Nanbu dialect
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Nanbu dialect | |
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Native to | Japan |
Region | Tōhoku |
Dialects |
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Glottolog | namb1295 |
The Nanbu (or Nambu) dialect (Japanese:
The Nanbu dialect is spoken across an expansive area covering the eastern half of Aomori Prefecture, the northern and central parts of Iwate Prefecture and the northwestern corner of Akita Prefecture. There is considerable regional variation, owed to factors such as varying degrees of contact with other areas per region, usually dictated by natural barriers and proximity to busy ports. On account of its widespread area, definitions of the ‘Nanbu dialect’ can vary depending on prefecture and speaker, with narrower definitions referring only to the local variety as opposed to the dialect as a whole.
Spoken area and regional variation[edit]
Aomori Prefecture[edit]
As a former territory of the Tsugaru clan, the western half of Aomori is home to the Tsugaru dialect, a separate variety to the Nanbu dialect. The remainder of the prefecture was a part of the domains of Morioka and Hachinohe, ruled by the Nanbu clan. This division (between Tsugaru and Nanbu) forms the broadest demarcation of dialects in Aomori Prefecture.[1] There are three sub-dialects of the Nanbu dialect in Aomori, based on former district boundaries. These include:
- The Shimokita dialect, spoken in the former Shimokita District.
- The Kamikita dialect, spoken in the former Kamikita District.
- The Sanpachi dialect, spoken in the former San'nohe District.[2]
Of these, the Shimokita dialect is the most individually distinct, sometimes being classified separately and thus narrowing the definition of the ‘Nanbu dialect’ to just the Kamikita and Sanpachi dialects.[3] Whilst being foundationally Nanbu in most aspects, frequent contact with other regions as a result of shipping in the Mutsu Bay has left elements of the Tsugaru and Hokkaido dialects in its vocabulary, phonology, etc.[4] Additionally, as the population of Shimokita became increasingly urbanised during the 20th century, the growing regional and cultural centre of Hachinohe and its surrounding areas even came to be ascribed its own dialect, the ‘Hachinohe dialect’.
Iwate Prefecture[edit]
Northern and central Iwate Prefecture were formerly a part of the Hachinohe and Morioka domains under the Nanbu clan. Southern Iwate, however, was a part of the Date clan-ruled Sendai and Ichinoseki domains. Consequently, dialects in Iwate Prefecture are separated into a Central-North dialect (part of the Nanbu dialect) which stretches across the former Nanbu Domain area, and a Southern dialect (non-Nanbu dialect) that corresponds to the former Sendai Domain area.[5][6] The Central-North dialect is a part of the Northern Tohoku dialect group, whilst the Southern dialect belongs to the Southern Tohoku dialect group. Reflecting the naming of the Central-North dialect in the former Nanbu clan territory as the ‘Nanbu dialect’, the Southern dialect of the Date clan territory is sometimes also called the ‘Date dialect’.
When sub-dividing the Central-North Nanbu dialect in Iwate Prefecture, the following three divisions are made.[5][6]
- Northern dialect - Areas bordering Akita and Aomori prefectures.
- Central dialect - Inland region centred around Morioka.
- Coastal dialect - Coastal region (barring coastal areas of the Northern dialect). Parts of the Southern dialect (former Date Domain) area are also included.
Akita Prefecture[edit]
As a former territory of the Nanbu clan, the Kazuno Region (including Kazuno City and Kosaka) in Akita Prefecture is classified as separate from other dialects in the prefecture.
Phonology[edit]
The Nanbu dialect shares various phonetic traits with other Northern Tohoku dialects. Although speakers of Tohoku dialects commonly do not distinguish between the sounds shi (シ) and su (ス), chi (チ) and tsu (ツ) and ji (ジ) and zu (ズ), in the Coastal dialect of Iwate Prefecture a distinction is made. In this article, the characteristic Tohoku dialect nasalisation that occurs before voiced mora will be denoted with a n (ん).
The Nanbu dialect has a gairin (
Grammar and syntax[edit]
Inflection[edit]
Verbs[edit]
Verb inflection is essentially identical to standard Japanese, save for a few exceptions. For Godan verbs, the standard volitional form ~shiyo (~しよう) is replaced with be (べ) or be (べえ). For example, kako (
Adjectives[edit]
Examples of i-adjectives having their inflection affected by diphthong merging can be seen in the Nanbu dialect. For example, the diphthong ai merges to a ɛ ('eh'), so that the plain form of takai (
Depending on area, the attributive form of na-adjectives can be either -na (-な) like in shizuga na mori (
Particles[edit]
Several forms exist for expressing possibility in the Nanbu dialect. The first is similar to the standard form (example: kageru (
As also mentioned above, the volition and conjecture-expressing particle be (べ) can be found in the Nanbu dialect, and attaches to the plain form of verbs and adjectives. For example, ogirube (おぎるべえ lets get up/will they get up?). For Ichidan verbs, be sometimes attaches to the stem form (ogibee (おぎべえ)), whilst for i-adjectives be can also attach to the -karu (-かる) form (sunzushiganbee (すんずしがんべえ)).[29] For conjecture, gotta (ごった) (ex. furugotta (
For past tense, in Iwate Prefecture -tatta (たった) is used to reminiscently express something personally experienced or observed (Example: kaidatta (
Case-marking particles・Binding particles[edit]
The nominative case-marking particle ga (が) and binding particle wa (は) are normally omitted in the Nanbu dialect. The accusative particle o (を) is also commonly omitted, but in cases of emphasis ba (ば) and goto (ごど) are sometimes used.[22][32] Sa (さ) is commonly used as an equivalent to ni (に) in standard Japanese.
