わ於漢津つ，與あずか曹仁擊げき周しゅう瑜於江え陵りょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  11. ^ (後こう從したがえ平ひら荊州，留とめ屯たむろ襄じょう陽ひ，擊げき關せき羽わ、蘇そ非ひ等とう，皆みな走はし之これ， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  12. ^ (及羽與あずか肅鄰界かい，數かず生せい狐疑こぎ，疆埸紛まがえ錯，肅常以歡好こう撫なで之これ。備旣定きてい益えき州しゅう，權けん求もとめ長ちょう沙すな、零れい、桂かつら，備不承ぶしょう旨むね，權けん遣や呂りょ蒙こうむ率りつ衆しゅ進取しんしゅ。備聞，自じ還かえ公安こうあん，遣や羽はね爭そう三さん郡ぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  13. ^ (羽はね號ごう有ゆう三さん萬まん人にん，自じ擇よ選せん銳するど士し五ご千せん人にん，投とう縣けん上流じょうりゅう十じゅう餘あまり里さと淺瀨あさせ，云うん欲ほし夜よる涉わたる渡わたり。肅與諸しょ將しょう議ぎ。 ... 肅便選せん千せん兵へい益えき寧やすし，寧やすし乃夜往。羽はね聞之，住じゅう不渡ふわたり，而結柴しば營，今いま遂とげ名めい此處ここら為ため關せき羽瀨はせ。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  14. ^ (備遂割わり湘水為ため界かい，於是罷やめ軍ぐん。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  15. ^ (賊ぞく圍かこえ頭あたま有ゆう屯たむろ，又また別べつ屯たむろ四よん冢。晃あきら揚あげ聲ごえ當とう攻圍こうい頭あたま屯たむろ，而密攻おさむ四よん冢。羽はね見み四よん冢欲壞，自じ將しょう步ふ騎き五ご千せん出だし戰せん，晃あきら擊げき之の，退すさ走はし，遂とげ追つい陷おちい與あずか俱入圍かこえ，破やぶ之これ，或ある自じ投とう沔水死し。) Sanguozhi vol. 17.
  16. ^ (羽はね果はて信之のぶゆき，稍やや撤兵てっぺい以赴樊。魏ぎ使し于禁救すくい樊，羽わ盡つき禽禁等とう，人馬じんば數すう萬まん，託たく以糧乏とぼし，擅取湘關米まい。權けん聞之，遂行すいこう，先遣せんけん蒙こうむ在ざい前まえ。蒙こうむ至いたり尋ひろ陽ひ，盡つき伏ふく其精兵へい[][]中ちゅう，使つかい白衣はくい搖ゆら櫓ろ，作さく商賈しょうこ人じん服ふく，晝夜ちゅうや兼行けんこう，至いたり羽わ所しょ置おけ江邊えべ屯たむろ候こう，盡つき收おさむ縛ばく之の，是ぜ故こ羽はね不ふ聞知ぶんち。遂とげ到いた南みなみ郡ぐん，士し仁ひとし、麋おうしか芳よし皆みな降くだ。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  17. ^ (會かい權けん尋ひろ至いたり，羽はね自じ知ち孤こ窮きゅう，乃走麥むぎ城じょう，西にし至いたる漳鄉，衆しゅう皆みな委い羽わ而降。權けん使し朱しゅ然しか、潘はん璋あきら斷だん其徑路ろ，即そく父子ふし俱獲，荊州遂とげ定じょう。) Sanguozhi vol. 54.
  18. ^ (權けん征せい關せき羽わ，璋あきら與あずか朱しゅ然しか斷だん羽わ走はし道みち，到いた臨沮，住じゅう夾石。璋あきら部下ぶか司馬しば馬うま忠ただし禽羽，并羽子平しへい、都みやこ督ただし趙ちょう累るい等とう。) Sanguozhi vol. 55.
  19. ^ ([景けい耀]三さん年ねん秋あき九きゅう月がつ，追つい謚故將軍しょうぐん關せき羽わ、張ちょう飛ひ、馬うま超ちょう、龐統、黃き忠ちゅう。) Sanguozhi vol. 33. The month corresponds to 23 Oct to 20 Nov 260 in the Julian calendar.

