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Luo Tong

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Luo Tong
駱統
Area Commander of Ruxu (濡須督とく)
In office
223 (223)–228 (228)
MonarchSun Quan
Lieutenant-General (偏へん將軍しょうぐん)
In office
222 (222)–223 (223)
MonarchSun Quan
Personal details
Born193[a]
Yiwu, Zhejiang
Died228 (aged 35)[1]
SpouseLady Sun
Parent
OccupationOfficial
Courtesy nameGongxu (公おおやけ緒いとぐち)
PeerageMarquis of Xinyang Village
(新陽しんよう亭ちん侯こう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Luo.

Luo Tong (193 CE–228 CE),[1] courtesy name Gongxu, was an official serving under the warlord Sun Quan during the late Eastern Han dynasty and early Three Kingdoms period of China.

Life[edit]

Luo Tong was from Wushang County (烏がらす傷きず縣けん), Kuaiji Commandery, which is around present-day Yiwu, Zhejiang. His father Luo Jun (駱俊), who served the Prince of Chen Liu Chong as his chancellor (陳ひね相しょう) in the Eastern Han dynasty, was killed by the warlord Yuan Shu.[2] Luo Tong's mother remarried after her husband's death, and became a concubine of the official Hua Xin. Luo Tong, who was seven years old then, returned to Kuaiji Commandery with his close friends. Before Luo Tong left his hometown, his mother tearfully bid him farewell. When the carriage driver told him that his mother was looking on from behind, Luo Tong did not turn around. When asked why, he said, "If I look back, my mother will only miss me more. I don't want to make her suffer." This story highlights Luo Tong's filial piety and respect for his family. It also shows his loyalty and determination, as he did not let his emotions cloud his duty.[3]

At the time, there was a famine, so the residents in Luo Tong's hometown and other travellers taking shelter there suffered from hunger. Luo Tong was very worried about this and his appetite decreased. His elder sister, who was widowed and had no children, was known for being very kind. She saw that her brother looked very upset, so she asked him why. Luo Tong said, "I feel bad when I can fill my own stomach while those people don't have enough to eat." His sister replied, "You're right. Why do you suffer in silence and not tell me about this?" She then took grain from her personal stores and gave it to Luo Tong, and also informed their mother about it. Luo Tong's mother agreed with what they were doing, and she distributed grain to the people. Luo Tong became famous after this incident.[4]

When the warlord Sun Quan was nominally serving as the Administrator (太守たいしゅ) of Kuaiji Commandery, Luo Tong, then 19 years old, was appointed as the Chancellor of Wucheng County (烏がらす程ほど縣けん; south of present-day Huzhou, Zhejiang), which had over 10,000 residents. He performed well in office and received praise from Sun Quan, who promoted him to an Officer of Merit (功こう曹) and acting Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう). He married the daughter of Sun Quan's cousin, Sun Fu.[5] Luo Tong was known for being very diligent in examining the state of affairs in his jurisdiction. Whenever he encountered important issues that required action, he would attempt to resolve them within the day itself. He also advised Sun Quan to give greater attention to talented and virtuous people, so as to attract them to serve him. He suggested that Sun Quan meet the guests individually (instead of in groups) and hold private conversations with them to understand them better and make them feel appreciated and grateful to him. Sun Quan accepted Luo Tong's advice.[6] Luo Tong was appointed as "General of the Household Who Builds Loyalty" (建たて忠ただし中ちゅう郎ろう將しょう) and was placed in charge of 3,000 troops. He was placed in command of Ling Tong's unit after Ling died.[7]

At some point during his career, Luo Tong became aware of the hardships suffered by the common people. He noted that the population was plagued by contagious diseases, onerous taxes, and forced labor. He wrote a lengthy memorial to Sun Quan, the ruler of Eastern Wu, warning him that these problems could lead to instability and unrest if they were not addressed. Luo Tong's memorial demonstrated his concern for the welfare of the people and his understanding of the social and political issues of the time. He urged Sun Quan to implement policies to help the people and relieve their burdens. Sun Quan felt touched after reading Luo Tong's memorial and he paid greater attention to Luo's ideas.[8] Throughout his career, Luo Tong had written many memorials to Sun Quan, giving appropriate advice on policies. Among all the pieces of advice he gave to Sun Quan, the most notable one is his suggestion to stop increasing conscription, because he felt that forcing the people into conscription would lead to social problems and make them feel resentful. Sun Quan argued with him again and again over this issue, but eventually accepted his ideas.[9]

