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Mugulü

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Mugulü
木骨もっこつ閭
Tribal chief
Map representing Rourans well to the north, located at the epicenter[citation needed] of the eastern steppe, in comparison to other states in its vicinity, with its area of influence extremely west and east, bordering the northern Wei state (北きた魏たかし), appearing under the bluish color.
Tribal chief of the Rouran tribe
Reign330–? or 308–316
Coronation330 or 308, Hetulin
PredecessorChiefdom established
SuccessorYujiulü Cheluhui
Born3rd century, before 277
Died4th century, 316 or after 330
Issue
Names
Mùgǔlǘ
ClanYujiulü clan
DynastyRouran tribe
ReligionTengrism
OccupationDai soldier, Xianbei slave (former and uncertain)
EthnicityProto-Mongol
Cause of deathUnknown
Chinese name
Chinese木骨もっこつ閭 (trad.)
木骨もっこつ闾 (simp.)
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinYùjiǔlǘ Mùgǔlǘ

Mugulü (Chinese: 木骨もっこつ閭; pinyin: Mùgǔlǘ) was a legendary warrior and chieftain in the Mongolian Plateau during the period when it was under the rule of tribes and peoples originating from the fragmentation of the failed and crumbling Xianbei confederation. The term "Mongol" is a likely derivation from his name.[1]

Biography

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Mugulü was likely born before AD 277, at the end of Tuoba Liwei's reign.[2][3]

Little is known about his childhood.[citation needed] His date and place of birth, and the names of his parents or those of his consorts, are not disclosed in Book of Wei.[4]

He served in the Xianbei army under the leadership of the Tuoba tribal chief, Tuoba Yilu (295–316) of Dai. Possibly a legendary figure, he was a fugitive slave according to Chinese sources, however one researcher thinks that this is questionable and assumes that Chinese authors frequently ascribed lowly origins to the Northern nomads, as a way of emphasizing their barbarity.[5] According to Barbara West, Mugulü believe to have been a slave of the Xianbei.[6]

Youth

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According to Chinese chronicles, Mugulü was a slave of unknown origin who was captured and enslaved by a Tuoba raider cavalryman[2] during the reign of chief Liwei (220-277)[2][7] of the Tuoba, a Xianbei clan[8][9][10][11] most likely of Proto-Mongolic origin.[12] The anecdote of his enslaved status has been rejected by modern scholars as "a typical insertion by the Chinese historians intended to show the low birth and barbarian nature of the northern nomads."[5]

Mugulü's career and his escape through the Gobi

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According to the Book of Wei, after either having matured (being 30 or older) or because of his strength,[13] Mugulü was emancipated and became a warrior in the Tuoba Xianbei cavalry, under the leadership of Tuoba Yilu of Dai (307–316).[14] However, he tarried past the deadline and was sentenced to death by beheading.[15] He vanished and hid in the Gobi Desert,[16][17] but then gathered a hundred or more other escapees.[18] They sought refuge under a neighboring tribe of Tiele people[16][17] called Hetulin (紇突隣となり).[19][20][21][22]

It is not known when Mugulü died; sources say 316 AD.[23]

Family and succession

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When Mugulü died, his son Yujiulü Cheluhui acquired his own tribal horde and either Cheluhui was or his tribe called themselves Rouran.[24][25] Cheluhui's government was marked by [nomadism and peace,[26] but they remained subjects to the Xianbei Tuobas.[27][24]

His descendants and successors were:[28]

  1. Yujiulü Cheluhui, son
  2. Yujiulü Tunugui, grandson
  3. Yujiulü Bati, great-grandson
  4. Yujiulü Disuyuan, great-great-grandson

