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Yu Fan

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Yu Fan
虞おそれ翻こぼし
Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう)
In office
c. 200 (c. 200) – c. 220s (c. 220s)
Chief of Fuchun (富とみ春はる長ちょう)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
Officer of Merit (功こう曹)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
Personal details
Born164[a]
Yuyao, Zhejiang
Died233 (aged 69)[2][1]
Guangxi
Children
OccupationEssayist, politician, writer
Courtesy nameZhongxiang (仲なか翔しょう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Yu.

Yu Fan (Chinese: 虞おそれ翻こぼし, Standard Mandarin: [y̌ fán], Middle Chinese: /ŋɨo pʰʉɐn/; 164–233),[1] courtesy name Zhongxiang, was a Chinese essayist, politician, and writer of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China.[2] Initially a minor officer under Wang Lang, the Administrator of Kuaiji Commandery, Yu Fan later served under the warlord Sun Ce, who conquered the territories in the Jiangdong (or Wu) region in a series of campaigns from 194 to 199. Sun Ce regarded him highly and once enlisted his help in persuading Hua Xin, another commandery administrator, to surrender. After Sun Ce's death, Yu Fan continued serving under Sun Quan, Sun Ce's younger brother and successor, as a Cavalry Commandant. Sun Quan confined him for some time due to his rude and disrespectful behaviour, but released him in 219 and allowed him to accompany the general Lü Meng to attack Jing Province. During the Jing Province campaign, Yu Fan warned Lü Meng about a possible ambush when Lü Meng was celebrating a minor victory, and was proven right later.

Yu Fan was known for being very candid, outspoken and direct. As such, he offended Sun Quan several times – including instances when he was drunk – and did not get along well with many of his colleagues. He also mocked and belittled two enemy officers, Yu Jin and Mi Fang, who surrendered to Sun Quan. Sometime in the 220s, Sun Quan could no longer tolerate Yu Fan's disrespectful attitude and banished him to the remote Jiao Province in southern China. Yu Fan lived in exile for over a decade, during which he spent his time lecturing and writing. Even while living in exile, he was still concerned about state affairs, and he once wrote to Sun Quan to advise him against sending a fleet across the sea to attack the warlord Gongsun Yuan in northeastern China, but was ignored. When the fleet sustained heavy losses due to storms, Sun Quan regretted his decision and summoned Yu Fan back, but Yu Fan had already died by then.

Historical sources on Yu Fan's life[edit]

The authoritative historical source on Yu Fan's life is the Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi), written by Chen Shou in the third century. In the fifth century, Pei Songzhi annotated the Sanguozhi by incorporating information from other sources to Chen Shou's original work and adding his personal commentary. The alternative texts used in the annotations to the Sanguozhi are: Wu Shu (吳くれ書しょ; Book of Wu), by Wei Zhao; Yu Fan Biezhuan (虞おそれ翻こぼし別傳べつでん; Unofficial Biography of Yu Fan), by an unknown writer; Jiang Biao Zhuan (江こう表ひょう傳でん), by Yu Pu; Kuaiji Dianlu (會かい稽典錄ろく; Esteemed Records of Kuaiji), by an unknown writer.

Early life[edit]

Yu Fan was from Yuyao County (餘よ姚縣), Kuaiji Commandery,[Sanguozhi 1] which is in present-day Yuyao, Zhejiang. The Yu clan, which he was from, was one of the four most influential clans in the Jiangdong region at the time.[b] At a young age, he was already known for being studious and extraordinary. When he was 11, a guest who came to visit his elder brother ignored the young Yu Fan when he walked past him. Yu Fan later wrote to the guest, "I heard that amber does not contain rotten plant material and that magnets do not attract bent needles. Is it not appropriate for you to ignore me when you walked past me?" The guest was very surprised after reading Yu Fan's letter. Yu Fan attracted greater attention after this incident.[Sanguozhi zhu 1]

Service under Wang Lang[edit]

When Yu Fan became older, he served as an Officer of Merit (功こう曹) under Wang Lang, the Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Kuaiji Commandery. In 196,[3] the warlord Sun Ce, who was on a series of military campaigns in the Jiangdong (or Wu) region and had already conquered some territories, prepared to attack Kuaiji. Yu Fan was mourning the death of his father when he received news that Sun Ce was going to attack Kuaiji, so he rushed from his home to the commandery office and asked to meet Wang Lang. He was still dressed in mourning garments then. After entering the office, Yu Fan removed his mourning garments and urged Wang Lang to avoid confrontation with Sun Ce. Wang Lang ignored his advice and was defeated in battle by Sun Ce.[Sanguozhi 2]

Yu Fan considered bringing Wang Lang north to Guangling Commandery (廣陵こうりょう郡ぐん; around present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu) to evade Sun Ce, but Wang Lang, who believed in stories about the immortal Wang Fangping (王おう方かた平たいら), wanted to travel to the "South Mountain" and take shelter there. Yu Fan then accompanied Wang Lang as they escaped from Kuaiji Commandery by sea and headed south to Houguan County (候こう官かん縣けん; in present-day Fuzhou, Fujian). At Houguan, the county chief initially denied them entry, but agreed after being persuaded by Yu Fan. In Houguan County, Wang Lang insisted on heading further south to Jiao Province to find the "South Mountain", but Yu Fan objected and said, "Those stories are nonsense. There is no South Mountain in Jiao Province for us to take shelter in."[Sanguozhi zhu 2][Sanguozhi 3] Wang Lang told Yu Fan later, "You have an elderly mother (to take care of). You can go back (to Kuaiji) now."[Sanguozhi 4]

The Yu Fan Biezhuan provided a different account of the above events. It mentioned that Wang Lang sent Yu Fan to meet Hua Xin, the Administrator of Yuzhang Commandery (豫よ章あきら郡ぐん; around present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi), and discuss the forming of a military alliance between Wang Lang and Hua Xin against Sun Ce. However, Yu Fan turned back before reaching his destination because he received news that Sun Ce's army was advancing towards Kuaiji Commandery. His father died during that period of time. Yu Fan did not return home immediately because he felt that he was still on a mission. He travelled day and night to Houguan County to meet Wang Lang, who then sent him home to attend his father's funeral.[Sanguozhi zhu 3]

Service under Sun Ce[edit]

