Lu Xun (Eastern Wu)
Lu Xun | |
---|---|
Imperial Chancellor ( | |
In office January or February 244[a] – 19 March 245[b] | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
Preceded by | Gu Yong |
Succeeded by | Bu Zhi |
Senior General-in-Chief ( | |
In office 229 – January or February 244 | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
Succeeded by | Lü Dai |
Right Protector-General ( | |
In office 229 – January or February 244 | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
Grand Chief Controller ( | |
In office 228 | |
In office 222 –223 | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
General Who Assists the State (輔國 | |
In office 222 –229 | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
Governor of Jing Province (荊州 | |
In office 222 –229 | |
Monarch | Sun Quan |
General Who Guards the West ( | |
In office 219 –222 | |
Personal details | |
Born | 183[c] Wu County, Wu Commandery, Han Empire (present-day Suzhou, Jiangsu) |
Died | 19 March 245 (aged 62)[b] Wuchang, Eastern Wu (present-day Ezhou, Hubei) |
Spouse | Lady Sun |
Children |
|
Parent |
|
Relatives | |
Occupation | General, politician |
Courtesy name | Boyan ( |
Posthumous name | Marquis Zhao ( |
Peerage | Marquis of Jiangling ( |
Original name | Lu Yi ( |
Lu Xun (183 – 19 March 245),[c] courtesy name Boyan, also sometimes referred to as Lu Yi, was a Chinese military general and politician of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career as an official under the warlord Sun Quan in the 200s during the late Eastern Han dynasty and steadily rose through the ranks. In 219, he assisted Sun Quan's general Lü Meng in an invasion of Jing Province, which led to the defeat and death of Liu Bei's general Guan Yu. In 222, he served as the field commander of the Wu army in the Battle of Xiaoting against Liu Bei's forces and scored a decisive victory over the opponent. Lu Xun reached the pinnacle of his career after this battle as Sun Quan regarded him more highly, promoted him to higher positions and bestowed upon him unprecedented honours. Throughout the middle and later parts of his career, Lu Xun oversaw both civil and military affairs in Wu while participating in battles against Wu's rival state, Wei, from time to time. In his final years, Lu Xun was drawn into a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons and fell out of Sun Quan's favour as a consequence. He managed to retain his appointment as Imperial Chancellor – an office he assumed in 244 – but died a year later in frustration. Lu Xun's role in the Wu government was likened to that of a custos morum as he believed firmly in and upheld Confucian principles and practices.[3] On the one hand, he provided constant and timely advice to Sun Quan to exercise benevolence and consider the welfare of the people. On the other hand, he vehemently objected to Sun Quan's idea of replacing his legitimate heir apparent in favour of a younger son.
Family background[edit]
Lu Xun's original given name was "Yi" (
As he was orphaned at a young age, Lu Xun was raised by his granduncle, Lu Kang (
Early career[edit]
As a county-level official[edit]
In the early 200s, when Lu Xun was 20 years old, he came to serve the warlord Sun Quan, who was nominally a subject of the Han emperor, but had full autonomy in governing the territories in Jiangdong he inherited from his elder brother, Sun Ce. Lu Xun started his career as a minor officer in Sun Quan's office. He later became a Foreman Clerk in the East and West Bureaus (
Eliminating bandit forces[edit]
Early in his career, Lu Xun joined Sun Quan's forces in eliminating bandits in the Jiangdong territories who had been terrorising the region for years and posed serious threats to Sun Quan's administration. He organised a militia to attack the bandits led by Pan Lin (
Lu Xun once advised Sun Quan to eliminate local bandit forces in Jiangdong first because they would hinder him in his aims to achieve supremacy over China. Sun Quan heeded Lu Xun's words and appointed him as a Commandant of the Right Section (
Lu Xun sent his troops into the three commanderies in eastern Jiangdong, where he drafted many able-bodied young men for military service while the less physically fit ones were recruited for agricultural labour. He drafted tens of thousands of soldiers in total. He also cleared the region of opposing forces before returning to a garrison at Wuhu.[Sanguozhi 5]
Conflict with Chunyu Shi[edit]
Chunyu Shi (
Invasion of Jing Province[edit]
Planning for the invasion[edit]
Around 215, about six years after the Battle of Red Cliffs, Sun Quan had territorial disputes with his ally, Liu Bei, over southern Jing Province. Tensions between them nearly escalated to the point of armed conflict. However, after tense negotiations[e] between Lu Su (Sun Quan's representative) and Guan Yu (Liu Bei's representative), both sides eventually agreed to divide southern Jing Province between their respective domains along the Xiang River.[Sanguozhi 7] Guan Yu guarded Liu Bei's territories in southern Jing Province while Lü Meng was in charge of Sun Quan's.[Sanguozhi 8]
In 219, Lü Meng came up with a plan to help Sun Quan seize control of Liu Bei's territories in Jing Province. He pretended to be sick and asked for permission to return to Jianye to seek medical treatment. Sun Quan played along by pretending to approve his request. Lu Xun went to visit Lü Meng and said, "Guan Yu is near the border. How can we remain far behind the border and not worry about having to guard against him?" Lü Meng replied, "What you've said is true, but I'm seriously ill now." Lu Xun then said, "Guan Yu is proud of his own valour and he scorns others. He may have made great achievements, but he's overly conceited. Besides, he's heading north and he has never seen us a threat. When he knows you're sick, he'll definitely lower his defences. If we attack him when he lowers his guard, we can capture him. I came here to discuss with you a plan to attack him." Lü Meng replied, "Guan Yu is known for his bravery and ferocity in battle, and he's a formidable foe. Besides, he's in control of Jing Province. He governs with virtue and has made great accomplishments, while the morale of his army is at its peak. It won't be easy to defeat him."[Sanguozhi 9]
Succeeding Lü Meng[edit]
When Lü Meng arrived in Jianye, Sun Quan asked him, "Who can replace you?" Lü Meng responded, "Lu Xun is careful and thoughtful. He has the ability to shoulder this important responsibility. Based on my observations of him, I believe he's capable of taking up greater responsibilities in the future. Besides, he's relatively unknown, so Guan Yu won't be wary of him. This can't be better. If he's appointed, our enemies will be unaware of our intentions, while we can assess our strengths better and seek an opportunity to launch the attack." Sun Quan followed Lü Meng's suggestion and commissioned Lu Xun as a Lieutenant-General (
When Lu Xun arrived at Lukou (
"Previously, I had the privilege of seeing you in action. You uphold good discipline in your army and achieved success with minimal effort. That is praiseworthy! Our enemy has been defeated. It is to our mutual benefit that we strengthen our alliance. Having received this piece of good news, I intend to pack up all my belongings and join you in striving to accomplish our lords' common goals. I am unintelligent, but I have received orders to travel to the west and take up this responsibility. I hope to catch a glimpse of your glory and receive some good advice from you."[Sanguozhi 11]
Later, after Guan Yu defeated Yu Jin at the Battle of Fancheng, Lu Xun wrote a letter to Guan again to flatter him and put him off guard:
"Now that Yu Jin and others have been captured, everyone far and near rejoices, and your feat will be praised for generations. Neither Duke Wen of Jin's victory at Chengpu nor the Marquis of Huaiyin's strategy in conquering Zhao can be compared to your achievement. I heard that Xu Huang and his forces are approaching and preparing for an offensive. Cao Cao is very cunning and his intentions are difficult to predict. I am afraid he might secretly increase the number of troops (in Xu Huang's army) to achieve his aim. Even though the enemy is weary, they still have some fighting spirit left in them. Every time after scoring a victory, there is a tendency for us to underestimate the enemy. The best military leaders in ancient times maintained their defences even after they won battles. I hope that you can make grander plans to secure a total victory. I am but a scholar, negligent and slow, and unworthy in many aspects. I am pleased to have a majestic and virtuous neighbour like you; I cannot contain my excitement. Even though we have not worked together yet, I always hope for such an opportunity. If you require my attention, I will pay my fullest attention."[Sanguozhi 12]
Invasion and pacification of Jing Province[edit]
Upon receiving the letters, Guan Yu saw that Lu Xun showed humility and expressed his desire to rely on him, so he felt at ease and lowered his guard. When Lu Xun heard about it, he wrote a report to Sun Quan and provided crucial details on how to defeat Guan Yu. Sun Quan secretly sent an army to invade Jing Province, with Lü Meng and Lu Xun leading the vanguard force. Lü Meng employed infiltration tactics to disable the watchtowers set up by Guan Yu along the Yangtze River, rendering them unable to warn Guan Yu about Sun Quan's advances, and then swiftly conquered Guan Yu's key bases in Jing Province – Gong'an County and Nan Commandery (
Even after Sun Quan's forces successfully conquered southern Jing Province, there were still some areas which were still controlled by Liu Bei's forces or other hostile forces, so Lu Xun had to pacify those regions. He sent his subordinates Li Yi (
Aftermath[edit]