Personal name

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According to the Chinese chronicles, the Xianbei (Sianbi) master called the captive Mugulü, a Xianbei word glossed as "bald-headed" (首くび禿かぶろ)[29] possibly owing to his appearance, his hairline starting at his eyebrow's level,[30][31] and because he did not remember his name and surname.[32] This was reconstructed as Mongolic Muqur (Mukhur) or Muquli (Mukhuli) presumably "round, smooth" by Japanese researcher Shiratori Kurakichi.[33][34] Alexander Vovin instead proposes that Mùgúlǘ (木骨もっこつ閭), in reconstructed Middle Chinese *muwk-kwot-ljo, transcribed Tuoba Xianbei *moqo-lo ~ muqo-lo 'bald head', which is analysable as 'one [who/]which has cut off/fallen off [hair]' and cognate with Mongolic lexical items like Mongolian: Мухар (Written Mongolian moɣutur ~ moqutur 'blunt, hornless, bald tail' (cf. Chinese gloss as 禿かぶろ尾お 'bald tail'), moqu-ɣar, Middle Mongol muqular 'hornless', moqo-dag 'blunt'; all of those are from Proto-Mongolic *muqu 'to be cut off, break off, fall off', which in turn would produce the semantic variation 'blunt ~ hornless ~ hairless ~ bald').[35]

Clan name

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See also: Yujiulü clan § Origin, and Yujiulü

According to the Book of Wei, the dynasty founded by Mugulü's descendants was called Yujiulü, which sounds superficially like Mugulü, and thus the Yujiulü clan (郁いく久ひさ閭氏, reconstructed Middle Chinese: ʔjuk kjǝu ljwo[36]) emerged.[37][38] Róna-Tas suggests that Yujiulü rendered *ugur(i) > Uğur, a secondary form of Oğur.;[39] Peter B. Golden additionally proposes connection with Turkic uğurluğ "feasible, opportune", later "auspicious fortunate" or oğrï "thief", an etymology more suited to the dynasty's founder's activities; additionally Yujiulü may be comparable to Middle Mongolian uğuli "owl" (> Khalkha ууль uul'), as personal names based on bird names are common in Mongolic.[40]

See also

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Succession

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Mugulü
Born: 3rd century, before 277 Died: 4th century, 316 or after 330
Regnal titles
Preceded by
None, title created
 Tribal chief of Rourans
330–? 		Succeeded by

