Moral and National Education controversy

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Moral and national education
Traditional Chinese德育とくいく及國民こくみん敎育きょういく
Simplified Chinese德育とくいく及国民こくみん敎育きょういく
Moral and civic education
Chinese德育とくいく及公民こうみん敎育きょういく

Students at the Chinese University boycotting classes in protest of the moral and national education curriculum

Moral and national education (MNE), initially known as Moral and civic education (MCE), was a school curriculum proposed by the Education Bureau of Hong Kong in 2012.

The subject was controversial for its stance on the Chinese Communist Party and criticism of the United States two-party system.[1]

Background[edit]

Moral and civic education was one of the four key tasks in the 2001 curriculum reform undertaken by the Education and Manpower Bureau (superseded by the Education Bureau in 2007), and its framework was revised by the Education Bureau in 2008.

On 13 October 2010, Chief Executive Donald Tsang stated in the "Policy Address 2010–2011" that moral and national education would replace MCE to "strengthen national education". The government planned to introduce the new subject in primary schools in 2012 and secondary schools in 2013, and carried out a four-month consultation in 2011. Following the opposition from the public, the government postponed the commencement of the subject indefinitely.[2]

Curriculum[edit]

According to the revised Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide (Primary 1 to Secondary 6) (MNE Guide) published in June 2012, the subject has the following aims:[3]

  • Development of moral qualities
  • Development of a positive and optimistic attitude
  • Self-recognition
  • Judging in a caring and reasonable manner
  • Recognition of identity
  • Practice

Controversy[edit]

Necessity[edit]

Education Bureau (EB) claims that Moral, Civic and National Education is "an essential element of whole-person education which aims at fostering students' positive values and attitudes through the school curriculum and the provision of diversified learning experiences". It also claims to "enhance" students' commitments and contributions to analyse and judge personal, family, social, national and global issues.[4]

Since 2001, Moral and Civic Education has been accorded as one of the four Key Tasks under the Curriculum Reform to cultivate students' positive values and attitudes (Priority values include "Perseverance", "Respect for Others", "Responsibility", "National Identity" and "Commitment"). It has been suggested "life event" exemplars being used as learning contexts to enable students to realise positive values.

The Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union (PTU), an organisation formed by different levels of teachers, believes that MNE is unnecessary, as the original civic education curriculum had already contained "national education". Its vice president Cheung Man-kwong claims that introduction of MNE is a political action ordered by the central government of the People's Republic of China.[5]

Partiality of teaching materials[edit]

The "China Model National Conditions Teaching Manual", published by the National Education Services Centre under government funding, was found to be biased towards the Chinese Communist Party and the "China model". The teaching manual called the Communist Party an "advanced, selfless and united ruling group" (進步しんぽ、無私むし與あずか團結だんけつ的てき執政しっせい集團しゅうだん), while denouncing Democratic and Republican Parties of the United States as a "fierce inter-party rivalry [that] makes the people suffer" (政黨せいとう惡あく鬥，人民じんみん當とう災わざわい).[6]

Pressure groups and protests[edit]

Occupy Tamar
Date30 August – 8 September 2012
Location
Admiralty
MethodsOccupations, sit-ins, internet activism, hunger strikes, hacking
Parties
Lead figures
Scholarism appealed to the public for participation in the 1 July march of 2012.
Protest against implementation of national education on 29 July 2012

"Scholarism – The Alliance Against Moral & National Education" (later renamed "Scholarism", 學がく民みん思潮しちょう) was founded by a group of secondary school students on 29 May 2011, with no political affiliations.[7] Scholarism is the first pressure group formed and has become the leading organisation against MNE. The group is known for being one of the few organisations that protested outside the Central Government Liaison Office after the 1 July March 2012.[8]

Another prominent pressure group, the National Education Parents' Concern Group (Parents' Concern Group, 國民こくみん教育きょういく家長かちょう關せき注ちゅう組ぐみ) was formed in July 2012. The group issued a petition opposing to MNE, initiated by Cardinal Joseph Zen, Ching Cheong, Allen Lee and 27 other public figures, and co-signed by more than 1000 parents.[9]

In July 2012, the "Civil Alliance Against the National Education" (民間みんかん反對はんたい國民こくみん教育きょういく科か大だい聯盟れんめい) was formed by 15 organisations, including Scholarism, Parents' Concern Group, PTU, Hong Kong Federation of Students, Alliance Youth, Civil Human Rights Front and others.