Throughout these campaigns in Jing Province, Lu Xun had killed, captured or recruited tens of thousands of enemies. In recognition of Lu Xun's efforts, Sun Quan promoted him to Right Protector-General (
At the time, there were many educated men in Jing Province who had either obtained positions in the civil service or were unemployed, so Lu Xun wrote a proposal to Sun Quan:[Sanguozhi 16]
"In the past, Emperor Gao recruited people with extraordinary abilities; talents flocked to join Emperor Guangwu when he revived the Han dynasty. We should attract all Confucian-educated men into the civil service, regardless of how far away they are. Now, Jing Province has just been pacified and there are still many people and things yet to be in place. I humbly urge you to employ these potential talents and groom them, so that all within the Empire will be attracted by our great culture."[Sanguozhi 17]
Sun Quan accepted Lu Xun's proposal.[Sanguozhi 18]
Battle of Xiaoting[edit]
Historical background[edit]
In late 220, Cao Pi forced Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne in his favour and ended the Han dynasty. He declared himself emperor and established the state of Cao Wei to replace the Han dynasty, marking the start of the Three Kingdoms period. Two years later, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and established the state of Shu Han as a successor to the Han dynasty and to challenge Cao Pi's legitimacy. Sun Quan agreed to submit to Cao Pi's rule and received the title of a vassal king, King of Wu" (
Early stages[edit]
In early 222, Liu Bei personally led the Shu army to attack Sun Quan and retake his lost territories in southern Jing Province. Sun Quan appointed Lu Xun as Grand Chief Controller (
When the Wu generals wanted to respond to the enemy's taunts, Lu Xun said, "This must be a trick. We should observe first."[Sanguozhi 20] Earlier on, when the Shu army first arrived at Yiling, the Wu generals wanted to attack the enemy, but Lu Xun objected and said, "Liu Bei is leading an army east to attack us and his army's morale is very high. Besides, his forces are based in high and mountainous terrain, so it's difficult for us to attack them. Even if we manage to win, we cannot completely defeat them. If we suffer any setback, our morale will be greatly affected and this isn't a small issue. Now, we should raise our troops' morale and make plans while waiting for changes in the situation. If we're on plains and flat ground, we should be worrying about sustaining heavy losses in skirmishes and charges. However, since the enemy is on mountainous terrain, they can't carry out an all-out assault because they're sandwiched between wood and rocks. We should take advantage of this weakness of theirs." The Wu generals did not understand Lu Xun's reasoning and thought that he feared the enemy so they were very disgruntled with him.[Sanguozhi zhu 3]
When Liu Bei realised that his plan to lure Wu forces into attacking him had failed, he led the 8,000 troops out of the valley, where they had been waiting in ambush earlier. When Lu Xun heard about it, he told his subordinates, "The reason why I didn't follow your suggestions to attack the enemy is because I suspected there was something fishy about it."[Sanguozhi 21] He then wrote a report to Sun Quan:
"Yiling is a strategic location on the border of our domain. It can be easily conquered but it is also easily lost (to the enemy). If we lose Yiling, we lose not only one commandery, but also put the entire Jing Province in peril. Today, we are fighting over it and we must win. Liu Bei defies Heaven's will, leaves his bases unguarded, and dares to thrust himself into our hands. I may not be very talented, but I have received grand support to attack the enemy, and their destruction is near. Liu Bei has more defeats than victories throughout his military career, so, based on this assessment, I believe he is not much of a threat. Initially, I thought he would advance from both land and water, but to my surprise, he abandoned his boats and chose the land route. He has been constructing camps everywhere and I do not think he will make any further changes to the current layout of his camps. I hope that you, my Lord, can be at ease and have no worries."[Sanguozhi 22]
Burning of the Shu camps[edit]
The Wu generals said, "We should have attacked Liu Bei in the initial stages. Now, he has advanced further in by 500-600 li and we have been locked in a stalemate for seven to eight months. He has reinforced all his crucial positions, so even if we attack them it will yield nothing." Lu Xun replied, "Liu Bei is cunning and experienced. In the initial stage, his army was very focused and its morale was very high, so we couldn't defeat them then. Now, however, since it has been quite some time, they are already weary, low on morale, and out of ideas. Now is the time for us to launch a multi-pronged assault on them."[Sanguozhi 23]
Lu Xun then targeted one enemy camp and attacked it but failed to capture it. The Wu officers complained, "We're sacrificing our soldiers' lives for nothing." Lu Xun replied, "I have devised a strategy for defeating the enemy." He then ordered his men to carry a pile of straw each and launch a fire attack on the enemy. Upon the commencement of the fire attack, Lu Xun led all the Wu units on an all-out assault on the Shu forces. The Shu generals Zhang Nan and Feng Xi, and the tribal king Shamoke (Liu Bei's ally) were killed in battle, while the Wu forces destroyed over 40 Shu camps.[Sanguozhi 24]
The Shu officers Du Lu (
Incidents during the battle[edit]
During the preliminary stages of the Battle of Xiaoting, Sun Huan had led a separate force to attack the Shu vanguard force at Yidao (
Many of the Wu officers who participated in the battle had either served in Wu since Sun Ce's time or were relatives of the Sun family, so they viewed themselves highly and were unwilling to follow Lu Xun's orders. Lu Xun placed his sword on the desk and said,[Sanguozhi 27]
"Liu Bei is well known throughout the Empire, and even Cao Cao feared him. Now, he's at our borders and we have a tough fight ahead. All of you gentlemen have received grace from the state, so you should cooperate harmoniously and work together to defeat the enemy to repay the state's kindness. You shouldn't be behaving as you are now. I may be a mere scholar, but I have received orders from our Lord. The reason why the state asks you to lower yourselves and submit to my command is because I have a modicum of value and I can endure humiliation for the sake of fulfilling a greater task. Each of you has your own duties so you can't excuse yourselves from them! Military rules are long established. You shouldn't break them."[Sanguozhi 28]
The Wu officers began to show greater respect towards Lu Xun after the Wu victory, which was largely due to his strategies.[Sanguozhi 29] When Sun Quan heard about this incident, he asked Lu Xun, "Why didn't you report to me about the generals refusing to follow your orders?"[Sanguozhi 30] Lu Xun replied,
"I've received much grace from the state and have been appointed to a position beyond my capability. All the generals are either trustworthy men, capable military leaders, or men who have rendered meritorious service, so they are important people whom the state can rely on in order to achieve its goals. I may be weak and cowardly, but I'd still like to learn from the virtues Xiangru[g][5] and Kou Xun[h][6] when they put up with disagreements they had with their colleagues and worked together for the common good of their states."[Sanguozhi 31]
Sun Quan laughed and praised Lu Xun. Lu Xun was promoted to General Who Assists the State (輔國
Aftermath[edit]
After Liu Bei had retreated to Baidicheng, Xu Sheng, Pan Zhang, Song Qian and other Wu generals suggested to attack Baidicheng and capture Liu Bei. When Sun Quan asked Lu Xun for his opinion, Lu, along with Zhu Ran and Luo Tong, said that when Cao Pi amassed his forces and seemed like he was going to help Wu attack Shu, he was actually harbouring sinister intentions, so they should be cautious, abandon their pursuit of Liu Bei, and return to Wu. Not long later, Cao Pi led the Wei armies to invade Wu from three directions.[Sanguozhi 33]
When Liu Bei heard of the Wei invasion of Wu, he still had his armies and scouts on and around the border, Zhuge Liang, Li Yan, Liu Yan, Zhao Yun and many other Han officials, even those who agreed with the campaign to reclaim Jing insisted on renewing the alliance of Wu. With both Zhuge Jin and Lu Xun offering peace in letters because of the threat of a Wei invasion with Sun Quan's refusal to send his son as a hostage, Liu finally agreed and wrote to Lu to not only renew the alliance but coordinate an attack against Wei: "The enemy (Wei) is at Jiangling now. If I launch another attack again, in your opinion, do you think I will succeed?"[Sanguozhi zhu 4] Lu Xun replied:
"I am afraid your army has recently suffered defeats and has yet to recover. Now is the time for you to make reconciliations, rest and recuperate. This is not the time for you to launch another attack again. However, if you do not consider carefully and plan to dispatch all your remaining forces on another attack, you will lose even more of your forces."[Sanguozhi zhu 5]
Liu Bei died in 223 and was succeeded by his son, Liu Shan, as the emperor of Shu. Zhuge Liang became Shu's head of government and he made peace with Wu and reestablished the Wu–Shu alliance against Wei. Sun Quan granted permission to Lu Xun to reply to Zhuge Liang on his behalf, and had a duplicate of his own official seal made and sent to Lu's office. Whenever Sun Quan wrote to Liu Shan and Zhuge Liang, he would allow Lu Xun to read the letters, make the appropriate modifications, stamp his official seal on them and have them delivered to Shu.[Sanguozhi 34]
Battle of Shiting[edit]
In 228, Sun Quan instructed Zhou Fang, the Administrator (