In 221–222 CE, Luo Tong participated in the Battle of Xiaoting between Eastern Wu and its former ally state, Shu Han. He was a subordinate of the Wu general Lu Xun, and the Wu forces emerged victorious in the battle. Luo Tong was promoted to Lieutenant-General (偏へん將軍しょうぐん) for his contributions. Later, in 222–223 CE, he participated in the Battle of Ruxu against Wu's rival state Cao Wei. The Wei general, Cao Ren had sent his subordinate Chang Diao (常つね雕) to attack Zhongzhou (中洲なかす). Luo Tong and Yan Gui (嚴いむ圭けい) led the Wu forces to Zhongzhou to resist the enemy and defeated them. For his success, Luo Tong was promoted to Area Commander of Ruxu (濡須督とく) and enfeoffed as the Marquis of Xinyang Village (新陽しんよう亭ちん侯こう).[10] He also spoke up for Zhang Wen when Zhang Wen was implicated in a scandal involving Ji Yan, but Sun Quan did not accept his advice.[11]

Luo Tong died in 228 at the age of 36 (by East Asian age reckoning).[1]

Luo Jun[edit]

Luo Tong's father was Luo Jun (駱俊), whose courtesy name was Xiaoyuan (孝こう遠とお). Luo Jun was known for being skilful in handling both civil and military affairs. He served as a minor officer in his home commandery when he was young and was nominated as a xiaolian (civil service candidate). He was subsequently promoted to a Gentleman of Writing (尚書しょうしょ郎ろう), and was later appointed as the Chancellor of Chen State. When chaos broke out towards the end of the Eastern Han dynasty, Luo Jun successfully maintained law and order within Chen State and ensured that the people lived well and were safe. Sometime in the 190s, when the warlord Yuan Shu was running short of supplies, he sent a messenger to Chen State to request for grain. Luo Jun saw Yuan Shu as a traitor and despised him, so he refused to send supplies. The angry Yuan Shu then sent assassins to kill Luo Jun.[12]

Appraisal[edit]

Chen Shou, who wrote Luo Tong's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, appraised Luo Tong as follows: "Luo Tong understood righteousness and provided rational advice. He was able to convince those in power."[13]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Luo Tong's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that he died in the 7th year of the Huangwu era (228) of Sun Quan's reign at the age of 36 (by East Asian age reckoning).[1] By calculation, his birth year should be around 193.

