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Matsuyama Castle (Iyo)

Coordinates: 33°50′44″N 132°45′57″E / 33.845539°N 132.765722°E / 33.845539; 132.765722
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Bitchū Matsuyama Castle.

Matsuyama Castle
松山まつやま城じょう
Matsuyama, Ehime Prefecture, Japan
Matsuyama Castle Tower (tenshu)
Matsuyama Castle is located in Ehime Prefecture
Matsuyama Castle
Matsuyama Castle
Matsuyama Castle is located in Japan
Matsuyama Castle
Matsuyama Castle
Coordinates33°50′44″N 132°45′57″E / 33.845539°N 132.765722°E / 33.845539; 132.765722 Map
TypeJapanese castle
Site information
ConditionLargely intact
Site history
Built1603
Built byKato Yoshiaki

Matsuyama Castle (松山まつやま城じょう, Matsuyama-jō) is a "flatland-mountain"-style Japanese castle that was built in 1603 on Mount Katsuyama, in the city of Matsuyama in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. The castle is one of twelve Japanese castles to still have its original tenshu. The castle has been protected as a National Historic Site since 1952.[1] It is also called Iyo-Matsuyama Castle to disambiguate it from Bitchū Matsuyama Castle in Okayama. Tsuyama Castle and Himeji Castle were also built in a similar style around the same time period.

History

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During the Muromachi period, central Iyo Province was ruled by the Kōno clan from their stronghold at Yuzuki Castle. However, after the start of the Sengoku period, the Kōno clan was weakened by internal conflicts and became subordinated to strong neighboring warlords such as Mōri clan or Chōsokabe clan. After Toyotomi Hideyoshi conquered Shikoku, his general Katō Yoshiaki was rewarded for his services at the Battle of Shizugatake and In 1583 was appointed lord of Masaki with a kokudaka of 60,000 koku. After Hideyoshi's death, Katō joined with Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara, and in reward, was confirmed as daimyō of Iyo-Matsuyama Domain under the Tokugawa shogunate with his kokudaka increased to 200,000 koku. In1602, he relocated his seat to Matsuyama Castle. The castle was not completed until 1627, and just before its completion, Katō Yoshiaki was transferred to Aizu Domain and replaced by Gamō Tadatomo. Under Gamō Tadatomo]] a large five-story tenshu was completed. Gamō Tadatomo died in Matsuyama in 1634 without heirs, shortly after completing the Ninomaru bailey. The shogunate then assigned Matsudaira Sadayuki from Kuwana Domain to govern the territory, which was reduced in size to 150,000 koku. His branch of the Matsudaira clan, the "Hisamatsu-Matsudaira" was a shinpan daimyō clan, considered to be closely related to the ruling Tokugawa clan, and would govern Matsuyama to the Meiji restoration.[2] Under Matsudaira Sadayuki, the tenshu was rebuilt on a smaller scale in 1642, reducing the height from five stories to three stories.[3]

Despite the domain's constant financial issues, the tenshu was rebuilt in 1854 by the 12th daimyō, Matsudaira Katsuyoshi, although it had been destroyed by lightning seventy years previously in 1784.

Following the Meiji restoration, most of the castle gates, yagura watchtowers, and other structures were demolished by the new Meiji government and the vacated third bailey became the site of the prefectural headquarters, and the inner bailey became a public park in 1874. From 1886, the second bailey and part of the third bailey became the garrison and headquartered for the Imperial Japanese Army 12th Infantry Regiment. This area would be under military control until 1945.,[4]

Current status of the castle

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The tenshu, six yagura watchtowers and several gates remain from the original castle, and there are also several reconstructed buildings. In 1935, the tenshu and 34 other structures were designated Important Cultural Properties; however, 11 buildings (including the Tenjin yagura) were destroyed in the Matsuyama Air Raid in World War II. In 1949, the Tsutsu Gate and its east and west yagura were destroyed by arson. In 1989, Matsuyama Castle Park was selected as one of Japan’s “Top 100 Cherry Blossom Spots”.

Matsuyama Castle was listed as one of Japan's Top 100 Castles by the Japan Castle Foundation in 2006.[5] in 2019, an additional nine structures received the designation of Registered Tangible Cultural Properties.