When Cao Xiu realised he had been deceived by Zhou Fang, he felt humiliated but decided to continue the campaign anyway because he had superiority in numbers and his troops were well-trained. During the Battle of Shiting, Lu Xun remained in the central command, with Zhu Huan and Quan Cong leading the armies on his left and right flanks respectively. Their three armies advanced together and defeated Cao Xiu's forces lying in ambush and drove them further northward until Jiashi (夾石). They killed and captured thousands of enemies and obtained much of the enemy's livestock, equipment and supplies. Cao Xiu died of illness after returning to Wei. Lu Xun and the victorious Wu forces returned to Wuchang (
Mid career[edit]
In 229, after Sun Quan declared himself emperor and established the state of Eastern Wu in Wuchang (
Treatment of Sun Lü and Sun Song, and criticism of Liu Yi[edit]
At the time, Sun Quan's second son Sun Lü, the Marquis of Jianchang, enjoyed watching duck fights so he had a small shed built in front of the main hall of his residence to stage duck fights. When Lu Xun heard about it, he reprimanded Sun Lü sternly, "Marquis, you should be spending time reading the classics and enriching yourself with knowledge. Why are you doing this?" Sun Lü immediately had the shed torn down. Sun Song (
Xie Jing (
Memorial on current affairs[edit]
Even though Lu Xun was stationed far away from the Wu capital, he was still very concerned about his state. He once wrote a memorial on current affairs to Sun Quan:[Sanguozhi 40]
"I believe that if the laws are too strict and harsh, there will be more offenders. In recent years, many military and civil officers have committed transgressions and they ought to be punished for their negligence. However, the Empire has yet to be unified, so we should focus more on achieving progress and pardon those who commit minor offences, so that Your Majesty can empathise with and build emotional ties with your subjects. Besides, there are more affairs to attend to as days pass by, so our top priority should be to tap into the abilities of talented people. If they did not commit any malicious crimes or unforgivable offences, they should be pardoned and provided with opportunities to display their skills again. This is what a wise ruler should do – forget his subjects' misdoings but remember their contributions, so they will do their best to help him achieve his aims. In the past, Emperor Gao ignored Chen Ping's flaws and employed his strategies, resulting in the accomplishment of a great task (the founding of the Han dynasty) which left a mark in history. Strict and harsh laws do not make an Empire more prosperous; justice not tempered with mercy does not serve as a cornerstone of the grand empire we envision."[Sanguozhi 41]
Advising Sun Quan against the Yizhou and Zhuya campaigns[edit]
When Sun Quan was planning to send armies to conquer Yizhou (
"In my humble opinion, I believe that the Empire has yet to be pacified, so we should conserve manpower for future plans. We have been fighting battles for consecutive years and our forces are already weary. Your Majesty is already occupied with state affairs and has been sacrificing sleep and meal times, and now you are planning to conquer Yizhou? After serious consideration, I believe that there are no visible gains from this campaign. Besides, our troops will be travelling over long distances for the campaigns and the conditions ahead are unclear. They may not be well adjusted to changes in the climate and will fall sick. If Your Majesty proceeds with the campaign, our troops will be venturing into uncharted lands and we are likely to make more losses than gains. Zhuya is a dangerous place, its people are barbaric, so even if we force them to submit, they will be of no use to us and we cannot replenish our losses by recruiting soldiers from among them. As of now, Jiangdong has sufficient manpower and resources to sustain itself, so we should conserve our strengths and wait for opportunities to strike later. When Prince Huan (Sun Ce's posthumous title) built the foundation of our state, he did not have enough soldiers to form even one brigade, but yet he managed to accomplish this great task. Your Majesty established our state with blessings from Heaven. I heard that in order to pacify chaos and defeat enemies, military force is essential. The basic needs of the people are agriculture, food and clothing, but armed conflicts have yet to subside and the people are suffering from hunger and cold. In my humble opinion, I believe that we should nurture and educate the people, reduce taxes, maintain peace, and promote moral values and courage. In this way, the areas around the rivers can be pacified and we can unite the Nine Provinces."[Sanguozhi 43]
Sun Quan ignored Lu Xun's advice and launched the campaigns. Lu Xun's predictions were right as the losses incurred by Wu in the conquests outweighed the gains.[Sanguozhi 44]
Advising Sun Quan against the Liaodong campaign[edit]
In 237, the Liaodong warlord Gongsun Yuan rebelled against Wu's rival state Wei and allied with Wu, but broke the alliance later. Sun Quan was angered and he wanted to personally lead an army to attack Liaodong. Lu Xun wrote another memorial to dissuade Sun Quan from the campaign:[Sanguozhi 45]
"Gongsun Yuan thinks that he is safe behind Liaodong's natural barriers, so he dares to detain our ambassador and refuse to send us fine steeds. His actions are indeed antagonistic. These barbarians are cunning and uncivilised, they are like animals in the wild, and they still dare to defy our imperial might. Your Majesty is furious and intends to sail a long distance across the sea to attack them without considering the perils which lie ahead. Currently, the Empire is in a state of chaos, contending warlords fight each other, heroes glare and yell at each other. Your Majesty possesses divine martial might and has received Heaven's grace when you defeated Cao Cao at Wulin (
烏 林 ), thwarted Liu Bei's forces at Xiling (西陵 ), and captured Guan Yu in Jing Province. All three of them were heroes of their time but they still lost to you. Your Majesty's might has pacified many people, lands within thousands of li submit to you, but we still need a great plan to conquer the whole of China. Your Majesty does not tolerate this minor infringement on your authority, displays overwhelming rage, defies wise sayings by people in the past, and intends to thrust yourself into danger? This is something I cannot understand. I heard that those who want to travel thousands of li will not stop midway; one who intends to conquer the Empire will not be affected by a small setback. Powerful enemies are at our borders while barbarians have yet to submit to our rule. If Your Majesty departs on a long expedition, our enemies will take advantage of your absence to attack us, and it will be too late to regret by then. If we succeed in unifying the Empire, Gongsun Yuan will surrender to us without having to be coerced. Your Majesty may desire the military forces and fine steeds of Liaodong, but are you willing to forsake this stable foundation in Jiangdong in order to acquire those? I humbly urge you to allow our armies to relax and strike fear in our great enemies, so that we can conquer the Central Plains soon and achieve eternal glory."[Sanguozhi 46]
Sun Quan heeded his advice.[Sanguozhi 47]
Xiangyang campaign[edit]
In 234,[i] when Sun Quan led a 100,000 strong army to attack the Wei fortress of Xincheng at Hefei, he ordered Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to lead another 10,000 troops to attack the Wei city of Xiangyang. Lu Xun sent a close aide, Han Bian (
Lu Xun then secretly conveyed his plan to Zhuge Jin and ordered him to supervise the fleet of vessels on which they would sail back to Wu, while he gathered his troops and headed towards Xiangyang. The Wei forces had been wary of Lu Xun all this while so they immediately retreated back into the city when they saw Lu Xun's army approaching. Lu Xun organised his men in an orderly manner and instructed them to pretend to prepare for an attack on Xiangyang. By then, Zhuge Jin and the fleet had shown up, so Lu Xun and his forces progressively retreated to the vessels and left. The Wei forces in Xiangyang did not dare to make any move.[Sanguozhi 49]
Raid in Shiyang[edit]
On their journey back to Wu, the fleet passed by Baiwei (
Criticism[edit]
The historian Pei Songzhi, who annotated Lu Xun's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, condemned the raid on Shiyang County and said it was totally uncalled for. He commented:
"When Lu Xun heard that Sun Quan had retreated and knew that the Wei forces were going to concentrate their attacks on him, he pretended to adopt an offensive approach, which successfully deterred the enemy from advancing. After that, he retreated safely and could sail back to Wu without having any worries. Why must he order his subordinates to raid a small county, cause the people in a busy marketplace to scurry in fear and panic, and inflict so much harm on a civilian population? The loss of 1,000 civilians may have had a negligible effect on Wei, but the slaughter of innocent people only demonstrated sheer brutality and cruelty. This was a stark contrast to what Zhuge Liang and the Shu forces did during the battles around the Wei River. The rules of war had been violated, and such crimes will not go unpunished. Eastern Wu did not last beyond three generations and ended up being conquered in Sun Hao's time. Is this not retribution?"[Sanguozhi zhu 8]
In response to Lu Xun's "acts of kindness" after the raid, Pei Songzhi remarked:
"This is akin to saving one fledgling after destroying all the bird nests in a forest. How can such simple acts of kindness ever compensate for the losses in a brutal massacre?"[Sanguozhi zhu 9]
Later career[edit]