References

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Notes

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Citations

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  1. ^ Г. Сүхбаатар (1992). "Монгол Нирун улс" [Mongol Nirun (Rouran) state]. Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть [Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III] (in Mongolian). Vol. 3. pp. 330–550.
  2. ^ a b c Weishu vol. 103 始神はじかみ元之もとゆき末まつ，掠かすめ騎き有ゆう得とく一いち奴やつ tr. "In the beginning of the end of the Shenyuan, a [Tuoba] raider cavalryman acquired a slave"
  3. ^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). p. 54-56.
  4. ^ Weishu vol. 103 section "Ruru"
  5. ^ a b Kradin NN (2005). "From Tribal Confederation to Empire: The Evolution of the Rouran Society". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 58 (2): 159. doi:10.1556/AOrient.58.2005.2.3. JSTOR 23658732.
  6. ^ West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. pp. 686–687. ISBN 978-1-4381-1913-7. Yujiulu Mugulu, the grandfather of Yujiulu Shelun, who was the first to unite the various Rouran clans, is believed to have been a slave of the Xianbei...
  7. ^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). p. 55.
  8. ^ Wei Shou. Book of Wei. Vol. 1
  9. ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 60–65. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  10. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907. p. 131.
  11. ^ Tseng, Chin Yin (2012). The Making of the Tuoba Northern Wei: Constructing Material Cultural Expressions in the Northern Wei Pingcheng Period (398-494 CE) (PhD). University of Oxford. p. 1.
  12. ^ *Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). "Ji 姬ひめ and Jiang 姜きょう: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity", Early China. p. 20
  13. ^ Weishu vol. 103. The phrase "木骨もっこつ閭既壯たけし" is translatable as literally "Mugulü, because of [his] robustness", or - figuratively - "Mugulü, because of [his] maturity"; cf. Liji "Quli I txt: "三さん十じゅう曰壯" tr: "When he is thirty, we say, 'He is at his maturity;'" by James Legge
  14. ^ Weishu vol. 103 "免めん奴やつ為ため騎き卒そつ。穆きよし帝みかど時じ" tr. "[he was] release[d] from slavery and made a cavalry soldier, during the time of Emperor Mu (of Dai)"
  15. ^ Weishu vol. 103 "坐すわ後期こうき當とう斬き"
  16. ^ a b 依よ紇突隣となり部ぶ　諸しょ本ほん及北史し卷まき九きゅう八はち蠕蠕傳でん「紇」作さく「純じゅん」。按本卷まき高だか車しゃ傳でん末まつ即そく附ふ有ゆう紇突隣となり部ぶ，卷かん二太祖紀登國五年五月及十二月、皇すめらぎ始はじめ二に年ねん二に月見つきみ此部，都と作さく「紇突隣となり」，「純じゅん」乃形近きん而訛，今こん改正かいせい。
  17. ^ a b Weishu 554, Vol. 103.
  18. ^ Weishu vol. 103 "亡ほろび匿廣漠こうばく谿谷けいこく間あいだ, 逋逃得とく百ひゃく餘人よにん
  19. ^ Weishu vol. 103, Ruru "依よ紇突隣部ぶ" tr. "[They] relied on the Hetulin tribe"
  20. ^ The corresponding passage in Beishi vol. 98 Ruru reads "依よ純じゅん突鄰部ぶ" tr. "[They] relied on the Chuntulin tribe" or "[They] relied on the pure Tulin tribe"
  21. ^ Both Weishu, Vol. 103, Gaoche and Beishi Vol. 98, Gaoche have "又また有ゆう紇突隣" tr. "[There] were also the Hetulin tribe"
  22. ^ Bozan 1962, p. 225.
  23. ^ Lee 2015, pp. 51–52.
  24. ^ a b Pohl 2018, p. 33.
  25. ^ Weishu Vol. 103 "木骨もっこつ閭死，子し車しゃ鹿しか會かい雄ゆう健けん，始はじめ有ゆう部ぶ眾，自じ號ごう柔やわ然しか" "Mugulü died; [his] son Cheluhui, virile and robust, began to gather the tribal multitude, [his/their] self-appellation Rouran"
  26. ^ Weishu, vol. 103 "車しゃ鹿しか會かい既すんで為ため部ぶ帥そち，歲さい貢みつぎ馬ば畜、貂てん豽皮，冬ふゆ則そく徙度漠ばく南みなみ，夏なつ則そく還かえ居きょ漠ばく北きた。
  27. ^ Weishu Vol. 103 "而役屬ぞく於國。" tr. "yet [Cheluhui/Rouran] [was/were] vassal(s) of (our) state.
  28. ^ Grousset (1970), pp. 61, 585, n. 91.
  29. ^ Weishu vol. 103 "其主字じ之の曰木骨こつ閭。「木骨もっこつ閭」者しゃ，首しゅ禿かぶろ也。"
  30. ^ Weishu, "Vol. 103" "髮がみ始はじめ齊ひとし眉まゆ [...] 首くび禿かぶろ也"
  31. ^ Weishu Vol. 103 "髮がみ始はじめ齊ひとし眉まゆ"
  32. ^ vol. 103 "忘本姓名せいめい"
  33. ^ 白鳥庫吉しらとりくらきち 1910; 内田うちだ吟ぎん風ふう 1971: 218.
  34. ^ Ginfu 1971, p. 218, note 4.
  35. ^ Vovin, Alexander. 2007. "Once again on the Tabγがんまač language", Mongolian Studies, XXIX: 200-202
  36. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2018). "The Stateless Nomads of Central Eurasia". Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity. pp. 317–332. doi:10.1017/9781316146040.024. ISBN 9781316146040. Retrieved 2019-11-09. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  37. ^ Weishu Vol. 103 txt. "木骨もっこつ閭與郁いく久ひさ閭聲相近すけちか，故こ後ご子孫しそん因いん以為氏し。" tr. "Mugulü and Yujiulü sound similar; hence [Mugulü's] descendants later used as surname"
  38. ^ Lee, Joo-Yup (2015-12-04). Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs: State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia. BRILL. p. 52. ISBN 9789004306493.
  39. ^ Róna-Tas, András. (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages : an introduction to early Hungarian history. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9639116483. OCLC 654357432.
  40. ^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). p. 55.

Further reading

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Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
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