Citations from the Sanguozhi zhu

[edit]
  1. ^ (江こう表ひょう傳でん云うん：羽はね好こう左ひだり氏し傳でん，諷誦ふうしょう略りゃく皆みな上口うえくち。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  2. ^ (魏ぎ書しょ云うん：以羽領りょう徐じょ州しゅう。) Wei Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  3. ^ (傅でん子こ曰：遼りょう欲よく白太しらた祖そ，恐おそれ太ぶと祖そ殺ころせ羽わ，不ふ白しろ，非ひ事こと君くん之の道みち，乃歎曰：「公おおやけ，君父くんぷ也；羽わ，兄弟きょうだい耳みみ。」遂とげ白しろ之の。太ふとし祖そ曰：「事こと君くん不ふ忘其本ほん，天下てんか義士ぎし也。度ど何なん時じ能のう去さ？」遼りょう曰：「羽はね受公恩おん，必立效こう報ほう公おおやけ而後去さ也。」) Fu Zi annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  4. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の以為曹公知こうち羽わ不ふ留とめ而心嘉よしみ其志，去さ不ふ遣や追つい以成其義，自じ非ひ有ゆう王おう霸之度ど，孰能至いたり於此乎？斯實曹氏之の休きゅう美び。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  5. ^ (蜀しょく記き曰：羽はね初出しょしゅつ軍ぐん圍かこえ樊，夢ゆめ豬嚙其足，語ご子平しへい曰：「吾われ今年ことし衰おとろえ矣，然しか不ふ得え還かえ！」) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  6. ^ (蜀しょく記き曰：羽はね與あずか晃あきら宿やど相愛そうあい，遙はるか共とも語ご，但ただし說せつ平生へいぜい，不ふ及軍事ぐんじ。須臾しゅゆ，晃あきら下馬げば宣せん令れい：「得とく關せき雲くも長ちょう頭あたま，賞金しょうきん千せん斤きん。」羽はね驚おどろき怖こわ，謂いい晃あきら曰：「大兄たいけい，是ぜ何なん言こと邪よこしま！」晃あきら曰：「此國之の事こと耳みみ。」) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  7. ^ (典てん略りゃく曰：羽はね圍かこえ樊，權けん遣や使つかい求もとめ助すけ之の，勑使莫速進すすむ，又また遣や主おも簿ぼ先さき致命ちめい於羽。羽はね忿其淹遲，又また自じ已やめ得え于禁等とう，乃罵曰：「狢むじな子こ敢爾，如使樊城拔，吾われ不能ふのう滅めつ汝なんじ邪よこしま！」權けん聞之，知ち其輕己おのれ，偽にせ手書しゅしょ以謝羽わ，許もと以自往。) Dianlue annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  8. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の以為荊、吳ご雖外睦むつみ，而內相しょう猜防，故こ權けん之の襲かさね羽わ，潛せん師し密みつ發はつ。按呂蒙こうむ傳つて云うん：「伏ふく精兵せいびょう於[][]之これ中ちゅう，使つかい白衣はくい搖ゆら櫓ろ，作さく商賈しょうこ服ふく。」以此言ごと之の，羽はね不ふ求もとめ助じょ於權，權けん必不語ご羽わ當とう往也。若わか許もと相しょう援助えんじょ，何故なぜ匿其形がた迹乎？) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  9. ^ (蜀しょく記き曰：權けん遣や將軍しょうぐん擊げき羽わ，獲え羽わ及子平たいら。權けん欲よく活かつ羽わ以敵劉りゅう、曹，左右さゆう曰：「狼おおかみ子こ不可ふか養やしなえ，後こう必為害がい。曹公不ふ即そく除じょ之の，自じ取と大患たいかん，乃議徙都。今いま豈あに可か生せい！」乃斬之の。) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  10. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の桉吳書しょ：孫まご權けん遣や將はた潘はん璋あきら逆ぎゃく斷だん羽わ走路そうろ，羽わ至いたり即そく斬き，且臨沮去江こう陵りょう二に三さん百ひゃく里り，豈あに容よう不時ふじ殺ころせ羽わ，方ぽう議ぎ其生死し乎？又また云うん「權けん欲よく活かつ羽わ以敵劉りゅう、曹」，此之不ふ然しか，可か以絕智者ちしゃ之の口くち。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  11. ^ (吳ご歷れき曰：權けん送おく羽はね首くび於曹公こう，以諸侯こう禮れい葬そう其屍骸しがい。) Wu Li annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  12. ^ (蜀しょく記き曰：曹公與あずか劉りゅう備圍呂りょ布ぬの於下おした邳，關せき羽はね啟けい公こう，布ぬの使し秦しん宜むべ祿行ろくぎょう求もとめ救すくえ，乞娶其妻，公許こうきょ之の。臨破，又また屢啟於公。公おおやけ疑うたぐ其有異色いしょく，先遣せんけん迎むかえ看み，因いん自じ留とめ之の，羽はね心こころ不ふ自じ安やす。此與魏たかし氏し春秋しゅんじゅう所說しょせつ無む異い也。) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  13. ^ (初はつ，羽わ隨ずい先さき主從しゅうじゅう公こう圍かこえ呂りょ布ぬの於濮陽ひ，時じ秦はた宜むべ祿ろく為ため布ぬの求もとめ救すくい於張楊。羽はね啟けい公こう：「妻つま無む子こ，下城げじょう，乞納宜むべ祿ろく妻つま。」公許こうきょ之の。及至城門じょうもん，復ふく白しろ。公おおやけ疑うたぐ其有色しょく，李り本ほん作さく他た。自じ納おさめ之の。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
  14. ^ (蜀しょく記き曰：初はつ，劉りゅう備在許もと，與あずか曹公共こうきょう獵りょう。獵りょう中ちゅう，衆しゅう散ち，羽はね勸すすむ備殺公こう，備不從したがえ。及在夏なつ口こう，飄颻江こう渚なぎさ，羽はね怒いか曰：「往日おうじつ獵りょう中ちゅう，若わか從したがえ羽わ言げん，可か無む今日きょう之の困こま。」備曰：「是ぜ時じ亦また為ため國家こっか惜之耳みみ；若わか天道てんとう輔正，安あん知とも此不為ふため福ぶく邪よこしま！」) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  15. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の以為備後びんご與あずか董ただし承うけたまわ等とう結ゆい謀はかりごと，但ただし事こと泄不克かつ諧耳，若わか為ため國家こっか惜曹公こう，其如此言何なに！羽若はわか果はて有ゆう此勸而備不ふ肯從者しゃ，將はた以曹公こう腹心ふくしん親戚しんせき，寔まこと繁しげる有ゆう徒と，事こと不ふ宿やど構，非ひ造次ぞうじ所行しょぎょう；曹雖可か殺ころせ，身み必不免まぬかれ，故こ以計而止，何なに惜之有ゆう乎！旣往きおう之の事こと，故こ託たく為ため雅言がげん耳みみ。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.
  16. ^ (蜀しょく記き曰：龐德子こ會かい，隨ずい鍾、鄧伐蜀しょく，蜀しょく破やぶ，盡つき滅めつ關せき氏し家か。) Shu Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 36.