Eliminating Lu Shi[edit]
Lu Shi (逯式), the Administrator (
Criticism[edit]
Commenting on this incident, the historian Pei Songzhi wrote:
"It is normal for military commanders stationed at borders to create problems in the area for their enemies on the other side. Even though Lu Xun had successfully framed and eliminated Lu Shi, the person who replaces Lu Shi will still continue to cause trouble at the border. Lu Shi's actions were not done with malicious intent, nor would they pose a serious threat to Wu. Lu Xun should not even bother about this, much less resort to using such a cunning trick. I disagree (with Chen Shou) when he wrote about this incident as if it was praiseworthy."[Sanguozhi zhu 10]
Suppressing rebellions in Wu[edit]
In 237, Zhou Zhi (
Incident of Lü Yi[edit]
At the time, Lü Yi, the supervisor of the audit bureau, was abusing his powers. Lu Xun and the Minister of Ceremonies (
Advice to Sun Quan on governance[edit]
Xie Yuan (
"The people form the foundation of a state. A state's prosperity is due to its people's efforts and its revenue comes from the people as well. There has never been a case where the people are wealthy but the state is weak, nor a situation where the people are weak but the state is powerful. Those who run a state need the support of their people in order to have a good administration, and if they lose the people's support there will be chaos. It is difficult to make people strive their best if they cannot even see the potential benefits of their labour. This is exactly as described in this line from the Classic of Poetry: 'One who helps the commoners and the people shall receive grace from Heaven.' I urge Your Majesty to show benevolence towards the people and help them. We should implement these changes only after the imperial treasury's revenue inflow has increased. This will happen some years later."[Sanguozhi 56]
Chancellorship[edit]
Sometime between 27 January and 25 February 244,[a] Lu Xun succeeded Gu Yong as the Imperial Chancellor (
"I may be lacking in virtue, but by Heaven's grace I managed to ascend the throne. The Empire has yet to be unified, evil villains line the paths. I am filled with anxiety and I cannot rest well at night. You are endowed with great intelligence and wisdom, and your brilliance and moral virtues are clearly apparent. You have taken up military appointments and have defended the state well in times of peril. Those who have achieved unprecedented glory shall receive befitting honours and favours; those who possess talents in civil and military arts will certainly have to shoulder the responsibilities of administering a state. In the past, Yi Yin and Lü Shang assisted King Tang of Shang and King Wu of Zhou respectively. You are in charge of both internal and external affairs. Today, I appoint you as Imperial Chancellor and authorise Fu Chang (
傅 常 ), acting Minister of Ceremonies and Bearer of the Imperial Sceptre (使 持 節 守 太 常 ), to bestow upon you the official seal of the Imperial Chancellor. You are expected to promote moral virtues, make achievements worthy of esteem, respect and follow imperial orders, and pacify the Empire. You are now overall in charge of the Three Excellencies's affairs, so you should maintain discipline among the officials and command respect from them! You will still continue to hold the following offices concurrently: Governor of Jing Province; Right Defender of the Capital; chief overseer of affairs in Wuchang (武 昌 ; present-day Ezhou, Hubei)."[Sanguozhi 58]
Role in the succession struggle[edit]
There were vacancies in the appointments available in the estates (or offices) of two of Sun Quan's sons: Sun He, the Crown Prince and Sun Ba, the Prince of Lu. Many officials nominated their relatives to fill up these positions in the hope of building connections with the princes. When Quan Cong told Lu Xun about this, Lu Xun said that many of the nominated candidates were actually not up to standard. He argued that those officials were actually promoting nepotism and pursuing their own interests. He also worried that if those officials' relatives turned out to be incompetent, it could lead to serious problems in the administration. Lu Xun also foresaw that conflict was bound to break out between the two princes because they were equally influential and had their own factions supporting them. He believed that a power struggle between the princes would be detrimental to Eastern Wu's prosperity and stability. Quan Cong's son, Quan Ji (
When there were rumours that Sun He could no longer secure his position as Crown Prince, Lu Xun wrote a memorial to Sun Quan: "The Crown Prince is the legitimate heir apparent so he should have a foundation as solid as hard rock. The Prince of Lu is a vassal and a subject of the state, so he should receive less favours than the Crown Prince. If both of them know their places, Your Majesty and all your subjects will have peace. I humbly kowtow and beg Your Majesty, to the point of bleeding (from my forehead), to (re)consider this issue carefully." He wrote several memorials to Sun Quan and even requested to leave Wuchang (
Death and aftermath[edit]
Sun Quan repeatedly sent emissaries to Wuchang (
The succession struggle concluded in 250 – five years after Lu Xun's death – with Sun Quan deposing Sun He and replacing him with Sun Liang, and forcing Sun Ba to commit suicide. Many officials who were involved in the conflict (i.e., supported either Sun He or Sun Ba) met with unhappy ends.[Sanguozhi 62]
In the winter of 251, about half a year before his death, Sun Quan regretted what he did to Lu Xun. When he was sending off Lu Xun's son Lu Kang back to Chaisang (
Appraisal[edit]
When Ji Yan proposed introducing drastic reforms in the Wu administration (which included the dismissal of many officials he deemed incompetent), Lu Xun cautioned Sun Quan against that and accurately predicted that it would lead to problems.[k] Lu Xun once told Zhuge Ke, "I respect those who are superior to me in status; I assist those who are subordinate to me. I see you behave arrogantly in front of those superior to you, and you belittle those subordinate to you. This isn't the way to build a stable career." In another incident, Yang Zhu (楊笁) became famous in his youth, but Lu Xun predicted that he was doomed to failure, so he advised Yang Zhu's elder brother, Yang Mu (楊穆), to break ties with Yang Zhu. Lu Xun's prediction came true as Yang Zhu later got into trouble during the Sun He-Sun Ba succession struggle.[Sanguozhi 63]
The historian Chen Shou, who wrote Lu Xun's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, commented on Lu Xun as such: "Liu Bei was a hero of his time and many people feared him. Lu Xun, then in his prime years and relatively unknown, managed to defeat Liu Bei. Lu Xun's brilliant strategies, when combined with Sun Quan's recognition of his talent, resulted in the accomplishment of a great task. Lu Xun was loyal, honest and sincere. He died worrying about his state's future, and was perhaps an important pillar of his state."[Sanguozhi 64]
Family and relatives[edit]
Sometime after 216, when Lu Xun was commissioned as Colonel Who Establishes Might (
Lu Xun's eldest son, Lu Yan (
Lu Xun's younger brother, Lu Mao, also served as an official in Eastern Wu.[Sanguozhi 67]
Lu Ji, a son of Lu Xun's granduncle Lu Kang (
Lu Kai, a relative of Lu Xun, served as the ninth Imperial Chancellor of Eastern Wu.[Sanguozhi 69]
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms[edit]
Lu Xun appeared as a character in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. His most significant moment in the novel, apart from his role in the Battle of Xiaoting, is a fictional encounter he had after the battle.[10][m]
In popular culture[edit]
Lu Xun is featured as a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series, as well as Warriors Orochi, a crossover between Dynasty Warriors and Samurai Warriors. He also appears in Koei's strategy game series Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
In the trading card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a card called "Lu Xun, Scholar General" in the Portal Three Kingdoms set.
He was played by the actor Shao Feng in the 2010 Chinese television series Three Kingdoms.
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ a b Sun Quan's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Lu Xun became Imperial Chancellor in the 1st month of the 7th year of the Chiwu era of Sun Quan's reign.[8] This month corresponds to 27 January to 25 February 244 in the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b c Lu Xun's grandson Lu Yun wrote in his "Eulogy to Master Lu, late Chancellor of Wu" (《
吳 故 丞相 陸 公 誄》) that Lu Xun died on the yimao day in the 2nd month of the 8th year of the Chiwu era of Sun Quan's reign.[1] This date corresponds to 19 March 245 in the Gregorian calendar. - ^ a b Lu Xun's grandson Lu Yun wrote in his "Eulogy to Master Lu, late Chancellor of Wu" (《
吳 故 丞相 陸 公 誄》) that Lu Xun died on the yimao day in the 2nd month of the 8th year of the Chiwu era of Sun Quan's reign.[1] This date corresponds to 19 March 245 in the Gregorian calendar. Lu Xun's biography in the Sanguozhi also recorded that he was 63 (by East Asian age reckoning) when he died.[2] By calculation, Lu Xun was born in 183. - ^ The four great clans of Wu Commandery were the Gu (顧), Lu (
陸 ), Zhu (朱 ) and Zhang (張 ) clans. The four great clans of the Jiangdong region were the Gu (顧), Lu (陸 ), Yu (虞 ) and Wei (魏 ) clans. Some notable members from each clan were: Gu Yong, Gu Shao and Gu Tan of the Gu clan; Lu Xun, Lu Ji and Lu Kai of the Lu clan; Zhu Huan and Zhu Ju of the Zhu clan; Zhang Wen of the Zhang clan; Yu Fan of the Yu clan; and Wei Teng (魏 騰 ) of the Wei clan. - ^ See Lu Su#Sun-Liu territorial dispute, Guan Yu#Sun-Liu territorial dispute and Gan Ning#Guan Yu's shallows for details.