The castle is located a 20-minute walk from JR Shikoku Matsuyama Station.[3]

Castle Architecture

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Tonashimon

Matsuyama Castle consists of a Honmaru (main enclosure), a Ninomaru (secondary enclosure), and a Sannomaru (tertiary enclosure), spread over a flat hilltop area of about 400 meter long and 100 meter wide. This area has three masugata-style gates at south, northwest and northeast. The Honmaru is an inner square central area with three corner yagura connected by barrack gates surrounding the tenshu. The south and west edge of central area is protected by curved stone walls built utilizing the cliff as part of its natural defenses. The Ninomaru contains the daimyō residence and garden, and has area of about 200 meter long square. Entry into this secondary area was protected by tall stone walls and water moats.The Sannomaru was 500 meter long square, with tall clay walls and a 50 meter wide water moat. It is now a large park.

Matsuyama castle has a Doorless Gate (Tonashimon), and people who pass through it face the heavily fortified Tsutsuimon with the roof of the Tonashimon. Beside the Tsutsuimon, there is a hidden gate (Kakuremon) that could be used for surprise attacks.

North and South Corner Turret

The northern corner tower (left side) and the southern corner tower (right side) are connected to each other by corridors. There is a south-corner-turret (Minami-sumi-yagura) and a north-corner-turret (Kita-sumi-yagura).

A Drum Tower

On the Taka-ishigaki stone walls overlooking the Tonashimon there is a Drum Tower (Taiko-yagura) with stone-dropping windows. Taiko drums were set up to warn of enemies approaching the inner enclosure of the castle.

Cultural Properties

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National Important Cultural Properties

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  • Tenshu (天守閣てんしゅかく, Tenshukaku), rebuilt in 1854, but in its original style with black-colored wooden walls. It has three floors and one basement, and its interior is quite simple compared with the towers built at earlier period. It was designated an Important Cultural Property (ICP) in 1935.[6]
  • San-no-mon South Turret (三さんノ門もん南みなみ櫓ろ, San-no-mon minami yagura) [7]
  • Ni-no-mon South Turret (二にノ門もん南みなみ櫓ろ, Ni-nomon minami yagura) [8]
  • Ichi-no-mon South Turret (一ノ門いちのもん南みなみ櫓ろ, Ichi-no-mon minami yagura) [9]
  • Inui Turret (乾いぬい櫓ろ, Inui yagura)[10]
  • Nohara Turret (野原のはら櫓ろ, Nohara Yagura) [11]
  • Partition Gate (仕切じきり門もん, Shikirimon)[12]
  • San-no-mon Gate (三さんノ門もん, San-no-mon)[13]
  • Ni-no-mon Gate (二にノ門もん, Ni-no-mon)[14]
  • Ichi-no-mon Gate (一ノ門いちのもん, Ichi-no-mon)[15]
  • Shichikumon Gate (紫竹しちく門もん, Shichikumon)[16]
  • Kakuremon Gate (隠かくれ門もん, Kakuremon)[17]
  • Kakuremon Tsuzuki Turret (隠かくれ門もん続ぞく櫓ろ, Kakuremon Tsuzuki Yagura)[18]
  • Tonashi Gate (戸と無む門もん, Tonashimon)[19]
  • Partition Gate Inner Wall (仕切じきり門内かどうち塀へい, Shikirimon nai hei)[20]
  • Sannomon East Wall (三さんノ門東もんとう塀へい, Sannomon Higashi hei)[21]
  • Iron Gate East Wall (筋すじ鉄てつ門東もんとう塀へい, Sujitetsu Higashi hei)[22]
  • Ninomon East Wall (二にノ門東もんとう塀へい, Ninomon Higashi hei)[23]
  • Ichinomon East Wall (一ノ門いちのもん東ひがし塀へい, Ichinomon Higashi hei)[24]
  • Shichikumon East Wall (紫竹しちく門東もんとう塀へい, Shichikumon Higashi hei)[25]
  • Shichikumon West Wall (紫竹しちく門もん西にし塀へい, Shichikumon Nishi hei)[26]