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d (年とし三さん十じゅう六ろく，黃き武ぶ七なな年ねん卒そつ。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  2. ^ (駱統字じ公こう緒いとぐち，會かい稽烏傷きず人じん也。父ちち俊しゅん，官かん至いたり陳ひね相しょう，為ため袁術所しょ害がい。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  3. ^ (統みつる母はは改あらため適てき，為ため華はな歆小妻つま，統みつる時じ八はち歲さい，遂とげ與あずか親しん客きゃく歸き會かい稽。其母送おく之これ，拜辭はいじ上じょう車しゃ，面めん而不顧，其母泣涕於後。御者ぎょしゃ曰：「夫人ふじん猶なお在ざい也。」統みつる曰：「不ふ欲よく增ぞう母はは思おもえ，故こ不ふ顧耳。」事こと適てき母はは甚謹。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  4. ^ (時とき饑ひだる荒あら，鄉里きょうり及遠方かた客きゃく多た有ゆう困こま乏とぼし，統みつる為之ためゆき飲食いんしょく衰おとろえ少しょう。其姊仁愛じんあい有ゆう行ぎょう，寡歸無む子こ，見み統すべ甚哀之の，數すう問もん其故。統みつる曰：「士し大夫たいふ糟糠そうこう不足ふそく，我わが何なに心こころ獨どく飽！」姊曰：「誠まこと如是にょぜ，何なに不ふ告つげ我わが，而自苦く若わか此？」乃自以私粟あわ與あずか統すべ，又また以告母はは，母はは亦また賢けん之の，遂とげ使し分ぶん施ほどこせ，由ゆかり是ぜ顯あらわ名めい。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  5. ^ (孫まご權けん以將軍ぐん領會りょうかい稽太守たいしゅ，統みつる年ねん二に十じゅう，試ためし為ため烏がらす程ほど相しょう，民みん戶ど過か萬まん，咸歎其惠理り。權けん嘉之よしゆき，召為功こう曹，行ぎょう騎き都と尉じょう，妻つま以從兄けい輔女。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  6. ^ (統みつる志こころざし在ざい補ほ察，苟所聞見，夕ゆう不ふ待まち旦だん。常つね勸すすむ權けん以尊賢けん接せっ士し，勤つとむ求もとめ損益そんえき，饗きょう賜たまもの之の日にち，可か人人ひとびと別べつ進しん，問もん其燥濕，加か以密意い，誘さそえ諭さとし使し言げん，察其志こころざし趣おもむき，令れい皆みな感恩かんおん戴義，懷ふところ欲ほっ報ほう之の心しん。權けん納おさめ用よう焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  7. ^ (出で為ため建たて忠ただし中ちゅう郎ろう將はた，領りょう武ぶ射しゃ吏三さん千せん人にん。及凌統みつる死し，復ふく領りょう其兵。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  8. ^ (是ぜ時じ徵ちょう役やく繁しげる數すう，重じゅう以疫癘えきれい，民みん戶ど損耗そんこう，統みつる上じょう疏曰：「臣しん聞君國こく者しゃ，以據疆土為ため彊つよし富とみ，制せい威い福ぶく為ため尊みこと貴とうと，曜德義とくぎ為ため榮さかえ顯あらわ，永世えいせい胤たね為ため豐ゆたか祚。然しか財ざい須民生せい，彊つよし賴よりゆき民力みんりょく，威い恃民勢ぜい，福ぶく由よし民みん殖ふえ，德とく俟民茂しげる，義よし以民行ぎょう，六ろく者しゃ旣すんで備，然しか後こう應おう天てん受祚，保ほ族ぞく宜むべ邦くに。書しょ曰：『衆しゅう非ひ后きさき無能むのう胥以寧やすし，后きさき非ひ衆しゅう無む以辟四方しほう。』推是言ごと之の，則のり民みん以君安やす，君きみ以民濟ずみ，不易ふえき之の道也みちや。今いま彊つよし敵てき未み殄，海うみ內未乂，三軍さんぐん有無うむ已やめ之これ役やく，江こう境さかい有ゆう不ふ釋しゃく之の備，徵しるし賦ふ調ちょう數すう，由來ゆらい積せき紀き，加か以殃疫死喪も之の災わざわい，郡こおり縣けん荒あら虛きょ，田た疇蕪曠，聽聞ちょうもん屬ぞく城じょう，民みん戶ど浸ひた寡，又また多た殘ざん老おい，少しょう有ゆう丁ひのと夫おっと，聞此之これ日にち，心こころ若わか焚燎。思おもえ尋ひろ所由しょゆう，小しょう民みん無知むち，旣すんで有安ありやす土ど重じゅう遷之性せい，且又前後ぜんご出で為ため兵へい者しゃ，生なま則のり困苦こんく無む有ゆう溫ぬる飽，死し則そく委棄いき骸骨がいこつ不ふ反はん，是ぜ以尤用よう戀こい本ほん畏かしこ遠とお，同どう之これ於死。