- ^ In the Eastern Han dynasty, the standard protocol for an official's career progression was that he had to be first nominated as a xiaolian or maocai (
茂 才 ) before he could join the civil service or be eligible for higher appointments. Lu Xun skipped this stage in his early career, so his service record had to be backdated in order for his latest appointments and titles to be officially recognised. - ^ Lin Xiangru was a minister in the Zhao state during the Warring States period. He once successfully settled a diplomatic crisis between Zhao and a rival state Qin. Lian Po, a senior Zhao general, was unhappy because Lin was appointed to a higher position in the Zhao court than him, so he attempted to find trouble with the latter but Lin avoided him. Lin later told others that the subjects of a state should maintain harmonious relations and cooperate for the benefits of the state. His speech reached Lian, who felt ashamed of his own behaviour and came to apologise to Lin. They became close friends and colleagues after that.
- ^ Kou Xun (寇恂) was a general who contributed greatly to Emperor Guangwu's restoration of the Han dynasty in the 20s CE. He was later appointed as the Administrator of Yingchuan Commandery (
穎川 郡 ). Once, a soldier under another general, Jia Fu (賈復), killed an innocent civilian in Yingchuan and was executed by Kou. This incident brought great embarrassment to Jia, who swore to kill Kou if he met him, so Kou avoided him. Their conflict was eventually resolved with Emperor Guangwu's help. - ^ The Sanguozhi erroneously recorded the year as 236 (5th year of the Jiahe era in Sun Quan's reign). The Zizhi Tongjian recorded the year as 234 (2nd year of the Qinglong era in Cao Rui's reign).[7]
- ^ Sun Quan's biography in Sanguozhi recorded that Poyang had a rebellion which began in the 10th month of the 5th year of the Jiahe era of Sun Quan's reign, led by one Peng Dan. The biography also recorded that Lu Xun began the expedition against the rebels in the 2nd month of the following year and quelled the rebellion within the year.[Sanguozhi 52] It is unknown if Peng Dan's rebellion was the same as Wu Ju's.
- ^ See Ji Yan's article for more information.
- ^ See Lu Kang (Three Kingdoms)#Descendants for details.
- ^ See Stone Sentinel Maze#Lu Xun's encounter for details.
References[edit]
- Citations from the Sanguozhi
- ^ (
陸 遜 字 伯 言 ,吳 郡 吳 人 也。本名 議 ,世 江東 大 族 。 ...遜 少 孤 ,隨從 祖 廬 江 太 守康 在官 。袁術與 康 有 隙 ,將 攻 康 ,康 遣 遜 及親戚還吳 。遜 年長 於康子 績數 歲 ,為之 綱紀 門戶 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
孫 權 為 將軍 ,遜 年 二 十 一 ,始 仕 幕府 ,歷 東西 曹令史 ,出 為 海 昌 屯田 都 尉 ,并領縣 事 。 ...縣 連年 亢旱,遜 開 倉 穀 以振貧民 ,勸 督 農 桑 ,百姓 蒙 賴 。時 吳 、會 稽、丹 楊多有 伏 匿,遜 陳 便宜 ,乞與募 焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
會 稽山賊 大 帥 潘 臨,舊 為所 在 毒害 ,歷年 不 禽。遜 以手下 召兵,討治深 險 ,所 向 皆 服 ,部 曲 已 有 二 千 餘人 。鄱陽賊 帥 尤 突作亂 ,復 往討之 ,拜 定 威 校 尉 ,軍 屯 利 浦 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (...
數 訪 世 務 ,遜 建議 曰:「方今 英雄 棊跱,豺狼 闚望,克 敵 寧 亂 ,非 衆 不 濟 。而山寇舊惡 ,依 阻深地 。夫 腹心 未 平 ,難 以圖遠 ,可 大部 伍 ,取 其精銳 。」權 納 其策,以為帳 下 右 部 督 。 ...會 丹 楊賊帥 費 棧受曹公印綬 ,扇動 山越 ,為 作 內應,權 遣 遜 討棧。棧支黨 多 而往兵 少 ,遜 乃益施 牙 幢,分布 鼓 角 ,夜 潛 山谷 間 ,鼓 譟而前 ,應 時 破 散 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
遂 部 伍 東三 郡 ,彊 者 為 兵 ,羸者補 戶 ,得 精 卒 數 萬 人 ,宿惡 盪除,所 過 肅清 ,還 屯 蕪 湖 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
會 稽太守 淳 于式表 遜 枉取民 人 ,愁擾所在 。遜 後 詣 都 ,言 次 ,稱 式 佳 吏,權 曰:「式 白 君 而君薦 之 ,何 也?」遜 對 曰:「式 意欲 養 民 ,是 以白遜 。若 遜 復 毀式以亂聖 聽,不可 長 也。」權 曰:「此誠長者 之 事 ,顧人不能 為 耳 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (備遂
割 湘水為 界 ,於是罷 軍 。) Sanguozhi vol. 54. - ^ (魯肅
卒 ,蒙 西 屯 陸 口 ,肅軍 人馬 萬餘盡以屬蒙。又 拜 漢 昌 太守 ,食 下 雋、劉 陽 、漢 昌 、州 陵 。與 關 羽 分 土 接 境 ,知 羽 驍雄,有 并兼心 ,且居國 上流 ,其勢難 乆。) Sanguozhi vol. 54. - ^ (
呂 蒙 稱 疾 詣 建 業 ,遜 往見之 ,謂 曰:「關 羽 接 境 ,如何 遠下 ,後 不當 可 憂 也?」蒙 曰:「誠 如來 言 ,然 我 病 篤 。」遜 曰:「羽 矜其驍氣,陵 轢於人 。始 有 大功 ,意 驕 志 逸 ,但 務 北進 ,未 嫌 於我,有 相聞 病 ,必益無 備。今出 其不意 ,自 可 禽制。下見 至尊 ,宜 好 為 計 。」蒙 曰:「羽 素 勇猛 ,旣 難 為 敵 ,且已據 荊州,恩 信 大 行 ,兼 始 有功 ,膽 勢 益 盛 ,未 易 圖 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
蒙 至 都 ,權 問 :「誰 可 代 卿 者 ?」蒙 對 曰:「陸 遜 意思 深長 ,才 堪 負 重 ,觀 其規慮 ,終 可 大任 。而未有 遠 名 ,非 羽所 忌 ,無 復 是 過 。若 用 之 ,當 令 外 自 韜隱,內察形 便 ,然 後 可 克 。」權 乃召遜,拜 偏 將軍 右 部 督 代 蒙 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
遜 至 陸 口 ,書 與 羽 曰:「前 承 觀 釁而動 ,以律行 師 ,小 舉大克 ,一 何 巍巍 !敵國 敗 績,利 在 同盟 ,聞慶拊節,想 遂 席卷 ,共 獎王綱 。近 以不敏 ,受任 來 西 ,延 慕光塵 ,思 稟良規 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