Registered Tangible Cultural Properties

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  • Matsuyama Castle Internal Gate (松山まつやま城内きうち門もん, Matsuyama-jō Naimon) [27]
  • North Corner Turret (北きた隅すみ櫓ろ, Jōhoku sumi yagura) [28]
  • Matsuyama Castle Entry (松山まつやま城じょう玄関げんかん, Matsuyama-jō genkan)[29]
  • Entrance Tamon Turret (玄関げんかん多聞たもん櫓ろ, Genkan Tamon yagura)[30]
  • Small Keep (小しょう天守閣てんしゅかく, Kotenshukaku) [31]
  • Ten-ken Corridor (十じゅう間あいだ廊下ろうか, Tenken roka)[32]
  • Reinforced Iron Gate (筋すじ鉄てつ門もん, Sujitetsumon)[33]
  • Tamon Turret (多聞たもん櫓ろ, Tamon yagura)[34]
  • Tsutsui Gate (筒井つつい門もん, Tsutsui mon)[35]
  • Tsutsui Gate West Tower (筒井つつい門もん西にし続ぞく櫓ろ, Tsutsuimon nishi zoku yagura)[36]
  • Tsutsui Gate Higashizukuri Turret (筒井つつい門東もんとう続ぞく櫓ろ, Tsutsui Montō zoku yagura)[37]
  • South Corner Turret (南みなみ隅すみ櫓ろ, Minami sumi yagura)[38]
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  • The Castle Mountain views
    The Castle Mountain views
  • The view from Matsuyama Castle Tower
    The view from Matsuyama Castle Tower
  • The Matsuyama castle Ropeway&Chairlift
    The Matsuyama castle Ropeway&Chairlift
  • An aerial view of Matsuyama Castle (1974)
    An aerial view of Matsuyama Castle (1974)
  • The view of Matsuyama city from Matsuyama castle
    The view of Matsuyama city from Matsuyama castle

Literature

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  • De Lange, William (2021). An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. ISBN 978-9492722300.
  • Schmorleitz, Morton S. (1974). Castles in Japan. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co. ISBN 0-8048-1102-4.
  • Motoo, Hinago (1986). Japanese Castles. Tokyo: Kodansha. p. 200 pages. ISBN 0-87011-766-1.
  • Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2013). Castles of the Samurai:Power & Beauty. USA: Kodansha. ISBN 978-1568365121.

References

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  1. ^ "松山まつやま城跡じょうせき". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  2. ^ Murdoch, James (1926). Longford, Joseph Henry (ed.). A History of Japan. Vol. III. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. p. 18.
  3. ^ a b Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国くに指定してい史跡しせき事典じてん) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生がくせい社しゃ. ISBN 978-4311750403.(in Japanese)
  4. ^ Oleg Benesch,"Japan's Castles: Citadels of Modernity in War and Peace"(United Kingdom; New York: TJ International Ltd. Padstow Cornwall: 2019),
  5. ^ "日本にっぽん100名城めいじょう®" [Japan's Top 100 Castles®] (in Japanese). Japan Castle Foundation. Retrieved 2023-01-02.[verification needed]
  6. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう天守てんしゅ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  7. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう三さんノ門もん南みなみ櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  8. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう二にノ門もん南みなみ櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  9. ^ "松山まつやま城一じょういちノ門もん南みなみ櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  10. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう乾いぬい櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  11. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう野原のはら櫓ろ櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  12. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう仕切じきり門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  13. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう三さんノ門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  14. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう二にノ門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  15. ^ "松山まつやま城一じょういちノ門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  16. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう紫竹しちく門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  17. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう隠かくれ門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  18. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう隠かくれ門もん続ぞく櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  19. ^ "松山まつやま城戸きど無む門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  20. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう仕切じきり門内かどうち塀へい". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  21. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう三さんノ門東もんとう塀へい". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  22. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう筋すじ鉄てつ門東もんとう塀へい". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  23. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう二にノ門東もんとう塀へい". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  24. ^ "松山まつやま城一じょういちノ門東もんとう塀へい". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  25. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう紫竹しちく門東もんとう塀へい". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  26. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう紫竹しちく門もん西にし塀へい". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  27. ^ "松山まつやま城内じょうのうち門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  28. ^ "松山まつやま城北しろきた隅すみ櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  29. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう玄関げんかん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  30. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう玄関げんかん多聞たもん櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  31. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう小しょう天守閣てんしゅかく". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  32. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう十じゅう間あいだ廊下ろうか". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  33. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう筋すじ鉄てつ門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  34. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう多聞たもん櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  35. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう筒井つつい門もん". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  36. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう筒井つつい門もん西にし続ぞく櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  37. ^ "松山まつやま城じょう筒井つつい門東もんとう続ぞく櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
  38. ^ "松山まつやま城南しろみなみ隅すみ櫓ろ櫓ろ". Cultural Heritage Online (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 2021-09-15.
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