Other citations

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  1. ^ ([建けん安やす二に十じゅう四よん年ねん]十じゅう二に月がつ，璋あきら司馬しば馬うま忠ただし獲え羽わ及其子平しへい於章鄉きょう，斬き之これ，遂とげ定てい荊州。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 68.
  2. ^ Perkins (1999), p. 192.
  3. ^ RotK, "ch. 1". quote: (玄げん德とく看み其人，身長しんちょう九きゅう尺しゃく，髯ひげ長ちょう二に尺しゃく；面めん如重棗なつめ，脣若塗ぬり脂あぶら；丹に鳳おおとり眼め，臥が蠶かいこ眉まゆ；相貌そうぼう堂堂どうどう，威風いふう凜凜。)
  4. ^ Hulsewé (1961), pp. 206–207.
  5. ^ Dubs (1938), pp. 276–280.
  6. ^ Dubs (1938), p. 160.
  7. ^ RotK, ch. 1. quote: (雲くも長造ちょうぞう青あお龍りゅう偃月刀えんげつとう，又また名めい冷ひや艷つや鋸のこ，重じゅう八はち十じゅう二に斤きん。)
  8. ^ ter Haar (2017), p. 3, note 4.
  9. ^ (河東かわとう關せき羽はね雲くも長ちょう，同どう郡ぐん張ちょう飛ひ益えき德とく，並なみ以壯烈そうれつ，禦侮。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
  10. ^ (先さき主おも與あずか二に子し寢ね則そく同どう床ゆか，食しょく則のり共ども器き，恩おん若わか弟おとうと兄けい。然しか於稠人じん廣こう眾中，侍立じりつ終日しゅうじつ。) Huayang Guo Zhi vol. 6.
  11. ^ 《資し治ち通どおり鑑かん·卷まき六ろく十じゅう八はち》：陸りく渾民孫まご狼おおかみ等とう作さく亂みだれ，殺ころせ縣けん主ぬし簿ぼ，南みなみ附ふ關せき羽わ。羽はね授狼印しるし，給きゅう兵へい，還かえ為ため寇賊，自じ許もと以南いなん，往往おうおう遙はるか應おう羽わ，羽はね威い震ふるえ華はな夏なつ。Zizhi Tongjian vol.68
  12. ^ (名めい與あずか實じつ爽曰繆。) Yizhoushu vol. 6. ch. 54.
  13. ^ Brunnert & Hagelstrom (2013), p. 494.
  14. ^ Yan (2006), p. 277.
  15. ^ You (2010).
  16. ^ "Guanlin Temple China | The Temple Trail". 2020-09-22. Archived from the original on 2020-09-22. Retrieved 2023-01-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  17. ^ Roberts (1991), p. 970.
  18. ^ Wang Chien-ch’uan, “Spirit Writing Groups in Modern China (1840–1937): Textual Production, Public Teachings, and Charity.” In Modern Chinese Religion II 1850–2015, edited by Vincent Goossaert, Jan Kiely and John Lagerwey, Leiden: Brill, vol. 2, 651–684 (652–668).
  19. ^ Chu, Richard T. (2012). Chinese and Chinese Mestizos of Manila: Family, Identity, and Culture, 1860s–1930s. BRILL. p. 191. ISBN 978-9047426851.
  20. ^ "Monumental 1,320-Ton Sculpture of Chinese War God Watches Over the City". 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2016-07-20.
  21. ^ Borrull, Celia. "Three Kingdoms". Total War.
  22. ^ Monster Archived 2014-05-31 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ Achilles. Image discordapp.com
  24. ^ "Guan Yu silver 2 ounces coin 2019".
  25. ^ "Guan Yu silver 2 ounces coin 2021".
  26. ^ Weber, Isabella (2021). How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 249–250. ISBN 978-0429490125. OCLC 1228187814.
  27. ^ a b Weber, Isabella (2021). How China escaped shock therapy : the market reform debate. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. p. 250. ISBN 978-0429490125. OCLC 1228187814.

Bibliography

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