又 曰:「于禁等 見 獲 ,遐邇欣歎,以為將軍 之 勳 足 以長世 ,雖昔晉 文 城 濮之師 ,淮陰拔趙之 略 ,蔑以尚 茲。聞徐晃 等 步 騎 駐 旌,闚望麾葆。操 猾虜也,忿不思 難 ,恐 潛 增 衆 ,以逞其心。雖云師 老 ,猶 有 驍悍。且戰捷 之 後 ,常 苦 輕 敵 ,古人 杖 術 ,軍 勝彌 警,願 將軍 廣 為 方 計 ,以全獨 克 。僕 書生 疏遲,忝 所 不堪 ,喜 鄰威德 ,樂 自 傾 盡 ,雖未合 策 ,猶 可 懷 也。儻明注 仰 ,有 以察之 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
羽 覽 遜 書 ,有 謙 下 自 託 之 意 ,意 大安 ,無 復 所 嫌 。遜 具 啟 形狀 ,陳 其可禽之要 。權 乃潛軍 而上,使 遜 與 呂 蒙 為 前部 ,至 即 克 公安 、南 郡 。 ...遜 徑 進 ,領 宜 都 太守 ,拜 撫 邊 將軍 ,封 華 亭 侯 。備宜都 太守 樊友委 郡 走 ,諸 城 長 吏及蠻夷 君 長 皆 降 。遜 請金銀 銅 印 ,以假授初附 。是 歲 建 安 二 十 四 年 十 一 月 也。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
遜 遣 將軍 李 異 、謝 旌等將 三 千 人 ,攻 蜀 將 詹晏、陳 鳳 。異 將 水軍 ,旌將步兵 ,斷絕 險要 ,即 破 晏等,生 降 得 鳳 。又 攻 房 陵 太守 鄧輔、南鄉 太守 郭 睦 ,大破 之 。秭歸大 姓 文 布 、鄧凱等 合 夷 兵 數 千 人 ,首尾 西方 。遜 復 部 旌討破布 、凱。布 、凱脫走 ,蜀 以為將 。遜 令 人 誘 之 ,布 帥 衆 還 降 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
前後 斬 獲 招納,凡數萬 計 。權 以遜為 右 護 軍 、鎮西 將軍 ,進 封 婁侯。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
時 荊州士人 新 還 ,仕 進 或 未 得 所 ,遜 上 疏曰: ...) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (... 「
昔 漢 高 受命 ,招延英 異 ,光武 中興 ,羣俊畢至,苟可以熙隆道 教 者 ,未必 遠近 。今 荊州始 定 ,人物 未 達 ,臣 愚 慺慺,乞普加 覆 載 抽拔之 恩 ,令 並 獲 自 進 ,然 後 四海 延 頸,思 歸 大 化 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 敬 納 其言。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
黃 武 元年 ,劉 備率大衆 來 向 西 界 ,權 命 遜 為 大 都 督 、假 節 ,督 朱 然 、潘 璋 、宋 謙 、韓 當 、徐 盛 、鮮于丹 、孫 桓等五 萬 人 拒 之 。 ... 備從巫 峽 、建 平 、連 平 、連 圍 至 夷 陵 界 ,立 數 十 屯 ,以金錦 爵賞誘 動 諸 夷 ,使 將軍 馮習為 大 督 ,張 南 為 前部 ,輔匡、趙 融 、廖淳、傅 肜等各 為 別 督 ,先遣 吳 班 將 數 千人於平地立營,欲 以挑戰 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
諸 將 皆 欲 擊 之 ,遜 曰:「此必有 譎,且觀之 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (備知其計
不可 ,乃引伏兵 八 千 ,從 谷中 出 。遜 曰:「所以 不 聽諸君 擊 班 者 ,揣之必有巧 故 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
遜 上 疏曰:「夷 陵 要害 ,國之 關 限 ,雖為易 得 ,亦 復 易 失 。失 之 非 徒 損 一 郡 之 地 ,荊州可 憂 。今日 爭 之 ,當 令 必諧。備干天 常 ,不 守 窟 穴 ,而敢自 送 。臣 雖不材 ,憑奉威 靈 ,以順討逆,破壞 在 近 。尋 備前 後 行軍 ,多 敗 少 成 ,推此論 之 ,不足 為 戚。臣 初 嫌 之 ,水陸 俱進,今 反 舍 船 就步,處處 結 營,察其布置 ,必無他 變 。伏 願 至尊 高枕 ,不 以為念 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
諸 將 並 曰:「攻 備當在 初 ,今 乃令入 五 六 百 里 ,相 銜持經 七 八 月 ,其諸要害 皆 以固守 ,擊 之 必無利 矣。」遜 曰:「備是猾虜,更 甞事多 ,其軍始 集 ,思慮 精 專 ,未 可 干 也。今住 已 乆,不 得 我 便 ,兵 疲 意 沮,計 不 復 生 ,犄角此寇,正 在 今日 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (乃
先攻 一 營,不利 。諸 將 皆 曰:「空 殺 兵 耳 。」遜 曰:「吾 已 曉 破 之 之 術 。」乃勑各 持 一 把 茅 ,以火攻 拔之。一 爾 勢 成 ,通 率 諸 軍 同時 俱攻,斬 張 南 、馮習及胡王 沙 摩 柯等首 ,破 其四十 餘 營。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (備將
杜 路 、劉 寧 等 窮 逼請降。備升馬鞍 山 ,陳 兵 自 繞 。遜 督促 諸 軍 四 面 蹙之,土 崩 瓦解 ,死者 萬 數 。備因夜 遁,驛 人 自 擔,燒 鐃鎧斷 後 ,僅得入 白 帝 城 。其舟船 器械 ,水 步 軍資 ,一時 略 盡 ,尸 骸 漂流 ,塞 江 而下。備大慙恚,曰:「吾 乃為遜 所 折 辱 ,豈 非 天 邪 !」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
初 ,孫 桓別討備前 鋒 於夷道 ,為 備所圍 ,求 救 於遜。遜 曰:「未 可 。」諸 將 曰:「孫 安東 公 族 ,見 圍 已 困 ,柰何不 救 ?」遜 曰:「安東 得 士 衆 心 ,城 牢 糧 足 ,無 可 憂 也。待 吾 計 展 ,欲 不 救 安東 ,安東 自 解 。」及方略 大 施 ,備果奔潰。桓後見 遜 曰:「前 實 怨不見 救 ,定 至 今日 ,乃知調度 自 有 方 耳 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
當 禦備時 ,諸 將軍 或 是 孫 策 時 舊 將 ,或 公 室 貴 戚,各自 矜恃 ,不 相 聽從 。遜 案 劒曰: ...) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (... 「
劉 備天下知 名 ,曹操 所 憚 ,今 在 境界 ,此彊對 也。諸君 並 荷 國 恩 ,當 相 輯睦,共 翦此虜 ,上 報 所 受,而不相 順 ,非 所謂 也。僕 雖書生 ,受命 主上 。國家 所以 屈 諸君 使 相承 望 者 ,以僕有 尺寸 可 稱 ,能 忍辱 負 重 故 也。各 在 其事,豈 復 得 辭 !軍令 有 常 ,不可 犯 矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (及至
破 備,計 多 出 遜 ,諸 將 乃服。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 聞之,曰:「君 何 以初不 啟 諸 將 違 節度 者 邪 ?」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
遜 對 曰:「受恩深 重 ,任 過 其才。又 此諸將 或 任 腹心 ,或 堪 爪牙 ,或 是 功臣 ,皆 國家 所 當 與 共 克 定 大事 者 。臣 雖駑懦,竊慕相 如、寇恂相 下之 義 ,以濟國事 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 大 笑 稱 善 ,加 拜 遜 輔國將軍 ,領 荊州牧 ,即 改 封 江 陵 侯 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
又 備旣住 白 帝 ,徐 盛 、潘 璋 、宋 謙 等 各 競 表 言 備必可 禽,乞復攻 之 。權 以問遜 ,遜 與 朱 然 、駱統以為曹丕大 合 士 衆 ,外 託 助 國 討備,內實有 姦 心 ,謹決計 輒還。無 幾 ,魏 軍 果 出 ,三方 受敵也。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (備尋
病 亡 ,子 禪 襲 位 ,諸 葛 亮 秉政,與 權 連 和 。時事 所 宜 ,權 輒令遜 語 亮 ,并刻權 印 ,以置遜 所 。權 每 與 禪 、亮 書 ,常 過 示 遜 ,輕重 可否 ,有 所 不安 ,便 令 改定 ,以印封 行 之 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
七 年 ,權 使 鄱陽太守 周 魴譎魏 大 司馬 曹休,休 果 舉衆入 皖,乃召遜 假 黃 鉞,為 大 都 督 ,逆 休 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
休 旣 覺 知 ,恥 見 欺誘,自恃 兵馬 精 多 ,遂 交戰 。遜 自 為 中部 ,令 朱 桓、全 琮為左右 翼 ,三 道 俱進,果 衝休伏兵 ,因 驅 走 之 ,追 亡 逐北,徑 至 夾石,斬 獲 萬 餘 ,牛馬 騾驢車 乘 萬 兩 ,軍資 器械 略 盡 。休 還 ,疽發背 死 。 ...諸 軍 振 旅 過 武 昌 ,權 令 左右 以御蓋 覆 遜 ,入出 殿 門 ,凡所賜 遜 ,皆 御 物上 珍 ,於時莫與為 比 。遣 還 西陵 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