Yu Fan was reinstated as an Officer of Merit by Sun Ce after he returned to Kuaiji Commandery. Sun Ce treated him like a friend and visited his residence.[Sanguozhi 5] The Jiang Biao Zhuan recorded that Sun Ce wrote to Yu Fan: "I wish to work together with you from now. Please do not say I treated you like a lowly commandery-level officer."[Sanguozhi zhu 4]

Sun Ce was very fond of going on hunting excursions. Yu Fan told him: "You gathered a mob, used them to rein in the wandering scholar-gentry, and earned their fervent allegiance towards you. Even Emperor Gao of Han can't be compared to you. When you dress casually and venture out, the officials who accompany you usually don't have enough time to prepare for the trip, while the servants and soldiers are getting tiresome. A leader who doesn't behave in a serious manner doesn't command respect. The White Dragon transformed into a fish for fun and ended up being trapped by the fisherman Yuqie (豫よ且); the White Serpent behaved recklessly and ended up being slain by Liu Bang. I hope you will be more careful." Sun Ce replied: "You're right. However, sometimes, when I'm thinking hard, I feel frustrated if I were to sit down and think. As such, I venture out in search of insight and inspiration."[Sanguozhi 6]

The Wu Shu recorded that Sun Ce once led a military expedition against the Shanyue and ventured into the hills alone after slaying the Shanyue chief and sending his men to pursue and destroy the remaining Shanyue forces. He encountered Yu Fan, who asked him where his bodyguards were. When Sun Ce told him that he had ordered his bodyguards to join the rest of his men in attacking the Shanyue, Yu Fan exclaimed, "This is so dangerous!" He then asked Sun Ce to dismount from his horse and said, "The terrain here is deep and dangerous. You can't control your horse well under such conditions, so you should travel on foot, guide your horse along, and arm yourself with a bow and arrows. I'm good in using a spear and I'll lead the way." After reaching flat ground, Sun Ce mounted his horse again and asked Yu Fan, "You don't have a horse. What are you going to do?" Yu Fan replied, "I can travel on foot. I'm capable of travelling 300 li in a day. Since the start of the campaigns, no one has been able to match my pace. You can try letting a horse run and I'll catch up with it on foot." They encountered a signaller at the main road. Sun Ce took the signaller's horn and blew it. His men recognised the sound of the horn and rushed there to join him. They patrolled the area and pacified the three commanderies.[Sanguozhi zhu 5]

Persuading Hua Xin to surrender to Sun Ce[edit]

See also: Sun Ce's conquests in Jiangdong

The Jiang Biao Zhuan recorded that in 199,[4] when Sun Ce was leading an army to attack Jiangxia Commandery (江夏えなつ郡ぐん; around present-day Xinzhou District, Wuhan, Hubei), he passed by Yuzhang Commandery along the way and wanted to conquer it. He invited Yu Fan to meet him and asked Yu Fan to persuade the Administrator, Hua Xin, to surrender. Yu Fan travelled to Yuzhang Commandery and succeeded in convincing Hua Xin to surrender by pointing out that he stood no chance against Sun Ce. Hua Xin surrendered to Sun Ce the following day.[Sanguozhi zhu 6]

After capturing Yuzhang Commandery, Sun Ce led his army back to Wu Commandery (around present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu), where he rewarded his subjects for their contributions. He told Yu Fan that he heard that many officials serving in the Han imperial capital, Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan) had the impression that Jiangdong had no talents, so he wanted to send Yu Fan there to meet them and prove them wrong. He also considered sending Zhang Hong, but he still preferred Yu Fan. Yu Fan refused and said, "I'm like one of your treasured possessions. You might lose me if you show me to others and they want me. That's why I don't want to go there." Sun Ce laughed and said, "I still have military campaigns to complete so I can't return home yet. You're like my Xiao He. I intend to let you return to Kuaiji as an Officer of Merit to help me guard the commandery." Yu Fan travelled back to Kuaiji Commandery three days later.[Sanguozhi zhu 7]

Pei Songzhi commented that the Jiang Biao Zhuan's account of Yu Fan persuading Hua Xin to surrender is less reliable as compared to another account from the Wu Li. He believed that Hua Xin was not militarily weaker than Wang Lang (as suggested in the Jiang Biao Zhuan) and he might have resisted Sun Ce if he was in control of Kuaiji Commandery instead of Yuzhang Commandery.[Sanguozhi zhu 8]

Events after Sun Ce's death[edit]

Yu Fan was appointed as the Chief (長ちょう) of Fuchun County (富とみ春はる縣けん; in present-day Fuyang, Zhejiang) later. When Sun Ce died in the year 200, many county-level officials wanted to travel to Wu Commandery to attend his funeral. Yu Fan disapproved because he was worried that the Shanyue tribes would take advantage of their absence to cause trouble in the counties, hence he remained in Fuchun County but wore mourning garments to express his grief. The other officials followed suit and the area was peaceful.[Sanguozhi 7]

The Wu Shu and Kuaiji Dianlu recorded an incident involving Sun Hao (孫まご暠), a cousin of Sun Ce. Sun Hao held the appointment of General of the Household Who Establishes Martial Might (定てい武中たけなか郎ろう將しょう) and was stationed at Wucheng County (烏がらす程ほど縣けん; in present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang). After Sun Ce died and was succeeded by his younger brother, Sun Quan, Sun Hao rallied his subordinates, formed an army, and prepared to attack Kuaiji Commandery. When Yu Fan heard about it, he ordered the people in Kuaiji Commandery to hold their positions and await orders from their new lord (Sun Quan) while he met Sun Hao in person.[Sanguozhi zhu 9] He warned Sun Hao: "Our former lord had passed away. Sun Quan is now our new lord. I am prepared to lead everyone in Kuaiji to defend the commandery and eliminate any threat to our new lord. You better reconsider your decision." Sun Hao retreated.[Sanguozhi zhu 10]

Pei Songzhi pointed out a discrepancy between the Sanguozhi account and the Wu Shu and Kuaiji Dianlu accounts about the appointment held by Yu Fan around 200 when Sun Ce died. The Sanguozhi mentioned that Yu Fan was the Chief of Fuchun County, but the Wu Shu and Kuaiji Dianlu suggested that Yu Fan was still serving as an Officer of Merit in Kuaiji Commandery at the time.[Sanguozhi zhu 11]

Service under Sun Quan[edit]