Conjunctions[edit]
For resultatives that express reason, in the Nanbu Region of Aomori suke/shike (すけ/しけ) is mainly used, whilst sute/shite (すて/して) and hende (へんで) are used in Shimokita and San’nohe, respectively.[22][33] Suke/shike (すけ/しけ) and sute/shite (すて/して) are variant forms of sakai (さかい) in the Kinki dialects.[34] Aside from the predominantly used kara (から), in northern Iwate honte (はんて), hede (へで) and sukee (すけえ) are also used, whilst dasu (だす) is used in central areas.[35]
For adversatives equivalent to keredo (けれど), domo (ども) is used predominantly from North-Central Iwate to the Aomori Nanbu Region, whilst tate (たて), tatte (たって), bate (ばて) and batte (ばって) are used in Shimokita.[22][34][36] Domo is widely used in Northern Tohoku dialects, whilst batte is shared with the Tsugaru dialect and tatte is unique to Shimokita.
For hypothetical resultatives, in addition to -ba (ば), dara (だら) and gottara (ごったら) are sometimes attached to the plain form of verbs and adjectives.[37]
(Example) omae mo kagu- (-dara / -gottara), ore mo kagu (おまえもかぐだら(かぐごったら・かがば)おれもかぐ = if you're going to write, so am I) = omae mo kaku no naraba watashi mo kaku (お
Sentence-ending expressions[edit]
The sentence-ending and interjectory particle na (な) is used in Iwate by both sexes. In North-Central Iwate, women use nahan (なはん) to express closeness with the listener, whilst the polite expression nassu (なっす) is used by both men and women.[39] The particles na (な) and ne (ね) are used in Aomori, becoming polite if su (す) or shi (し) is attached to them. Nesu (ねす) is used in inland parts of the Nanbu Region in Aomori, with a tendency to change to nehsu (ねぁす), whilst nasu (なす) is found from the coastal area around Hachinohe to Iwate Prefecture.[40] A variant form of nasu, nasa (なさ) is used by women in Hachinohe, whilst nisu (にす) or nusu (ぬす) is said in Shimokita.
Polite expressions[edit]
Among the older generation in Aomori Prefecture, the polite forms odehru (おでぁる to come) (equivalent to oide ni naru (おいでになる) and okeeriaru (おけぇりある to go home) (equivalent to o-kaeri ni naru (お
References[edit]
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日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 43. - ^ Hirayama, Teruo (2003).
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 4. - ^ Hirayama, Teruo (2003).
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 49. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 223–224. - ^ a b
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 240. - ^ a b Hirayama, Teruo (2003).
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 2–3. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 241. - ^ Hirayama, Teruo (2003).
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 45. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 251–253. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1986).講座 方言 学 1方言 概説 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 124. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 251–252. - ^ a b Hirayama, Teruo (2003).
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 24. - ^ a b
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 253–254. - ^ Hirayama, Teruo (2001).
日本 のことばシリーズ 3岩手 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 19. - ^ Hirayama, Teruo (2001).
日本 のことばシリーズ 3岩手 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 15–22. - ^ a b c Hirayama, Teruo (2001).
日本 のことばシリーズ 3岩手 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 22–24. - ^ Hirayama, Teruo (2003).
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. pp. 45–46. - ^ a b c
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 233. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 233・255. - ^ Hirayama, Teruo (2003).
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 27. - ^ a b c
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 256. - ^ a b c d e Hirayama, Teruo.
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 46. - ^ a b Hirayama, Teruo.
日本 のことばシリーズ 3岩手 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 25. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 231, 256–257. - ^ a b Hirayama, Teruo (2001).
日本 のことばシリーズ 3岩手 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 26. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 231, 250–253, 258. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 231, 250, 258. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 32. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 233, 259–260. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 233–234, 260. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 260–261. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 234, 264. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 235. - ^ a b Hirayama, Teruo (2003).
日本 のことばシリーズ 2青森 県 のことば (in Japanese). Meiji. p. 52. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 262–263. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 234–235, 263. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 261. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 261. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . pp. 264–265. - ^
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 236. - ^ a b
飯豊 ,毅一 (1982).講座 方言 学 4北海道 ・東北 地方 の方言 (in Japanese).国書刊行会 . p. 232.