Shi Xie
Shi Xie / Sĩ Nhiếp | |
---|---|
General of the Guards ( | |
In office after 220 – 226 | |
Monarch | Emperor Da of Wu |
General of the Left ( | |
In office 210 –220 | |
Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
General Who Stabilises Distant Lands ( | |
In office ? –? | |
Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
General of the Household Who Pacifies the South (綏南 | |
In office ? –? | |
Monarch | Emperor Xian of Han |
Administrator of Jiaozhi (交趾 | |
In office 187 –? | |
Monarchs | Emperor Ling of Han / Emperor Xian of Han |
Personal details | |
Born | 137 Cangwu County, Guangxi, Eastern Han dynasty |
Died | 226 (aged 89) Guangzhou, Guangdong, Eastern Wu dynasty |
Relations | see here |
Children | see here |
Parent |
|
Occupation | Military general, politician, warlord |
Courtesy name | Weiyan ( |
Peerage | Marquis of Longbian ( |
Posthumous name | Thiện Cảm Gia Ứng Linh Vũ Đại Vương ( (awarded by the Trần dynasty of Vietnam) |
Shi Xie (courtesy name Weiyan, also rendered as Sĩ Nhiếp in Vietnamese, was a Chinese military general, politician, and warlord who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China.[1] He served as the Administrator of Jiaozhi Commandery in present-day northern Vietnam. The third-century historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi) is a major source of Chinese traditions concerning Shi Xie's life.[2] He promoted Buddhism throughout his life. After his death, the Vietnamese attached many legends to him[3] and honoured him as Sĩ Vương (King Sĩ,
Family background and early life[edit]
Shi Xie was in the sixth generation from his ancestors who migrated to northern Vietnam,[4] born in Jiao Province, but his ancestral home was around present-day Tai'an, Shandong. His ancestors moved to Jiao Province when Wang Mang usurped the throne and established the Xin dynasty (9–23) with himself as its emperor. Shi Xie's father, Shi Ci (
In his youth, Shi Xie studied the Zuo Zhuan under the tutelage of one Liu Tao (
As a warlord in Jiao Province[edit]
Around the time, Zhu Fu (
After Shi Xie sent his subordinate Zhang Min (
In 210, Wu Ju got into conflict with Lai Gong and forced him out of Jiao Province. Sun Quan, the warlord who controlled the territories in the Jiangdong region bordering Jiao Province, appointed his subordinate Bu Zhi as the Inspector of Jiao Province to replace Lai Gong. Shi Xie led his followers to submit to Bu Zhi's governorship, but Wu Ju refused and secretly plotted to assassinate Bu Zhi. However, Bu Zhi sensed Wu Ju's intentions and managed to outwit and kill him. Sun Quan later appointed Shi Xie as General of the Left (
As a vassal of Eastern Wu[edit]
In the years after the fall of the Eastern Han dynasty in 220, Sun Quan declared himself king and established the kingdom (later empire) of Eastern Wu. Shi Xie pledged loyalty to Sun Quan and sent one of his sons, Shi Xin (
Family[edit]
Shi Xie's family tree | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Shi Xie had at least five sons (in decreasing order of seniority): Shi Xin (
After Shi Xie died in 226, his third son Shi Hui succeeded him as the Administrator of Jiaozhi Commandery (交趾
In 227, when Shi Hui learnt about the new arrangements, he refused to comply and rebelled against Wu rule by sending his troops to block Dai Liang and Chen Shi from entering Jiao Province. At the time, Huan Lin (桓鄰), one of Shi Hui's subordinates, begged his superior to obey the order and surrender his governorship of Jiaozhi Commandery to Chen Shi. However, Shi Hui refused and had Huan Lin flogged to death. Huan Lin's nephew, Huan Fa (桓發), started a mutiny against Shi Hui and engaged him in a battle that lasted a few months. They made peace after that.
In the meantime, after learning of Shi Hui's rebellion, Sun Quan ordered Lü Dai, the Inspector of Guang Province, to lead troops to recapture Jiaozhi Commandery. Lü Dai, who was close to Shi Hui's cousin Shi Kuang (
Shi Xie's brothers, Shi Yi (
Earlier in the 220s, Shi Xie had sent his eldest son, Shi Xin (
Worship of "King Sĩ", Sĩ Tiếp in Vietnam[edit]
Shi Xie ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese monarchs.[6] In the words of Stephen O'Harrow, Shi Xie was essentially "the first Vietnamese."[7] According to Holmgren, Shi Xie's rule "is one of the milestones in the development and fusion of two new social groups in Tongking - a sinicised Vietnamese group and a vietnamised Chinese group. The latter gradually came to identify with the interests of the delta rather than with the Chinese empire".[8] Taylor (1983) also believed his imperial appointments gave formal legitimacy to "the emergence of a regional ruling class with strong ties to the local society". It is apparent from events following his death that he "presided over an aberrant regional power arrangement based on great Han-Viet families that could field private armies". From the Chinese's view, Shi Xie stood as a "frontier guardian"; from the Vietnamese side, he was the head of a regional ruling-class society. It was relatively easy for people to shift back and forth between these two perspectives. Thus, the man of Chinese or mixed ancestry playing a mixed role or, in some cases, an unambiguous Vietnamese role is a common figure in early Vietnamese history. "He was the first of many such people to emerge as strong regional leaders who nurtured the local society in the context of Chinese civilization".[9] The people who emerged as Vietnamese leaders during this time were of mixed ancestry: most of their families had already been in Vietnam for several generations; they undoubtedly spoke Vietnamese; and their political outlook was based on the regional interests of Vietnamese society.[10]
Shi Xie is still honoured in some Vietnamese temples today as "King Si" (Sĩ Vương).[11] The Vietnamese history Việt Điện U Linh Tập (
See also[edit]
- Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms
- The surname Shì is related to the Fan clan (Phạm surname in Vietnamese)
References[edit]
- ^ de Crespigny (2007), p. 739.
- ^ Werner, Dutton & Whitmore (2012), p. 11.
- ^ Keown (2003), p. 326.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 85.
- ^ a b c Taylor (1983), p. 70.
- ^ Walker 2012, p. 132.
- ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2004) [1990]. "Empire in the South". Generals of the South: The Foundation and Early History of the Three Kingdoms State of Wu. Internet. Canberra, ACT: Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. p. 739. ISBN 0731509013. Archived from the original on 9 July 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
- ^ Holmgren 1980, p. 61.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 71.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 86.
- ^ Schafer (1967), p. 99.
- ^ Dror (2007), p. 15.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- de Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004156050.
- Dror, Olga (2007). Cult, Culture, and Authority: Princess Liễu Hạnh in Vietnamese History. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0824829727.
- Holmgren, Jennifer (1980). Chinese Colonization of Northern Vietnam: Administrative Geography and Political Development in the Tonking Delta, First To Sixth Centuries A.D. Australian National University Press.
- Keown, Damien (2003). A Dictionary of Buddhism. Oxford University Press.
- Pei, Songzhi (5th century). Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi zhu).
- Schafer, Edward Hetzel (1967). The Vermilion Bird. University of California Press.
- Sima, Guang (1084). Zizhi Tongjian.
- Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of Vietnam (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 0520074173.
- Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012), East Asia: A New History, ISBN 978-1477265161
- Werner, Jayne; Dutton, George Edson; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012). Sources of Vietnamese Tradition. Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231511108.