Yu Fan was later nominated as a maocai (茂しげる才ざい; an outstanding civil servant). The Han central government in Xu (許もと; present-day Xuchang, Henan) offered him a position to be an Imperial Clerk (侍さむらい御ご史し) but he declined the offer. The warlord Cao Cao, who then held the nominal appointment of Minister of Works (司つかさ空そら) even though he controlled the central government, also wanted to recruit Yu Fan to serve in his office.[Sanguozhi 8] When Yu Fan heard about it, he rejected Cao Cao's offer and remarked, "The robber Zhi wishes to use his excess wealth to corrupt good people."[Sanguozhi zhu 12]

Yu Fan made annotations to the I Ching and sent his writings to Kong Rong, the Minister Steward (少しょう府ふ) in the Han central government. Kong Rong praised Yu Fan's writings and remarked that they made him realise that there was "more about the beauty of the southeast than just the bamboo arrows of Kuaiji". Zhang Hong, another official serving in Kuaiji Commandery, also wrote mentioned Yu Fan in a letter to Kong Rong: "Scholars used to scorn Yu Zhongxiang. A beautiful piece of jade may look simple on the outside, but it sparkles after it is polished. The ridicule he faced then had no negative effect on him."[Sanguozhi 9]

Sun Quan appointed Yu Fan as a Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう). Yu Fan was known for being very candid and direct in giving advice to Sun Quan, but, in doing so, he offended his lord on many occasions and made him unhappy. Besides, he was known for exhibiting socially deviant behaviour, hence he did not get along well with others and was slandered by them. Sun Quan confined him in Jing County (涇縣), Danyang Commandery (丹に楊郡; in present-day Chun'an County, Zhejiang).[Sanguozhi 10]

Role in the conquest of Jing Province[edit]

Main article: Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province

In 219,[5] Sun Quan's general Lü Meng planned to attack Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province, which were guarded by Liu Bei's general Guan Yu. He claimed that he was ill and returned to Jianye (建けん業ぎょう; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) to put Guan Yu off guard. He also managed to persuade Sun Quan to release Yu Fan from confinement and let Yu Fan accompany him, because Yu Fan had medical skills and could help to treat his illness.[Sanguozhi 11]

Later that year, during the invasion of Jing Province, after Lü Meng received the surrender of Mi Fang, the Administrator of Nan Commandery (南みなみ郡ぐん; around present-day Jiangling County, Hubei), he did not immediately order his forces to occupy the city and instead held celebrations on the beach. Yu Fan reminded Lü Meng, "As of now, only General Mi has surrendered to us. We cannot trust that everyone in the city is willing to surrender too. Why are you celebrating here instead of quickly taking control of the city?" Lü Meng followed Yu Fan's advice. There was actually a planned ambush in the city but it was not successfully carried out because Lü Meng heeded Yu Fan's warning in time.[Sanguozhi 12]

After Guan Yu was defeated, Sun Quan ordered Yu Fan to use divination to predict the outcome, and Yu Fan concluded, "He'll lose his head within two days." Yu Fan's prediction came true. Sun Quan remarked, "You may not be as good as Fuxi, but you're comparable to Dongfang Shuo."[Sanguozhi 13]

Mocking Yu Jin[edit]

Cao Cao's general Yu Jin was captured by Guan Yu during the Battle of Fancheng and was held captive in Nan Commandery. After Sun Quan seized control of Nan Commandery, he released Yu Jin and treated him with respect. One day, when Sun Quan travelling on horseback, he asked Yu Jin to ride beside him. Yu Fan saw that and shouted at Yu Jin, "You're a surrendered prisoner-of-war. How dare you ride side-by-side with my lord!" He wanted to hit Yu Jin with his horsewhip but Sun Quan ordered him to stop. Later, when Yu Jin joined Sun Quan in a feast with his subjects on board a ship, he shed tears when he heard music being played. Yu Fan mocked him, "Are you pretending to be pitiful?" Sun Quan was very unhappy with Yu Fan.[Sanguozhi 14]

In 220, after Cao Cao died, his son Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate in his favour, thereby ending the Han dynasty. Cao Pi then established the state of Cao Wei.[6] Sun Quan made peace with Cao Pi and planned to send Yu Jin back to Wei, but Yu Fan objected and urged him to execute Yu Jin. Sun Quan did not listen to Yu Fan. On the day of Yu Jin's departure, Sun Quan's subjects, including Yu Fan, came to see him off. Yu Fan told Yu Jin, "Don't you ever think there are no great men in Wu. It is just that my advice wasn't heeded." Despite being humiliated by Yu Fan during his stay in Wu, Yu Jin spoke highly of Yu Fan when he returned to Wei. Cao Pi even prepared a seat for Yu Fan[Sanguozhi zhu 13] even though he knew that it would probably remain permanently unoccupied.

Showing disrespect to Sun Quan[edit]

In 220, Cao Pi made Sun Quan a vassal king under the title "King of Wu" (吳くれ王おう) after Sun Quan pledged allegiance to him.[6] Sun Quan threw a feast to celebrate with his subjects. During the feast, he moved around and personally poured wine for his subjects. When he came to Yu Fan, he saw that Yu Fan was lying on the ground and appeared to be drunk, so he walked away. Yu Fan immediately sat up as soon as Sun Quan walked away. Sun Quan thought that Yu Fan was deliberately snubbing him, so he turned furious, drew his sword and wanted to kill Yu Fan. His subjects were all shocked and fearful. Only Liu Ji stood up, grabbed Sun Quan, and pleaded with him to spare Yu Fan. Liu Ji said, "If Your Majesty kills a good man when you're drunk, even if Yu Fan is in the wrong, who would understand the truth? Your Majesty is famous and respected because you showed acceptance and tolerance towards virtuous and talented people over the years. Is it worth ruining your good reputation in just one day?" Sun Quan said, "If Cao Mengde can kill Kong Wenju, why can't I do the same to Yu Fan?" Liu Ji replied, "Mengde killed virtuous people recklessly, hence he didn't win over people's hearts. Your Majesty promotes moral values and righteousness, and wishes to be compared to Yao and Shun. Why are you comparing yourself to him?" Sun Quan then spared Yu Fan and instructed his men to ignore his orders in the future if he was not sober when he ordered someone to be executed.[Sanguozhi 15]

Insulting Mi Fang[edit]

