Neidan
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Traditional Chinese | 內丹 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Hiragana | ないたん | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Neidan, or internal alchemy (traditional Chinese: 內丹
In neidan, the human body becomes a cauldron (or "ding") in which the Three Treasures of Jing ("Essence"), Qi ("Breath") and Shen ("Spirit") are cultivated for the purpose of improving physical, emotional and mental health, and ultimately returning to the primordial unity of the Tao, i.e., attaining Taoist Immortality. It is believed the Xiuzhen Tu is such a cultivation map. In China, it is an important form of practice for most schools of Taoism.
Terminology[edit]
The Chinese compound nèidān combines the common word nèi 內 meaning "inside; inner; internal" with dān
Traditional Chinese medical alchemical texts and sources ordinarily call neidan the jīndān dào
The date for the earliest use of the term neidan is uncertain. 內丹 or neidan had been mentioned in 灵剑
I am seeking for the longevity in order to defend the Faith, not in order to enjoy worldly happiness. I pray that all the saints and sages will come to my help, so that I may get some good magic mushrooms [zhi
芝 ], and numinous elixirs [shendan神 丹 ], enabling me to cure all illnesses and to stop both hunger and thirst. In this way I shall be able to practice continually the way of the Sutras and to engage in the several forms of meditations. I shall hope to find a peaceful dwelling in the depths of the mountains, with enough numinous elixirs and medicine to carry out my plans. Thus, by the aids of external elixirs [waidan] I shall be able to cultivate the elixir within [neidan].[5]
Others believed that neidan first occurred in the biographies of Deng Yuzhi 鄧郁
The term neidan was seldom used throughout the late Tang dynasty (618–907) and Five dynasties (907–960) period, and only became widespread around the beginning of the Song dynasty (960–1279) period, when neidan evolved into a highly complex system in both its theoretical and practical aspects.[7] Tang texts described internal alchemical practices with the words fúyào
Early texts that mention neidan define it as synonymous or similar with some qi circulation techniques: Cultivation and Transmutation (xiulian
Based upon the textual evidence, Farzeen Baldrian-Hussein concludes that in early texts, neidan refers to a specific technique, and by Song Emperor Zhenzong's reign (997–1022), the term designates a group of techniques, expressed in specific alchemical language.[12]
It is sometimes transliterated using the older Wade–Giles system as Neitan in literature on western Alchemy.[13]
History and development[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%289%29_Wellcome_L0038979.jpg/220px-Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%289%29_Wellcome_L0038979.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%284%29_Wellcome_L0038974.jpg/220px-Chinese_woodcut%3B_Daoist_internal_alchemy_%284%29_Wellcome_L0038974.jpg)
Neidan is part of the Chinese alchemical meditative tradition that is said to have been separated into internal and external (Waidan) at some point during the Tang dynasty. The Cantong qi (The Kinship of the Three) is the earliest known book on theoretical alchemy in China; it was written by the alchemist Wei Boyang in 142 AD. This text influenced the formation of neidan, whose earliest existing texts date from the first half of the 8th century. The authors of several neidan articles refer to their teachings as the Way of the Golden Elixir (jindan zhi dao). The majority of Chinese alchemical sources is found in the Daozang (Taoist Canon), the largest collection of Taoist texts.[14]
Neidan shares a significant portion of its notions and methods with classical Chinese medicine, fangshi and with other bodies of practices, such as meditation and the methods for "nourishing life" (yangsheng). What distinguishes alchemy from these related traditions is its unique view of the elixir as a material or immaterial entity that represents the original state of being and the attainment of that state. The neidan tradition of internal alchemy is practiced by working with the energies that were already present in the human body as opposed to using natural substances, medicines or elixirs, from outside of the body. The Shangqing School of Taoism played an important role in the emergence of neidan alchemy, after using Waidan mainly as a meditative practice, and therefore turning it from an external to an internal art.
The Three Treasures[edit]
Internal alchemy focuses upon transforming the bodily sanbao "three treasures", which are the essential energies sustaining human life:
- Jing
精 "nutritive essence, essence; refined, perfected; extract; soul, dark, animal instincts,demon; sperm, ovum,seed, Genetics" - Qi
氣 "acquired energy air food water vital energy, grey, force; air, vapour; breath; vigor; attitude" - Shen
神 "spirit; mind, glow, bright ; god, deity; vitality supernatural abilities, higher intentions, supernatural being"
According to the 13th-century Book of Balance and Harmony:
- Making one's essence complete, one can preserve the body. To do so, first keep the body at ease, and make sure there are no desires. Thereby energy can be made complete.
- Making one's energy complete, one can nurture the mind. To do so, first keep the mind pure, and make sure there are no thoughts. Thereby spirit can be made complete.
- Making one's spirit complete, one can recover emptiness. To do so, first keep the will sincere, and make sure body and mind are united. Thereby spirit can be returned to emptiness. ... To attain immortality, there is nothing else but the refinement of these three treasures: essence, energy, spirit."[15]
When the "three treasures" are internally maintained, along with a balance of yin and yang, it is possible to achieve a healthy body and longevity, which are the main goals of internal alchemy (Ching 1996, 395).