黃 龍 元年 ,拜 上 大將軍 、右 都 護 。是 歲 ,權 東 巡 建 業 ,留 太子 、皇子 及尚書 九 官 ,徵 遜 輔太子 ,并掌荊州及豫章 三 郡 事 ,董 督 軍國 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
時 建 昌 侯 慮 於堂前作 鬬鴨欄 ,頗施小 巧 ,遜 正 色 曰:「君侯 宜 勤 覽 經典 以自新 益 ,用 此何為 ?」慮 即時 毀徹之 。 ...射 聲 校 尉 松 於公子中 最 親 ,戲 兵 不整 ,遜 對 之 髠其職 吏。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
南陽 謝 景 善 劉 廙先刑 後 禮 之 論 ,遜 呵 景 曰:「禮 之 長 於刑乆矣,廙以細 辯 而詭先 聖 之 教 ,皆 非 也。君 今 侍 東宮 ,宜 遵仁義 以彰德 音 ,若 彼 之 談 ,不 須講也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
遜 雖身在外 ,乃心於國,上 疏陳時事 曰: ...) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
遜 雖身在外 ,乃心於國,上 疏陳時事 曰:「臣 以為科 法 嚴 峻 ,下 犯 者 多 。頃 年 以來 ,將 吏罹罪 ,雖不慎 可 責 ,然 天下 未 一 ,當 圖 進取 ,小 宜 恩 貸 ,以安下情 。且世務 日興 ,良能 為 先 ,自 不 姦 穢 入 身 ,難 忍 之 過 ,乞復顯 用 ,展 其力效 。此乃聖王 忘過記 功 ,以成王 業 。昔 漢 高 舍 陳 平之 愆,用 其奇略 ,終 建 勳 祚,功 垂 千載 。夫 峻 法 嚴刑 ,非 帝王 之 隆 業 ;有 罰 無 恕 ,非 懷 遠 之 弘 規 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 欲 遣 偏 師 取 夷 州 及朱崖 ,皆 以諮遜 ,遜 上 疏曰: ...) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (... 「
臣 愚 以為四海 未定 ,當 須民力 ,以濟時務 。今 兵 興 歷年 ,見 衆 損 減 ,陛下 憂 勞 聖 慮 ,忘寢與 食 ,將 遠 規 夷 州 ,以定大事 ,臣 反覆 思惟 ,未見 其利,萬里 襲 取 ,風波 難 測 ,民 易 水 土 ,必致疾 疫,今 驅 見 衆 ,經 涉 不毛 ,欲 益 更 損 ,欲 利 反 害 。又 珠 崖 絕 險 ,民 猶 禽獸 ,得 其民不足 濟 事 ,無 其兵不足 虧衆。今 江東 見 衆 ,自足 圖 事 ,但 當 畜力 而後動 耳 。昔 桓王創 基 ,兵 不 一 旅 ,而開大業 。陛下 承 運 ,拓 定江 表 。臣 聞治亂 討逆,須兵為 威 ,農 桑 衣食 ,民 之 本業 ,而干戈 未 戢,民有 饑寒 。臣 愚 以為宜 育 養 士民 ,寬 其租賦 ,衆 克 在 和 ,義 以勸勇 ,則 河 渭可平 ,九 有 一統 矣。」權 遂 征 夷 州 ,得 不 補 失 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 遂 征 夷 州 ,得 不 補 失 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (及公
孫 淵 背 盟 ,權 欲 往征,遜 上 疏曰: ...) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (... 「
淵 憑險恃固,拘留 大使 ,名馬 不 獻 ,實可 讎忿。蠻夷 猾夏,未 染 王化 ,鳥 竄荒裔,拒 逆 王師 ,至 令 陛下 爰赫斯怒,欲 勞 萬 乘 汎 輕 越海 ,不慮 其危而涉不測 。方今 天下 雲 擾,羣雄虎 爭 ,英 豪 踊 躍 ,張 聲 大 視 。陛下 以神武之 姿 ,誕膺期 運 ,破 操 烏 林 ,敗 備西陵 ,禽羽荊州,斯三虜者當世雄傑,皆 摧其鋒 。聖 化 所 綏,萬里 草 偃,方 蕩 平 華 夏 ,總 一大 猷。今 不 忍 小 忿,而發雷霆 之 怒 ,違 垂 堂 之 戒,輕 萬 乘 之 重 ,此臣之 所 惑也。臣 聞志行 萬里 者 ,不 中道 而輟足 ;圖 四海 者 ,匪懷細 以害大 。彊 寇在境 ,荒 服 未 庭 ,陛下 乘 桴遠征 ,必致闚[],慼至而憂,悔之無 及。若 使 大事 時 捷 ,則 淵 不 討自服 ;今 乃遠惜遼東 衆 之 與 馬 ,柰何獨 欲 捐江東 萬安之本業而不惜乎?乞息六 師 ,以威大 虜 ,早 定 中 夏 ,垂 曜將來 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 用 納 焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
嘉 禾五 年 ,權 北 征 ,使 遜 與 諸 葛 瑾攻襄 陽 。遜 遣 親 人 韓 扁 齎表奉 報 ,還 ,遇 敵 於沔中 ,鈔邏得 扁 。瑾聞之 甚懼,書 與 遜 云 :「大 駕 已 旋,賊 得 韓 扁 ,具 知 吾 闊狹。且水乾 ,宜 當 急 去 。」遜 未 荅,方 催人種 葑豆,與 諸 將 弈棊射 戲 如常。瑾曰:「伯 言 多 智略 ,其當有 以。」自 來見 遜 ,遜 曰:「賊 知大 駕 以旋,無 所 復 慼,得 專 力 於吾。又 已 守 要害 之 處 ,兵 將 意 動 ,且當自 定 以安之 ,施設 變 術 ,然 後 出 耳 。今 便 示 退 ,賊 當 謂 吾 怖 ,仍來相 蹙,必敗之 勢 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (乃密
與 瑾立計 ,令 瑾督舟 船 ,遜 悉上兵馬 ,以向襄 陽 城 。敵 素 憚 遜 ,遽還赴城。瑾便引船 出 ,遜 徐 整 部 伍 ,張 拓 聲 勢 ,步 趨船,敵 不 敢干。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
軍 到 白 圍 ,託 言 住 獵 ,潛 遣 將軍 周 峻 、張 梁 等 擊 江夏 新市 、安 陸 、石 陽 ,石 陽 市 盛 ,峻 等 奄至,人 皆 捐物入城 。城門 噎 不 得 關 ,敵 乃自斫殺己 民 ,然 後 得 闔。斬首 獲 生 ,凡千餘人 。 ... 其所生得 ,皆 加 營護,不 令 兵士 干 擾侵侮 。將家 屬 來者 ,使 就料視 。若 亡 其妻子 者 ,即 給 衣糧 ,厚 加 慰勞 ,發 遣 令 還 ,或 有 感 慕相攜而歸 者 。鄰境懷 之 ,江夏 功 曹趙濯、弋陽備將斐生及夷王 梅 頤等,並 帥 支 黨 來 附 遜 。遜 傾 財 帛,周 贍經恤。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
又 魏 江夏 太守 逯式兼 領 兵馬 ,頗作邊 害 ,而與北 舊 將文 聘子休 宿 不 協 。遜 聞其然 ,即 假作 荅式書 云 :「得 報 懇 惻,知 與 休 乆結嫌 隙 ,勢 不 兩 存 ,欲 來 歸 附 ,輒以密 呈 來書 表 聞,撰 衆 相 迎 。宜 潛 速 嚴 ,更 示 定期 。」以書置 界 上 ,式 兵 得 書 以見式 ,式 惶懼,遂 自 送 妻子 還 洛 。由 是 吏士不 復 親 附 ,遂 以免罷 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ ([
嘉 禾五 年 ]冬 十 月 ,....鄱阳贼彭旦 等 为乱。....[嘉 禾六 年 ]二 月 ,陆逊讨彭旦 等 ,其年,皆 破 之 。) Sanguozhi, vol.47. - ^ (
六 年 ,中 郎 將 周 祗乞於鄱陽 召募 ,事 下問 遜 。遜 以為此郡民 易 動 難 安 ,不可 與 召,恐 致賊寇。而祗固 陳 取 之 ,郡 民 吳 遽等果 作 賊 殺 祗,攻 沒 諸 縣 。豫 章 、廬 陵 宿惡 民 ,並 應 遽為寇。遜 自 聞,輒討即 破 ,遽等相 率 降 ,遜 料 得 精兵 八 千 餘人 ,三 郡 平 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
時 中書 典 校 呂 壹 ,竊弄權柄 ,擅作威 福 ,遜 與太 常 潘 濬同心憂 之 ,言 至 流涕 。後 權 誅壹,深 以自責 ,語 在 權 傳 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
時 謝 淵 、謝 厷等各 陳 便宜 ,欲 興 利 改作 ,以事下 遜 。遜 議 曰: ...) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (... 「
國 以民為本 ,彊 由 民力 ,財 由 民 出 。夫 民 殷 國 弱 ,民 瘠 國 彊 者 ,未 之 有 也。故 為國 者 ,得 民 則 治 ,失 之 則 亂 ,若 不 受利,而令盡 用立 效 ,亦 為 難 也。是 以詩歎『宜 民 宜 人 ,受祿于天』。乞垂聖恩 ,寧 濟 百姓 ,數 年 之 間 ,國 用 小 豐 ,然 後 更 圖 。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
赤 烏 七 年 ,代 顧雍為 丞相 ,詔 曰: ...) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (「
朕 以不德 ,應 期 踐運,王 塗 未 一 ,姦 宄充路 ,夙夜戰 懼,不 惶鑒寐。惟 君 天資 聦叡,明德 顯 融 ,統 任 上 將 ,匡 國 弭難。夫 有 超 世 之 功 者 ,必應光 大 之 寵 ;懷 文武 之 才 者 ,必荷社稷 之 重 。昔 伊 尹 隆 湯 ,呂 尚 翼 周 ,內外之 任 ,君 實 兼 之 。今 以君為 丞相 ,使 使 持 節 守 太 常 傅 常 授印綬 。君 其茂昭明 德 ,脩 乃懿績,敬服 王命 ,綏靖四方 。於乎!總 司 三 事 ,以訓羣寮,可 不敬 與 ,君 其勗之 !其州牧 都 護 領 武 昌 事 如故。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