Yu Fan once sailed along the river and encountered Mi Fang. The sailors on Mi Fang's boat wanted Yu Fan's boat to give way, so they shouted, "Make way for the General's boat!" Yu Fan replied angrily, "How can you serve a lord when you've already abandoned the values of loyalty and righteousness? Are you still fit to be called a 'General' after you've lost two of your previous lord's strongholds?" Mi Fang did not reply and he drew the curtains on his boat and instructed his men to give way.[Sanguozhi 16]

In another incident, Yu Fan was riding in a carriage when he passed by Mi Fang's garrison along the way. Mi Fang's men closed the gates so Yu Fan was unable to pass through. Yu Fan was furious and he shouted, "You leave the gates open when they are supposed to be closed, and you close them when they are supposed to be opened. Is this what you should be doing?" Mi Fang felt ashamed when he heard Yu Fan's remark.[Sanguozhi 17]

Exile to Jiao Province and death[edit]

Yu Fan was known to be very direct in his speech and there were many instances when he offended people while he was drunk. Once, when Sun Quan and Zhang Zhao were talking about immortals, Yu Fan pointed at Zhang Zhao and shouted, "They are all dead people, yet you call them immortals. How can there be immortals in this world?" At this point, Sun Quan could no longer tolerate Yu Fan so he exiled him to Jiao Province. While he was in exile, Yu Fan held lectures and had hundreds of students.[Sanguozhi 18] He also annotated ancient classics such as the Daodejing, Lunyu and Guoyu.[Sanguozhi 19] He was friendly with Ding Lan (丁ちょう覽らん) and Xu Ling (徐じょ陵りょう). Both of them started their careers as low-ranking officers serving in county offices, but their lives changed after they met Yu Fan because they rose through the ranks and became famous later on.[Sanguozhi 20]

The Yu Fan Biezhuan recorded that in 229,[7] after Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor and established the state of Eastern Wu, Yu Fan wrote a memorial to congratulate him. He also expressed remorse for his past mistakes and hinted that he hoped that Sun Quan would allow him to return to Jianye (建けん業ぎょう; in present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu).[Sanguozhi zhu 14] Yu Fan spent more than a decade living in exile. He died at the age of 70 (by East Asian age reckoning).[Sanguozhi 21] Sun Quan permitted Yu Fan's family to bring his remains back to Yuyao County for burial. He also freed them from exile.[Sanguozhi 22]

When Yu Fan was living in exile, he was still very concerned about state affairs. For example, he strongly opposed Sun Quan's idea of sending an army across the sea to attack the warlord Gongsun Yuan in Liaodong (in northeastern China). However, he did not dare to voice his opinion directly to Sun Quan, so he asked Lü Dai to help him pass his message to Sun Quan, but Lü Dai did not do so. Sun Quan heard about it later and was so angry with Yu Fan for opposing his decision that he banished Yu Fan further south to Mengling County (猛もう陵りょう縣けん), Cangwu Commandery (蒼梧そうご郡ぐん), which is located in present-day Guangxi.[Sanguozhi zhu 15] Sun Quan sent a fleet to attack Gongsun Yuan, but he regretted his decision later when storms caused the fleet to sustain heavy damage and losses. He remembered Yu Fan and quickly sent messengers to Jiao Province to fetch Yu Fan back to Jianye, but Yu Fan was already dead by then.[Sanguozhi zhu 16]

Family[edit]

Yu Fan had 11 sons.[Sanguozhi 23] Among them, the notable ones were Yu Si, Yu Zhong, Yu Song and Yu Bing. The names of his other sons were not recorded in history.

Appraisal[edit]

Chen Shou, who wrote Yu Fan's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, noted that Yu Fan was very candid and direct in his speech. He also commented that Sun Quan's lack of tolerance for Yu Fan was a sign that Sun Quan was not as magnanimous as he seemed.[Sanguozhi 24]

In Romance of the Three Kingdoms[edit]

Yu Fan appeared as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the history of the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. In chapter 43, Yu Fan was one of the Wu scholars who debated with Zhuge Liang over Sun Quan's decision to ally with Liu Bei against Cao Cao.[8] In chapter 75, during Lü Meng's invasion of Jing Province, Yu Fan succeeded in persuaded Guan Yu's subordinate Fu Shiren to surrender.[9]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Rafe de Crespigny states in A biographical dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms (23–220 AD) that Yu Fan died in 233. Yu Fan's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Yu Fan was 70 years old (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died. Hence, by calculation, Yu Fan was probably born in 164. However, the Zizhi Tongjian recorded that Yu Fan was already dead when Sun Quan wanted to recall him back from Jiao Province in the 9th or 10th month in the 6th year of the Tai'he era (227–233) in Cao Rui's reign.[1]; the period corresponds to 2 Oct to 29 Nov 232 in the Julian calendar. This slightly contradicts the year of death given in de Crespigny's A biographical dictionary. This article uses the year of death provided in de Crespigny's A biographical dictionary.
  2. ^ The four great clans of the Jiangdong region were the Gu (顧), Lu (陸りく), Yu (虞おそれ) and Wei (魏たかし) clans. Some notable members from each clan were: Gu Yong, Gu Shao and Gu Tan of the Gu clan; Lu Xun, Lu Ji and Lu Kai of the Lu clan; Yu Fan of the Yu clan; and Wei Teng (魏たかし騰あが) of the Wei clan.

References[edit]