每まい有ゆう徵發ちょうはつ，羸謹居きょ家重いえしげ累るい者しゃ先見せんけん輸送ゆそう。小しょう有ゆう財貨ざいか，傾かたぶけ居きょ行ぎょう賂まいない，不ふ顧窮盡つき。輕けい剽ひょうげ者しゃ則そく迸ほとばし入にゅう險阻けんそ，黨とう就羣惡あく。百姓ひゃくしょう虛きょ竭，嗷然愁擾，愁擾則そく不ふ營業えいぎょう，不ふ營業えいぎょう則そく致窮困こま，致窮困こま則のり不ふ樂らく生せい，故こ口腹こうふく急きゅう，則のり姧心動どう而攜叛多也。又また聞民間あいだ非ひ居きょ處しょ小しょう能のう自供じきょう，生產せいさん兒じ子こ，多た不ふ起おこり養やしなえ；屯田とんでん貧ひん兵へい，亦また多た棄子すてご。天てん則そく生せい之の，而父母ちちはは殺ころせ之これ，旣すんで懼干逆ぎゃく和氣わき，感動かんどう陰陽いんよう。且惟殿下でんか開基かいき建國けんこく，乃無窮きゅう之これ業ぎょう也，彊つよし鄰大敵てき非ひ造次ぞうじ所しょ滅ほろび，疆埸常つね守もり非ひ期き月がつ之の戍，而兵民みん減耗げんもう，後生ごしょう不ふ育そだて，非ひ所以ゆえん歷れき遠とお年ねん，致成功せいこう也。夫おっと國こく之の有ゆう民みん，猶なお水みず之の有ゆう舟ぶね，停とま則のり以安，擾則以危，愚ぐ而不可ふか欺，弱じゃく而不可ふか勝しょう，是ぜ以聖王おう重じゅう焉，禍福かふく由之よしゆき，故こ與あずか民みん消息しょうそく，觀かん時制じせい政せい。方今ほうこん長ちょう吏親民みん之の職しょく，惟おもんみ以辨具ぐ為ため能のう，取と過か目前もくぜん之の急きゅう，少しょう復ふく以恩惠おんけい為ため治ち，副ふく稱しょう殿下でんか天てん覆くつがえ之これ仁じん，勤つとむ恤之德とく者しゃ。官民かんみん政せい俗ぞく，日にち以彫弊へい，漸やや以陵遲おそ，勢いきおい不可ふか乆。夫おっと治ち疾やまし及其未み篤あつし，除じょ患貴其未深ふか，願ねがい殿下でんか少しょう以萬まん機き餘あまり閑，留とめ神しん思おもえ省しょう，補ほ復ふく荒あら虛むなし，深ふか圖ず遠とお計けい，育いく殘餘ざんよ之の民みん，阜人財ざい之の用もちい，參まいり曜三光こう，等とう崇たかし天地てんち。臣しん統みつる之の大願たいがん，足そく以死而不朽ふきゅう矣。」權けん感かん統みつる言げん，深ふか加か意い焉。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  9. ^ (數すう陳ひね便宜べんぎ，前ぜん後書あとがき數すう十じゅう上じょう，所しょ言げん皆みな善ぜん，文ぶん多た故こ不ふ悉載。尤ゆう以占募つの在民ざいみん間あいだ長ちょう惡あく敗はい俗ぞく，生なま離叛りはん之の心しん，急きゅう宜よろし絕ぜっ置おけ，權けん與あずか相あい反覆はんぷく，終おわり遂行すいこう之の。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  10. ^ (以隨陸りく遜へりくだ破やぶ蜀しょく軍ぐん於宜都と，遷偏將軍しょうぐん。黃き武たけ初はつ，曹仁攻おさむ濡須，使つかい別べつ將はた常つね雕等襲かさね中洲なかす，統すべ與あずか嚴いむ圭けい共きょう拒こばめ破やぶ之これ，封ふう新陽しんよう亭ちん侯こう，後ご為ため濡須督とく。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  11. ^ (將軍しょうぐん駱統表ひょう理り溫ゆたか曰：「 ... 」權けん終おわり不納ふのう。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  12. ^ (謝しゃ承うけたまわ後のち漢書かんしょ曰：俊しゅん字じ孝こう遠とお，有ゆう文武ぶんぶ才幹さいかん，少しょう為ため郡ぐん吏，察孝廉れん，補ほ尚書しょうしょ郎ろう，擢拜陳ひね相しょう。值袁術じゅつ僭號，兄弟きょうだい忿爭，天下てんか鼎かなえ沸にえ，羣賊並なみ起おこり，陳ひね與あずか比ひ界かい，姧慝四よん布ぬの，俊しゅん厲威武いぶ，保ほ疆境，賊ぞく不ふ敢犯。養やしなえ濟ずみ百姓ひゃくしょう，災害さいがい不ふ生せい，歲さい獲え豐ゆたか稔みのり。後こう術じゅつ軍ぐん衆しゅ饑ひだる困こま，就俊求もとめ糧かて。俊しゅん疾やまし惡あく術じゅつ，初はつ不ふ應おう荅。術じゅつ怒いか，密使みっし人じん殺ころせ俊しゅん。) Annotation from Xie Cheng's Houhanshu in Sanguozhi vol. 57.
  13. ^ (評ひょう曰： ... 駱統抗こう明大めいだい義よし，辭じ切きり理り至いたり，值權方かた閉不開ひらき。) Sanguozhi vol. 57.
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