先 是 ,二宮 並 闕,中外 職 司 多 遣 子弟 給 侍 。全 琮報遜 ,遜 以為子弟 苟有才 ,不 憂 不用 ,不 宜 私 出 以要榮 利 ;若 其不佳 ,終 為 取 禍 。且聞二宮 勢 敵 ,必有彼此 ,此古人 之 厚 忌 也。琮子寄 ,果 阿 附 魯王,輕 為 交構。遜 書 與 琮曰:「卿 不 師 日 磾,而宿留 阿 寄 ,終 為 足下 門戶 致禍矣。」琮旣不納 ,更 以致隙 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (及
太子 有 不安 之 議 ,遜 上 疏陳:「太子 正統 ,宜 有 盤石 之 固 ,魯王藩 臣 ,當 使 寵 秩有差 ,彼此 得 所 ,上下 獲 安 。謹叩頭 流血 以聞。」書 三 四 上 ,及求詣 都 ,欲 口論 適 庶之分 ,以匡得失 。旣 不 聽許 ,而遜外 生 顧譚、顧承、姚信,並 以親附 太子 ,枉見流 徙。太子 太 傅 吾 粲 坐 數 與 遜 交書,下獄 死 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 累 遣 中 使 責 讓 遜 ,遜 憤 恚致卒 ,時 年 六 十 三 ,家 無 餘財 。 ...孫 休 時 ,追 謚遜曰昭侯 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 由 是 發 怒 ,夫人 憂 死 ,而和寵 稍 損 ,懼於廢 黜。 ... 譖毀旣 行 ,太子 以敗,霸亦賜 死 。) Sanguozhi vol. 59. - ^ (
初 ,曁豔造營 府 之 論 ,遜 諫戒之 ,以為必禍。又 謂 諸 葛 恪 曰:「在 我 前者 ,吾 必奉之 同 升 ;在 我 下 者 ,則 扶持 之 。今 觀 君 氣 陵 其上,意 蔑乎下 ,非 安德 之 基 也。」又 廣陵 楊笁少 獲 聲名 ,而遜謂 之 終 敗 ,勸 笁兄穆 令 與 別 族 。其先覩如此。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
評 曰:劉 備天下 稱 雄 ,一世 所 憚 ,陸 遜 春秋 方 壯 ,威名 未 著 ,摧而克之 ,罔不如志。予 旣 奇 遜 之 謀略 ,又 歎權之 識才,所以 濟 大事 也。及遜忠誠 懇 至 ,憂國 亡 身 ,庶幾 社稷 之 臣 矣。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
權 以兄策 女 配 遜 , ...) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
長子 延 早 夭,次子 抗 襲爵 。 ...秋 遂 卒 ,子 晏嗣。晏及弟 景 、玄 、機 、雲 分 領 抗 兵 。) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
陸 瑁字子 璋 ,丞相 遜 弟 也。) Sanguozhi vol. 57. - ^ (
陸 績字公 紀 ,吳 郡 吳 人 也。父 康 ,漢 末 為 廬 江 太守 。) Sanguozhi vol. 57. - ^ (
陸 凱字敬 風 ,吳 郡 吳 人 ,丞相 遜 族 子 也。) Sanguozhi vol. 61.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Citations from annotations in the Sanguozhi
- ^ (
陸 氏 世 頌曰:遜 祖 紆,字 叔盤,敏 淑 有 思 學 ,守 城門 校 尉 。父 駿 ,字 季 才 ,淳 懿信厚 ,為 邦 族 所懷 ,官 至 九 江 都 尉 。) Lu Shi Shisong annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
吳 書 曰:權 嘉 遜 功德 ,欲 殊 顯 之 ,雖為上 將軍 列侯 ,猶 欲 令 歷 本州 舉命,乃使揚 州 牧 呂 範 就辟別 駕 從事 ,舉茂才 。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
吳 書 曰:諸 將 並 欲 迎擊 備,遜 以為不可 ,曰:「備舉軍 東下 ,銳氣 始 盛 ,且乘高 守 險 ,難 可 卒 攻 ,攻 之 縱 下 ,猶 難 盡 克 ,若 有 不利 ,損 我 大勢 ,非 小 故 也。今 但 且獎厲將士 ,廣 施 方略 ,以觀其變。若 此間是 平原 曠野 ,當 恐 有 顛沛交馳之 憂 ,今 緣 山行 軍 ,勢 不 得 展 ,自 當 罷 於木石 之 間 ,徐 制 其弊耳 。」諸 將 不 解 ,以為遜 畏 之 ,各 懷 憤 恨。) Wu Shu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
吳 錄 曰:劉 備聞魏 軍 大出 ,書 與 遜 云 :「賊 今 已 在江 陵 ,吾 將 復 東 ,將軍 謂 其能然 不 ?」) Wu Lu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
遜 荅曰:「但 恐 軍 新 破 ,創痍 未 復 ,始 求 通 親 ,且當自 補 ,未 暇 窮 兵 耳 。若 不 惟 筭,欲 復 以傾覆 之 餘 ,遠 送 以來 者 ,無 所 逃命。」) Wu Lu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
陸 機 為 遜 銘 曰:魏 大 司馬 曹休侵 我 北 鄙 ,乃假公 黃 鉞,統御 六師及中軍禁衞而攝行王事,主上 執 鞭 ,百 司 屈 膝 。) Lu Xun Ming annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
吳 錄 曰:假 遜 黃 鉞,吳 王 親 執 鞭 以見之 。) Wu Lu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
臣 松 之 以為遜 慮 孫 權 已 退 ,魏 得 專 力 於己,旣 能 張 拓 形勢 ,使 敵 不 敢犯,方舟 順流 ,無 復 怵惕矣,何 為 復 潛 遣 諸 將 ,奄襲小 縣 ,致令市 人 駭奔,自 相 傷害 ?俘馘千 人 ,未 足 損 魏 ,徒 使 無辜 之 民 橫 罹 荼酷,與 諸 葛 渭濵之 師 ,何 其殊哉!用兵 之 道 旣 違 ,失 律 之 凶 宜 應 ,其祚無 三 世 ,及孫而滅,豈 此之餘 殃哉!) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
臣 松 之 以為此無異 殘 林 覆 巢 而全其遺[],曲 惠 小 仁 ,何 補 大 虐 ?) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (
臣 松 以為邊 將 為 害 ,蓋 其常事 ,使 逯式得 罪 ,代 者 亦 復 如之,自 非 狡 焉思肆,將 成 大患 ,何 足 虧損唯 慮 ,尚 為 小 詐 哉?以斯為 美 ,又 所 不 取 。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ (... 并收
雲 及弟耽 ,並 伏 法 。 ... 及機之 誅,三 族 無 遺 , ...事 亦 並 在 晉 書 。) Ji Yun Biezhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 58.
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身 为吴郡 陆氏这个传统儒学 世 家 的 子弟 ,一生坚持儒家的治国思想,[...] (Translation: As a member of the traditional Confucianist Lu family in Wu Commandery, Lu Xun had, throughout his life, maintained his beliefs in the Confucian style of governance [...]) - ^ ([
世 祖 文 皇帝 黃 初 元年 ]冬 ,十 月 ,乙 卯 ,漢 帝 告 祠 高 廟 ,使 行 御 史 大夫 張 音 持 節 奉 璽綬詔 冊 ,禪 位 于魏。王 三 上書 辭 讓 ,乃為壇 於繁陽 ,辛 未 ,升 壇 受璽綬,卽 皇帝 位 ,燎祭天地 、嶽 瀆,改元 ,大赦 。 ... [文 帝 黃 初 二 年 ]夏 ,四 月 ,丙午 ,漢 中 王 卽 皇帝 位 於武擔之南 ,大赦 ,改元 章 武 。 ... [文 帝 黃 初 二 年 ]丁 巳 ,遣 太 常 邢貞奉 策 卽 拜 孫 權 為 吳 王 ,加 九 錫 。 ... [文 帝 黃 初 三 年 ]於是吳 王 改元 黃 武 ,臨江拒 守 。) Zizhi Tongjian vol. 69. - ^ Shi Ji vol. 81.
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赤 烏 ]七 年 春 正月 ,以上 大將軍 陸 遜 為 丞相 。) Sanguozhi vol. 47. - ^ (
太 元 元年 ,就都治 病 。病 差 當 還 ,權 涕泣 與 別 ,謂 曰:「吾 前 聽用讒言 ,與 汝 父 大義 不 篤 ,以此負 汝 。前後 所 問 ,一 焚滅之 ,莫令人見 也。」) Sanguozhi vol. 58. - ^ Sanguo Yanyi ch. 84.
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