Citations from Sanguozhi volume 57
  1. ^ (虞おそれ翻こぼし字じ仲なか翔しょう，會かい稽餘姚人也， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  2. ^ (... 太守たいしゅ王おう朗あきら命いのち為ため功こう曹。孫まご策さく征せい會かい稽，翻こぼし時じ遭父喪も，衰おとろえ絰詣府ふ門もん，朗ろう欲よく就之，翻こぼし乃脫衰おとろえ入にゅう見み，勸すすむ朗ろう避策。朗ろう不能ふのう用よう，拒こばめ戰敗せんぱい績， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  3. ^ (... 亡ほろび走はし浮海。翻こぼし追隨ついずい營護，到いた東部とうぶ候こう官かん，候こう官かん長ちょう閉城不ふ受，翻こぼし往說之の，然しか後見こうけん納おさめ。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  4. ^ (朗ろう謂いい翻こぼし曰：「卿きょう有ゆう老母ろうぼ，可か以還矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  5. ^ (翻こぼし旣すんで歸き，策さく復命ふくめい為ため功こう曹，待まち以交友之ともの禮れい，身み詣まい翻こぼし第だい。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  6. ^ (策さく好こう馳はせ騁游獵りょう，翻こぼし諫曰：「明あきら府ふ用よう烏がらす集しゅう之の衆しゅう，驅か散ち附ふ之の士し，皆みな得とく其死力りょく，雖漢高だか帝みかど不ふ及也。至いたり於輕出で微行びこう，從したがえ官かん不ふ暇ひま嚴げん，吏卒常つね苦く之の。夫君ふくん人じん者しゃ不ふ重則しげのり不ふ威い，故こ白龍はくりゅう魚ぎょ服ふく，困こま於豫且，白蛇しろへび自じ放ひ，劉りゅう季き害がい之の，願ねがい少しょう留意りゅうい。」策さく曰：「君きみ言げん是也これや。然しか時とき有ゆう所思しょし，端坐たんざ悒悒，有ゆう裨諶草創そうそう之の計けい，是ぜ以行耳みみ。」) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  7. ^ (翻こぼし出で為ため富とみ春はる長ちょう。策さく薨，諸しょ長ちょう吏並欲ほっ出で赴喪，翻こぼし曰：「恐おそれ鄰縣山やま民みん或ある有ゆう姧變，遠とお委い城郭じょうかく，必致不ふ虞おそれ。」因いん留とめ制服せいふく行ぎょう喪も。諸しょ縣けん皆みな効こう之の，咸以安寧あんねい。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  8. ^ (後こう翻こぼし州しゅう舉茂才ざい，漢かん召為侍さむらい御ご史し，曹公為ため司し空そら辟，皆みな不ふ就。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  9. ^ (翻こぼし與あずか少しょう府ふ孔あな融とおる書しょ，并示以所著ちょ易えき注ちゅう。融とおる荅書曰：「聞延陵りょう之の理り樂らく，覩吾子こ之の治ち易えき，乃知東南とうなん之の美び者しゃ，非ひ徒と會かい稽之竹ちく箭や也。又また觀かん象ぞう雲くも物ぶつ，察應寒さむ溫ぬる，原はら其禍福かふく，與あずか神合こうあい契ちぎり，可か謂いい探さがせ賾窮通どおり者しゃ也。」會かい稽東部とうぶ都と尉じょう張ちょう紘ひろし又また與あずか融とおる書しょ曰：「虞おそれ仲なか翔しょう前ぜん頗為論者ろんしゃ所しょ侵おかせ，美よし寶たから為ため質しつ，彫ほ摩ま益えき光こう，不足ふそく以損。」) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  10. ^ (孫まご權けん以為騎き都と尉じょう。翻こぼし數すう犯はん顏がお諫爭，權けん不能ふのう恱，又また性せい不ふ協きょう俗ぞく，多た見み謗そし毀，坐すわ徙丹楊涇縣けん。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  11. ^ (呂りょ蒙こうむ圖ず取と關せき羽わ，稱たたえ疾やまし還かえ建けん業ぎょう，以翻兼けん知ち醫術いじゅつ，請以自じ隨したがえ，亦また欲よく因いん此令翻こぼし得とく釋しゃく也。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  12. ^ (後ご蒙こうむ舉軍西上にしかみ，南みなみ郡ぐん太守たいしゅ麋おうしか芳よし開城かいじょう出で降ぶ。蒙こうむ未み據よりどころ郡ぐん城じょう而作樂らく沙すな上じょう，翻こぼし謂いい蒙こうむ曰：「今こん區區くく一心者麋將軍也，城しろ中之なかの人じん豈あに可か盡つき信しんじ，何なに不急ふきゅう入城にゅうじょう持じ其管籥乎？」蒙こうむ即そく從したがえ之これ。時どき城じょう中有ちゅうう伏ふく計けい，賴よりゆき翻こぼし謀はかりごと不ふ行くだり。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  13. ^ (關せき羽はね旣すんで敗はい，權けん使し翻こぼし筮之，得とく兌下坎上，節せつ，五ご爻變之の臨，翻こぼし曰：「不出ふしゅつ二に日にち，必當斷頭だんとう。」果はて如翻言ごと。權けん曰：「卿きょう不ふ及伏羲，可か與あずか東方とうほう朔ついたち為ため比ひ矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  14. ^ (魏ぎ將しょう于禁為ため羽わ所しょ獲え，繫在城じょう中ちゅう，權けん至いたり釋しゃく之の，請與相しょう見み。他日たじつ，權けん乘馬じょうば出で，引禁併行へいこう，翻こぼし呵しか禁きん曰：「爾しか降くだ虜とりこ，何なに敢與吾われ君くん齊ひとし馬首うまくび乎！」欲よく抗こう鞭むち擊げき禁きん，權けん呵しか止とめ之の。後こう權けん于樓船せん會かい羣臣飲いん，禁きん聞樂流涕りゅうてい，翻こぼし又また曰：「汝なんじ欲よく以偽求もとめ免めん邪よこしま？」權けん悵然ちょうぜん不平ふへい。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  15. ^ (權けん旣すんで為ため吳くれ王おう，歡宴之の末すえ，自じ起行きぎょう酒しゅ，翻こぼし伏ふく地ち陽ひ醉よい，不ふ持じ。權けん去さ，翻こぼし起おこり坐すわ。權けん於是大だい怒いか，手て劒欲擊げき之の，侍坐じざ者しゃ莫不惶遽，惟おもんみ大だい司つかさ農みのり劉りゅう基はじめ起おこり抱だき權けん諫曰：「大王だいおう以三さん爵之後ご，手て殺ころせ善ぜん士し，雖翻有罪ゆうざい，天下てんか孰知之の？