On 29 July 2012, 30 organisations protested in a march. According to the organisers, over 90000 protestors, including parents and their children, joined in this march.[10]

Scholarism began their occupation of the Hong Kong government headquarters on 30 August 2012. Fifty members occupied the public park beneath the government offices, of which three began a hunger strike. The goal of the protest was, expressly, to compel the government to pull back its plans of Moral and National Education. The initial planned length of the occupation was three days.[11] On 1 September, an open concert was held as part of the protest, with an attendance of 40,000; guest performers at the protest include RubberBand, C AllStar, Wong Ka Keung, Anthony Wong and others. During the event the three hunger-strikers ended their hunger strike, and were succeeded by a team of ten other hunger-strikers.[12]

The occupation of the government headquarters area exceeded the initial three-day duration, and on 3 September 2012 the Civil Alliance Against National Education announced that they would continue their occupation of the government headquarters area indefinitely.[13] On 7 September, up to 120,000 attendees, including retired legislator Martin Lee, Cardinal Joseph Zen and businessman Jimmy Lai, attended the demonstration outside the government headquarters, filling the entire North Admiralty area; police said there were 36,000 attendees at 9.30 pm.[14][15][16]

In mid-September 2012, Anonymous hackers threatened the Hong Kong government organisation National Education Services Centre. In their online video, Anonymous members claimed responsibility for leaking classified government documents and taking down the National Education Centre website after the Hong Kong government repeatedly ignored months of wide-scale protests against the establishment of the subject.[17]

On September 8, Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying announced that he would temporary withdraw introducing the national education course, until the revising of the Moral, Civil and National education guidelines which has caused many concerns to many Hongkongers, has been addressed.[18]

Resistance to the MNE was documented in the 2014 film, Lessons in Dissent.[19]

Current status[edit]

As of 2017, the current secretary for education, Kevin Yeung Yun-hung, said recently that national education had not been scrapped completely. Teaching on the topic was continuing in the form of different subjects and activities in schools.[20] For example, the inclusion of a new requirement for all schools to provide 39 hours of Basic Law education at the junior secondary level,[21] or plans to make Chinese history a compulsory subject at senior secondary level.[22]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ CBCNews. [www.cbc.ca/news/world/hong-kong-fears-pro-china-brainwashing-in-education-1.1296013 Hong Kong fears pro-China brainwashing in education]. The Associated Press. 7 September 2012
  2. ^ "教きょう局きょく跪低國民こくみん教育きょういく科か推遲". The Sun. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 24 May 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  3. ^ Moral and National Education Curriculum Guide (Primary 1 to Secondary 6), Education Bureau, 19 June 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2012
  4. ^ "Moral, Civic and National Education". Retrieved 5 September 2012.
  5. ^ 國民こくみん教育きょういく爭議そうぎ事件じけん簿ぼ, Hong Kong Professional Teachers' Union Retrieved 29 July 2012
  6. ^ "國民こくみん教育きょういく中心ちゅうしん反擊はんげき洗腦せんのう指摘してき". Oriental Daily. 13 July 2012. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  7. ^ 基本きほん資料しりょう, Scholarism
  8. ^ "Road closures a flashpoint during tense marches", South China Morning Post, 2 July 2012
  9. ^ 香港ほんこん家長かちょう聯れん署しょ反對はんたい“國民こくみん教育きょういく科か”課程かてい指ゆび引, "VOA Chinese", 22 July 2012
  10. ^ "9萬まん人にん上じょう街がい反はん洗腦せんのう BB車くるま撞吳克かつ儉落台だい". Apple Daily. 29 July 2012.
  11. ^ "70多た名めい學がく民みん思潮しちょう成員せいいん政せい總そう外そと紮營請願せいがん". Yahoo! Hong Kong. 30 August 2012. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  12. ^ "日び曬雨淋 撤科聲ごえ更さら響ひびき 主ぬし辦方：全日ぜんじつ4萬まん人にん 警：高峰こうほう時じ8100". Yahoo! Hong Kong. 1 September 2012. Archived from the original on 4 September 2012.
  13. ^ 梁はり子こ健けん (4 September 2012). "反はん國教こっきょう大だい聯盟れんめい籌備罷やめ課か 香港ほんこん特とく首くび回かい應おう：願ねがい對話たいわ 8000港こう人じん「鐵てつ屋や吶喊とっかん」". Sing Tao USA. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  14. ^ Shirley Zhao (8 September 2012), "Record-high turnout for anti-national education protests". Time Out
  15. ^ "團體だんたい稱しょう12萬まん人にん集會しゅうかい反はん國教こっきょう 警方稱しょう3萬まん6千せん". RTHK. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 7 September 2012.
  16. ^ "反はん國教こっきょう集會しゅうかい大會たいかい宣布せんぷ有ゆう十じゅう二に萬まん人にん出席しゅっせき". Commercial Radio Hong Kong. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  17. ^ 攻おさむ陷おちい國教こっきょう網もう站　黑くろ客きゃく匿名とくめい：要よう革命かくめい！ 16 September 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013
  18. ^ "CE shelves national education guidelines after panel report". 8 October 2012.
  19. ^ “Lessons in dissent”, The Economist, 4 July 2014
  20. ^ "Is national education set to make a comeback in Hong Kong?". 4 August 2017.
  21. ^ "Why are Hong Kong teachers so concerned about Basic Law education?". 3 June 2017.
  22. ^ "Make Chinese history compulsory to end youngsters' identity crisis, says CPPCC delegate Wu". 15 January 2017.

External links[edit]

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