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Guo Ma

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In this Chinese name, the family name is Guo.
Guo Ma
郭かく馬うま
General Who Pacifies the South (安やす南みなみ将はた军) (self-appointed)
In office
279 (279)–? (?)
Personal details
BornUnknown
DiedUnknown

Guo Ma (fl. 279) was a military general of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. In 279, Guo and his colleagues rebelled in Guangzhou following the death of their superior, Xiu Yun (修おさむ允まこと or 脩おさむ允まこと). His rebellion later coincided with the Conquest of Wu by Jin, and was one of the last conflicts of the Three Kingdoms.

Life

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Nothing is known about Guo Ma's background, but he had been a long time subordinate of the Administrator of Hepu, Xiu Yun, serving as his General-Commander. In the summer of 279, Xiu was made Administrator of Guilin and was meant to move to his new base of operation. However, Xiu was too ill that time, so he remained in Hepu and gave Guo Ma a small army of 500 to lead in Guilin in order to calm the local tribes. Xiu died soon after, and his subordinates were split up to serve under the other commanders.

Guo Ma and his peers were not happy with this decision. They had served the Xiu family for generations and were reluctant to serve separately in different armies. Coincidentally, the Wu emperor Sun Hao had been conducting a household survey in the Guangzhou region around the time of Xiu's death, putting the people at unease. Using this to their advantage, Guo Ma and his companions riled up the people and mobilized the local troops, amassing a huge army under them to rebel.

Guo attacked the Commander of Guangzhou, Yu Shou (虞おそれ授) and killed him. Wang Zhu (王おう著ちょ) and Wang Yan (王おう延のべ), who were brothers of the mathematician, Wang Fan, were also killed in the revolt.[1] Guo then appointed himself Chief Controller of Jiaozhou and Guangzhou along with General Who Pacifies the South. He appointed his fellow generals, Wu Shu (吳ご述じゅつ) and Yin Xing (殷いん興きょう), as Inspector of Guangzhou and Prefect of Nanhai respectively.[2]

Guo then ordered He Dian (何なに典てん) to attack Cangwu and Wang Zu (王族おうぞく) to attack Shixing. Wu's Prefect of Nanhai, Liu Lüe (劉りゅう略りゃく) of Kuaiji (the son of Liu Zan 留とめ贊さん) was killed by Guo and the Inspector of Guangzhou, Xu Qi (徐じょ旗はた), was driven out of the province. The newly appointed Governor of Guangzhou, Teng Xiu, led 10,000 men under his wing to quell the rebellion from the east. Sun Hao also gave the Commander of Xuling (徐じょ陵りょう, in modern-day Jingkou District, Jiangsu), Tao Jun, 7,000 men to lead from the west. Jun was expected to link with the Governor of Jiaozhou, his brother Tao Huang, and attack the rebels together.[3]

The rebellion carried over to December of that year, the same month in which Wu's rival, the Jin dynasty (266–420), would launch a large-scale invasion on them. Tao Jun had marched all the way to Wuchang when he heard the news, so he quickly rush back east to fend off the invasion but was defeated by the Jin forces.[4] Teng Xiu was still fighting the rebels at the time before he knew of the invasion. Much like Tao Jun, he abandoned the campaign to defend against the invasion, but Teng was faced with complications along the way and never reached the frontline.[5]

In May 280, Sun Hao surrendered to Jin, thus ending Eastern Wu and the Three Kingdoms period. Teng Xiu and Tao Huang[6] both surrendered to Jin while Tao Jun's fate is unknown. Available historical records all fail to provide a conclusion to the rebellion although it most likely ended shortly after Jin's takeover. Guo Ma also ceases to appear in the records from this point on and has no recorded time of death. Following their surrender, Teng Xiu and Tao Huang were reinstated to their original positions in Guangzhou and Jiaozhou respectively.

Lu Ji, a writer who lived through the fall of Wu and served in the Jin government, claimed in an essay of his, Disquisition on the Fall of a State (辨べん亡ほろび論ろん), that Guo Ma's rebellion (which he referred to as "the chaos in Guangzhou") was one of the many reasons for Wu's demise.[7] Guo Ma and his rebellion do not appear in Luo Guanzhong's 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