且大王おう以能容よう賢けん畜衆，故こ海うみ內望風ふう，今こん一朝いっちょう棄之，可か乎？」權けん曰：「曹孟德とく尚なお殺ころせ孔あな文ぶん舉，孤こ於虞翻こぼし何なん有ゆう哉？」基もと曰：「孟はじめ德とく輕けい害がい士人しじん，天下てんか非ひ之これ。大王だいおう躬行きゅうこう德義とくぎ，欲ほし與あずか堯、舜しゅん比ひ隆たかし，何なに得え自じ喻於彼かれ乎？」翻こぼし由よし是ぜ得とく免めん。權けん因いん勑左右さゆう，自今じこん酒しゅ後ご言げん殺ころせ，皆みな不ふ得とく殺ころせ。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  16. ^ (翻こぼし甞乘船行ふなゆき，與あずか麋おうしか芳よし相しょう逢，芳よし船上せんじょう人じん多欲たよく令れい翻こぼし自じ避，先驅せんく曰：「避將軍船ぐんせん！」翻こぼし厲聲曰：「失しつ忠ちゅう與信よしん，何なに以事君くん？傾かたぶけ人じん二に城しろ，而稱將軍しょうぐん，可か乎？」芳よし闔戶不ふ應おう而遽避之。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  17. ^ (後こう翻こぼし乘車じょうしゃ行ぎょう，又また經芳つねよし營門，吏閉門へいもん，車くるま不ふ得とく過か。翻こぼし復ふく怒いか曰：「當とう閉反開ひらけ，當とう開ひらけ反はん閉，豈あに得とく事ごと宜むべ邪よこしま？」芳よし聞之，有ゆう慙色。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  18. ^ (翻こぼし性せい疏直，數すう有ゆう酒しゅ失しつ。權けん與あずか張ちょう昭あきら論及ろんきゅう神仙しんせん，翻こぼし指ゆび昭あきら曰：「彼かれ皆みな死人しにん，而語神仙しんせん，世せい豈あに有ゆう仙人せんにん也！」權けん積せき怒いか非ひ一いち，遂とげ徙翻交州。雖處罪ざい放ひ，而講學がく不ふ倦，門徒もんと常數じょうすう百ひゃく人にん。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  19. ^ (又また為ため老子ろうし、論語ろんご、國語こくご訓くん注ちゅう，皆傳かいでん於世。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  20. ^ (初はつ，山陰丁やまげてい覽らん，太ふとし末まつ徐じょ陵りょう，或ある在ざい縣けん吏之中ちゅう，或ある衆しゅう所しょ未み識，翻こぼし一見いっけん之の，便びん與あずか友とも善ぜん，終おわり成なり顯あらわ名めい。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  21. ^ (在ざい南みなみ十じゅう餘よ年ねん，年ねん七なな十じゅう卒そつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  22. ^ (歸き葬そう舊きゅう墓はか，妻子さいし得え還かえ。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  23. ^ (翻こぼし有ゆう十じゅう一いち子し， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  24. ^ (評ひょう曰：虞おそれ翻こぼし古いにしえ之の狂きょう直じき，固かた難なん免めん乎末世まっせ，然しか權けん不能ふのう容よう，非ひ曠宇也。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
Citations from annotations in the Sanguozhi
  1. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：翻こぼし少しょう好學こうがく，有高ありだか氣き。年とし十じゅう二に，客きゃく有ゆう候こう其兄者しゃ，不ふ過か翻こぼし，翻こぼし追おい與あずか書しょ曰：「僕ぼく聞虎魄たま不ふ取と腐くさ芥あくた，磁石じしゃく不ふ受曲鍼，過か而不存そん，不ふ亦また宜むべ乎！」客きゃく得とく書しょ奇き之の，由ゆかり是ぜ見み稱しょう。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  2. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：翻こぼし始はじめ欲よく送おく朗ろう到いた廣陵こうりょう，朗ろう惑王方かた平たいら記き，言げん「疾やまし來らい邀我，南岳みなみだけ相しょう求もとむ」，故こ遂とげ南みなみ行ぎょう。旣すんで至いたり候こう官かん，又また欲よく投とう交州，翻こぼし諫朗曰：「此妄書しょ耳みみ，交州無む南岳みなみだけ，安やす所しょ投とう乎？」乃止。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  3. ^ (翻こぼし別傳べつでん曰：朗ろう使し翻こぼし見み豫よ章あきら太守たいしゅ華はな歆，圖ず起おこり義兵ぎへい。翻こぼし未み至いたり豫よ章あきら，聞孫策さく向むこう會かい稽，翻こぼし乃還。會かい遭父喪も，以臣使し有ゆう節ぶし，不ふ敢過家か，星ほし行こう追つい朗ろう至いたり候こう官かん。朗ろう遣や翻こぼし還かえ，然しか後こう奔喪。而傳云うん孫まご策さく之の來き，翻こぼし衰おとろえ絰詣府ふ門もん，勸すすむ朗ろう避策，則のり為ため大だい異こと。) Yu Fan Biezhuan annotation and Pei Songzhi's note in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  4. ^ (江こう表ひょう傳でん曰：策さく書しょ謂いい翻こぼし曰：「今日きょう之の事こと，當とう與あずか卿きょう共之ともゆき，勿謂孫まご策さく作さく郡ぐん吏相待まち也。」) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  5. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：策さく討山越やまごえ，斬き其渠帥そち，悉令左右さゆう分ぶん行ぎょう逐賊，獨どく騎き與あずか翻こぼし相しょう得とく山中さんちゅう。翻こぼし問とい左右さゆう安在あんざい，策さく曰：「悉行逐賊。」翻こぼし曰：「危事也！」令れい策さく下馬げば：「此草深ふか，卒そつ有ゆう驚おどろき急きゅう，馬うま不ふ及縈策さく，但ただし牽之，執と弓矢ゆみや以步。翻こぼし善用ぜんよう矛ほこ，請在前まえ行ぎょう。」