Jing[edit]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Teng_Feng-Chou_2016.jpg/225px-Teng_Feng-Chou_2016.jpg)
Jing "essence" referring to the primordial energies of the physical body. Based upon the idea that death and illness are caused by over straining and stressing of one's mind and body leads to the depletion of one's jing, Daoist internal alchemy claims that preserving jing allows one to have a long, healthy and happy life, known classically as longevity in Chinese thought, if not immortality.[16]
Qi[edit]
Qi or ch'i is defined as the "natural energy of the universe" and manifests in everyone and everything.[17] By means of internal alchemy, Taoists strive to maintain a positive free flow of qi through the body in paths or meridians moving to each individual organ.[18] as Stagnation of qi is a primary or root cause of many health conditions in traditional Chinese thinking.[19]
Healing practices such as acupuncture, Tui na, cupping and herbal medicines are believed to open up the qi meridians throughout the body so that the qi can flow freely. Keeping qi in balance and flowing throughout the body promotes health; imbalance can lead to sickness.
Shen[edit]
Shen is the original spirit of the body. To have good Shen is to look vital and glowing on the surface of the skin and the gloss and spark seen in the eyes. It is the hue on the leaf of a tree. Taoists try to become conscious of shen through contemplative practices, including meditation.[20]
See also[edit]
- Daoyin
- Bigu (avoiding grains)
- Liu Yiming (1734–1821)
- Neigong
- Neijia
- Neijing Tu
- Qigong
Works cited[edit]
- Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (1989). "Inner Alchemy: Notes on the Origin and Use of the Term Neidan". Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie. 5: 163–190. doi:10.3406/asie.1989.947.
- Baldrian-Hussein, Farzeen (2008). "Neidan" 內丹. In Pregadio, Fabrizio (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Taoism. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 762–66. ISBN 978-0-7007-1200-7..
- Carroll, Robert Todd (2008). "Chi (Ch'i or qi)" Chi.". Skeptic's Dictionary.
- Ching, Julia (1996). "East Asian Religions". In Oxtoby, Willard G. (ed.). World Religions, Eastern Traditions. Oxford University Press. pp. 346–467.
- Kohn, Livia (1956). Daoism and Chinese Culture. Cambridge, Mass.: Three Pines Press. pp. 145–149.
- Littleton, Scott C. (1999). The Sacred East. Duncan Baird Publishers.
- Needham, Joseph and Lu Gwei-djen (1983). "Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Physiological Alchemy". Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Cambridge University Press.
- Schipper, Kristofer (1993). The Taoist Body. Translated by Duval, Karen C. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Skar, Lowell; Pregadio, Fabrizio (2000). "Inner Alchemy (Neidan)". In Kohn, Livia (ed.). Daoism Handbook. Leiden and Boston: Brill. pp. 464–97. ISBN 9004112081.
- Smith, Huston (1986). The World's Religions. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.
- Thompson, Laurence (1989). Chinese Religion: An Introduction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
- Waley, Arthur (1930). "Notes on Chinese Alchemy (Supplementary to Johnson's A Study of Chinese Alchemy)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies. 6 (1): 1–24. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090911. S2CID 191324421.
References[edit]
- ^ Skar, Lowell; Pregadio, Fabrizio (2000). Daoism Handbook. Brill. pp. 464–497. ISBN 9004112081.
- ^ (Baldrian-Hussein 2008, 762)
- ^ Dechar, Lorie (2006). Five Spirits Alchemical Acupuncture for Psychological and Spiritual Healing. Lantern Books. ISBN 9781590563274.
- ^ (Waley 1930: 14)
- ^ (Needham and Lu, 1983: 140)
- ^ (Baldrian-Hussein 1989: 164–171 "pseudo-historical sources")
- ^ (Baldrian-Hussein 2008: 763)
- ^ (Baldrian-Hussein 1989: 170)
- ^ (Baldrian-Hussein 1989: 174, 178, 180)
- ^ (Baldrian-Hussein 1989: 178)
- ^ (Baldrian-Hussein 1989: 179–186)
- ^ (Baldrian-Hussein 1989: 187)
- ^ Nozedar, Adele. (2010). The illustrated signs & symbols sourcebook : an A to Z compendium of over 1000 designs. Sterling Publishing Company, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-4351-6181-8. OCLC 960951107.
- ^ "Alchemical Classics IV: The Essentials of the Shortcut to the Great Achievement by Liu Hua Yang". Purple Cloud. 2020-08-25. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
- ^ (tr. Kohn 1956, 146)
- ^ (Schipper 1993, 154)
- ^ (Carroll 2008)
- ^ (Smith 1986, 201)
- ^ Zhu, Bing (2010). Diagnostics of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Great Britain: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. ISBN 9781848190368.
- ^ (Smith 1986, 202)
External links[edit]
- Daoist Alchemy in the West: The Esoteric Paradigms, Lee Irwin
- "Taoist Alchemy", Fabrizio Pregadio
- The Way of the Golden Elixir: An Introduction to Taoist Alchemy, Fabrizio Pregadio (PDF, free download)
- Secret of the Golden Flower, Walter Picca
- An Shigao and Early Chinese Meditation Techniques, Phra Kiattisak Kittipanyo, DIRI Journal 1: 98–118.