References

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  1. ^ (二に弟おとうと著ちょ、延のべ皆みな作さく佳けい器き，郭かく馬うま起おこり事ごと，不為ふため馬ば用よう，見み害がい。) Sanguozhi, Volume 65
  2. ^ (年とし夏なつ，郭かく馬うま反はん。馬うま本ほん合浦がつぽ太守たいしゅ脩おさむ允まこと部ぶ曲きょく督とく。允まこと轉うたて桂かつら林りん太守たいしゅ，疾病しっぺい，住廣すみひろ州しゅう，先遣せんけん馬ば將はた五百兵至郡安撫諸夷。允まこと死し，兵へい當分とうぶん給きゅう，馬うま等とう累るい世よ舊きゅう軍ぐん，不ふ樂らく離別りべつ。皓あきら時又ときまた科か實じつ廣州こうしゅう戶口とぐち，馬うま與あずか部ぶ曲きょく將はた何なに典てん、王族おうぞく、吳ご述じゅつ、殷いん興きょう等とう因いん此恐動どう兵へい民みん，合ごう聚人衆しゅ，攻おさむ殺ころせ廣州こうしゅう督とく虞おそれ授。馬うま自じ號ごう都と督とく交廣二に州しゅう諸しょ軍事ぐんじ、安やす南みなみ將軍しょうぐん，興おき廣州こうしゅう刺史しし，述じゅつ南海なんかい太守たいしゅ。典てん攻おさむ蒼梧そうご，族ぞく攻おさむ始はじめ興きょう。) Sanguozhi, Volume 48
  3. ^ (秋あき，八はち月がつ，吳ご以軍師し張ちょう悌爲丞相じょうしょう，牛うし渚なぎさ都と督とく何なん植うえ爲ため司し徒と，執と金吾きんご滕脩爲ため司し空そら；未み拜はい，更さら以脩爲ため廣州こうしゅう牧まき，帥そち萬まん人にん從したがえ東道とうどう討郭馬ば。馬うま殺ころせ南海なんかい太守たいしゅ劉りゅう略りゃく，逐廣州こうしゅう刺史しし徐じょ旗はた。吳くれ主ぬし又また遣や徐じょ陵りょう督とく陶すえ濬將七なな千せん人にん，從したがえ西道さいどう與あずか交州牧まき陶すえ璜共擊げき馬ば。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 80
  4. ^ (陶とう濬將討郭馬ば，至いたり武たけ昌あきら，聞晉兵へい大入おおいり，引兵東ひがし還かえ。至いたり建けん業ぎょう，吳ご主しゅ引見いんけん，問もん水軍すいぐん消息しょうそく，對たい曰：「蜀しょく船せん皆みな小しょう，今こん得とく二に萬まん兵へい，乘じょう大船おおぶね以戰，自足じそく破やぶ之これ。」於是合ごう衆しゅ，授濬節ぶし鉞。明日あした當とう發はつ，其夜，衆しゅう悉逃潰つぶせ。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 81
  5. ^ (廣州こうしゅう部ぶ曲きょく督とく郭かく馬うま等とう為ため亂みだれ，皓あきら以修宿やど有ゆう威い惠めぐみ，為ため嶺みね表ひょう所しょ伏ふく，以為使し持じ節ぶし、都みやこ督ただし廣州こうしゅう軍事ぐんじ、鎮南將軍しょうぐん、廣州こうしゅう牧まき以討之の。未み克かつ而王師し伐き吳ご，修おさむ率りつ眾赴難なん。至いたり巴ともえ丘たかし而皓已やめ降ぶ，乃縞素もと流涕りゅうてい而還，與あずか廣州こうしゅう刺史しし閭豐、蒼梧そうご太守たいしゅ王おう毅あつし各かく送おく印綬いんじゅ，詔みことのり以修為安ためやす南みなみ將軍しょうぐん，廣州こうしゅう牧まき、持じ節ぶし、都と督とく如故，封ふう武たけ當とう侯ほう，加か鼓吹こすい，委ゆだね以南いなん方かた事ごと。修おさむ在ざい南みなみ積年せきねん，為ため邊べ夷えびす所しょ附ふ。) Book of Jin, Volume 57
  6. ^ (皓あきら既すんで降くだ晉すすむ，手書しゅしょ遣や璜息融とおる敕璜歸順きじゅん。璜流涕りゅうてい數日すうじつ，遣や使送しそう印しるし綬詣洛陽らくよう。帝みかど詔みことのり復ふく其本職しょく，封ふう宛あて陵りょう侯こう，改あらため為ため冠かんむり軍ぐん將軍しょうぐん。) Book of Jin, Volume 57
  7. ^ (夫おっと太ふと康之やすゆき役やく，眾未盛もり乎曩日び之の師し，廣州こうしゅう之の亂みだれ，禍わざわい有ゆう愈いよいよ乎向時じ之の難なん，而邦家か顛覆てんぷく，宗廟そうびょう為ため墟。) Disquisition of the Fall of a State, Volume 2
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