得とく平地ひらち，勸すすむ策さく乘馬じょうば。策さく曰：「卿きょう無む馬うま柰何？」荅曰：「翻こぼし能のう步行ほこう，日にち可か三さん百ひゃく里り，自じ征討せいとう以來いらい，吏卒無む及翻者しゃ，明あきら府ふ試こころみ躍おど馬うま，翻こぼし能のう疏步隨ずい之の。」行ぎょう及大道どう，得とく一いち鼓こ吏，策さく取と角かく自じ鳴な之これ，部ぶ曲きょく識聲，小しょう大だい皆みな出で，遂とげ從したがえ周旋しゅうせん，平定へいてい三さん郡ぐん。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  6. ^ (江こう表ひょう傳でん曰：策さく討黃祖そ，旋軍欲ほし過か取と豫よ章あきら，特とく請翻語ご曰：「華子はなこ魚ぎょ自じ有ゆう名字みょうじ，然しか非ひ吾われ敵てき也。加か聞其戰せん具ぐ甚少，若わか不ふ開門かいもん讓ゆずる城じょう，金きむ鼓こ一いち震ふるえ，不ふ得とく無む所しょ傷害しょうがい，卿きょう便びん在ざい前ぜん具ぐ宣せん孤こ意い。」翻こぼし即そく奉たてまつ命いのち辭じ行ぎょう，徑みち到いた郡ぐん，請被褠葛巾はば與あずか敵てき相しょう見み，謂いい歆曰：「君きみ自じ料りょう名聲めいせい之の在ざい海うみ內，孰與鄙ひな郡ぐん故こ王おう府ふ君くん？」歆曰：「不ふ及也。」翻こぼし曰：「豫よ章あきら資し糧かて多少たしょう？器うつわ仗精否ひ？士民しみん勇いさむ果はて孰與鄙ひな郡ぐん？」又また曰：「不ふ如也。」翻こぼし曰：「討逆將軍しょうぐん智略ちりゃく超ちょう世よ，用兵ようへい如神，前まえ走はし劉りゅう揚よう州しゅう，君くん所しょ親おや見み，南みなみ定てい鄙ひな郡ぐん，亦また君きみ所しょ聞也。今こん欲よく守もり孤城こじょう，自じ料りょう資し糧かて，已やめ知ち不足ふそく，不ふ早はや為ため計けい，悔無及也。今こん大軍たいぐん已やめ次じ椒はじかみ丘おか，僕ぼく便びん還かえ去ざ，明日あした日にち中迎なかむかえ檄げき不ふ到いた者しゃ，與あずか君きみ辭じ矣。」翻こぼし旣すんで去さ，歆明旦だん出城でしろ，遣や吏迎策さく。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  7. ^ (策さく旣定きてい豫よ章あきら，引軍還かえ吳ご，饗きょう賜たまもの將士しょうし，計けい功こう行賞こうしょう，謂いい翻こぼし曰：「孤こ昔むかし再さい至いたり壽ことぶき春はる，見み馬ば日び磾，及與中州なかす士し大夫たいふ會かい，語ご我わが東方とうほう人じん多才たさい耳みみ，但ただし恨學問がくもん不ふ博はく，語ご議ぎ之の間あいだ，有ゆう所しょ不ふ及耳。孤こ意い猶なお謂いい未み耳みみ。卿きょう博學はくがく洽あまね聞，故こ前ぜん欲よく令れい卿きょう一いち詣まい許もと，交見朝あさ士し，以折中國ちゅうごく妄語もうご兒じ。卿きょう不ふ願行がんぎょう，便びん使つかい子こ綱つな；恐おそれ子こ綱つな不能ふのう結ゆい兒じ輩やから舌した也。」翻こぼし曰：「翻こぼし是ぜ明あきら府ふ家寶かほう，而以示しめせ人じん，人にん儻留之の，則のり去さ明あきら府ふ良りょう佐さ，故こ前ぜん不ふ行くだり耳みみ。」策さく笑わらい曰：「然しか。」因いん曰：「孤こ有ゆう征討せいとう事ごと，未み得え還かえ府ふ，卿きょう復ふく以功曹為吾われ蕭しょう何なに，守もり會かい稽耳。」後ご三さん日にち，便びん遣や翻こぼし還かえ郡ぐん。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  8. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の以為王おう、華はな二公於擾攘之時，抗こう猛もう銳するど之これ鋒ほこさき，俱非所しょ能のう。歆之名めい德とく，實み高だか於朗，而江表ひょう傳でん述じゅつ翻こぼし說せつ華はな，云うん「海うみ內名聲ごえ，孰與於王」，此言非ひ也。然しか王公おうこう拒こばめ戰せん，華はな逆ぎゃく請服，實じつ由よし孫まご策さく初はつ起おこり，名めい微ほろ衆寡しゅうか，故こ王おう能のう舉兵，豈あに武たけ勝哉かつや？策さく後ご威力いりょく轉てん盛もり，勢いきおい不可ふか敵てき，華はな量りょう力りょく而止，非ひ必用ひつよう仲なか翔しょう之これ說せつ也。若わか使つかい易えき地ち而居，亦また華はな戰せん王おう服ふく耳みみ。案あん吳くれ歷れき載の翻こぼし謂いい歆曰：「竊聞明あきら府ふ與あずか王おう府ふ君くん齊ひとし名めい中州なかす，海うみ內所宗むね，雖在東ひがし垂たれ，常つね懷ふところ瞻仰。」歆荅曰：「孤こ不ふ如王會かい稽。」翻こぼし復ふく問とい：「不審ふしん豫よ章あきら精兵せいびょう，何なに如會稽？」對たい曰：「大だい不ふ如也。」翻こぼし曰：「明あきら府ふ言げん不ふ如王會かい稽，謙けん光之みつゆき譚たん耳みみ；精兵せいびょう不ふ如會稽，實じつ如尊教きょう。」因いん述じゅつ孫まご策さく才略さいりゃく殊こと異こと，用兵ようへい之の奇き，歆乃荅云當とう去さ。翻こぼし出で，歆遣吏迎策さく。二に說せつ有ゆう不同ふどう，此說為ため勝也かつや。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  9. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：策さく薨，權けん統すべ事ごと。定てい武中たけなか郎ろう將はた暠，策さく之の從兄じゅうけい也，屯たむろ烏がらす程ほど，整せい帥そち吏士，欲ほし取と會かい稽。會かい稽聞之の，使つかい民みん守もり城じょう以俟嗣主之の命めいじ，因いん令れい人じん告諭こくゆ暠。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  10. ^ (會かい稽典錄ろく載の翻こぼし說せつ暠曰：「討逆明あきら府ふ，不ふ竟天年ねん。今いま攝と事こと統すべ衆しゅ，宜むべ在ざい孝こう廉れん，翻こぼし已やめ與一よいち郡ぐん吏士，嬰城固守こしゅ，必欲出で一旦いったん之これ命めいじ，為ため孝こう廉かど除じょ害がい，惟おもんみ執事しつじ圖ず之の。」於是暠退。) Kuaiji Dianlu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  11. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の案あん：此二書所說策亡之時，翻こぼし猶なお為ため功こう曹，與本よもと傳つたえ不同ふどう。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  12. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：翻こぼし聞曹公こう辟，曰：「盜ぬすめ跖欲以餘財ざい污良家か邪よこしま？」遂とげ拒こばめ不ふ受。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  13. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：後こう權けん與あずか魏ぎ和わ，欲ほし遣や禁きん還かえ歸き北きた，翻こぼし復ふく諫曰：「禁きん敗はい數すう萬まん衆しゅ，身み為ため降くだ虜とりこ，又また不能ふのう死し。北きた習軍政ぐんせい，得とく禁きん必不如所規ぶんまわし。還かえ之これ雖無所しょ損そん，猶なお為ため放ひ盜ぬすめ，不ふ如斬以令三軍さんぐん，示しめせ為ため人臣じんしん有ゆう二に心しん者しゃ。」權けん不ふ聽。羣臣送おく禁きん，翻こぼし謂いい禁きん曰：「卿きょう勿謂吳くれ無人むじん，吾われ謀はかりごと適てき不用ふよう耳みみ。」禁きん雖為翻こぼし所しょ惡あく，然しか猶なお盛もり歎翻，魏ぎ文ぶん帝みかど常つね為ため翻こぼし設しつらえ虛むなし坐すわ。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  14. ^ (翻こぼし別傳べつでん曰：權けん即そく尊號そんごう，翻こぼし因いん上書うわがき曰：「陛下へいか膺明聖ひじり之の德とく，體たい舜しゅん、禹之孝こう，歷れき運うん當期とうき，順じゅん天てん濟ずみ物ぶつ。奉たてまつ承うけたまわ策さく命いのち，臣しん獨どく抃舞。罪つみ棄兩絕ぜっ，拜賀はいが無む階かい，仰おおせ瞻宸極ごく，且喜且悲。臣しん伏ふく自じ刻こく省しょう，命いのち輕けい雀すずめ鼠ねずみ，性せい輶毫釐，罪惡ざいあく莫大ばくだい，不ふ容よう於誅，昊ひろし天てん罔極，全ぜん宥なだめ九きゅう載の，退すさ當とう念ねん戮，頻しき受生活せいかつ，復ふく偷視息いき。臣しん年ねん耳順じじゅん，思おもえ咎とがめ憂う憤いきどお，形容けいよう枯悴，髮かみ白齒しらは落，雖未能のう死し，自じ悼終沒ぼつ，不ふ見み宮みや闕百官かん之の富とみ，不ふ覩皇輿こし金きん軒のき之の飾かざり，仰おおせ觀かん巍巍ぎぎ衆しゅ民みん之の謠うたい，傍聽ぼうちょう鍾鼓侃ただし然しか之これ樂らく，永えい隕海隅すみ，棄骸絕域ぜついき，不ふ勝かち悲慕，逸いっ豫よ大慶たいけい，恱以忘罪。」) Yu Fan Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  15. ^ (吳くれ書しょ曰：翻こぼし雖在徙棄，心こころ不ふ忘國，常つね憂う五ご谿宜討，以遼東海とうかい絕ぜっ，聽人使し來らい屬ぞく，尚なお不足ふそく取と，今いま去さ人ひと財ざい以求馬ば，旣すんで非ひ國利こくり，又また恐おそれ無む獲え。欲よく諫不敢，作表さくひょう以示呂りょ岱，岱不報むくい，為ため愛憎あいぞう所しょ白しろ，復ふく徙蒼梧猛陵りょう。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  16. ^ (江こう表ひょう傳でん曰：後こう權けん遣や將士しょうし至いたり遼東りゃおとん，於海中ちゅう遭風，多た所しょ沒ぼつ失しつ，權けん悔之，乃令曰：「昔むかし趙ちょう簡子稱しょう諸君しょくん之の唯唯ただただ，不ふ如周舍しゃ之の諤諤がくがく。虞おそれ翻こぼし亮あきら直じき，善ぜん於盡言ごと，國之くにゆき周しゅう舍しゃ也。前ぜん使つかい翻こぼし在ざい此，此役不ふ成なり。」促下問かもん交州，翻こぼし若わか尚なお存そん者しゃ，給きゅう其人船せん，發はつ遣や還かえ都と；若わか以亡者しゃ，送おく喪も還かえ本ほん郡ぐん，使つかい兒じ子こ仕つかまつ宦。會かい翻こぼし已やめ終おわり。) Jiang Biao Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
Other sources
  1. ^ a b c (明あきら帝みかど太ふと和やわ六ろく年ねん（壬みずのえ子こ、二に三さん二に年ねん） ... 吳ご主しゅ聞之，始はじめ思おもえ虞おそれ翻こぼし之の言げん，乃召翻こぼし於交州しゅう。會かい翻こぼし已やめ卒そつ，以其喪も還かえ。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 72.
  2. ^ a b de Crespigny (2007), p. 994.
  3. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 62.
  4. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 63.
  5. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 68.
  6. ^ a b Zizhi Tongjian vol. 69.
  7. ^ Zizhi Tongjian vol. 71.
  8. ^ (座ざ上じょう忽ゆるがせ一人ひとり抗こう聲問こえとい曰：「今こん曹公兵へい屯たむろ百ひゃく萬まん，將はた列れつ千せん員いん，龍りゅう驤虎視し，平ひら吞江夏なつ，公おおやけ以為何なん如？」孔明こうめい視し之の，乃虞翻こぼし也。 ... 虞おそれ翻こぼし不能ふのう對たい。) Sanguo Yanyi ch. 43.
  9. ^ (虞おそれ翻こぼし至いたり，見城けんじょう門もん緊閉，遂とげ寫うつし書しょ拴於箭や上じょう，射しゃ入城にゅうじょう中ちゅう。軍ぐん士し拾得しゅうとく，獻けんじ與あずか傅でん士し仁じん。士し仁じん拆書視し之の，乃招降之の意い。覽らん畢，想起そうき關せき公おおやけ去さ日ひ恨吾之の意い，不ふ如早降くだ；即そく令れい大だい開城かいじょう門もん，請虞翻こぼし入城にゅうじょう。二人ふたり禮れい畢，各かく訴舊情きゅうじょう。翻こぼし說せつ吳ご侯ほう寬ひろし洪ひろし大度たいど，禮れい賢けん下士かし。士し仁じん大喜だいぎ，即そく同どう虞おそれ翻こぼし齎印綬來荊州投降とうこう。) Sanguo Yanyi ch. 75.
  • de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
  • Luo, Guanzhong (14th century). Romance of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguo Yanyi).
  • Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
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