Palace Library

For the library in Peace Palace, The Hague, see Peace Palace Library.

The Palace Library (Chinese: 秘書ひしょ省しょう; in Vietnam: 秘書ひしょ所しょ, Bí thư sở) was a central government agency in Imperial and monarchical China, Korea, and Vietnam generally in charge of maintaining and archiving the collection of the monarch's documents.

China

Department of the Palace Library
Traditional Chinese	秘ひ書しょ省しょう or 祕ひ書しょ省しょう
Simplified Chinese	秘ひ书省しょう or 祕ひ书省しょう
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Mìshū shěng / Bìshū shěng Wade–Giles Mi4-shu1 sheng3 / Pi4-shu1 sheng3
Directorate of the Palace Library
Traditional Chinese	秘ひ書しょ監かん or 祕ひ書しょ監かん
Simplified Chinese	秘ひ书监 or 祕ひ书监
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Mìshū jiān / Bìshū jiān Wade–Giles Mi4-shu1 chien1 / Pi4-shu1 chien1
Court of the Palace Library
Traditional Chinese	秘ひ書しょ寺てら or 祕ひ書しょ寺てら
Simplified Chinese	秘ひ书寺てら or 祕ひ书寺てら
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Mìshū sì / Bìshū sì Wade–Giles Mi4-shu1 ssu4 / Pi4-shu1 ssu4

The office was in existence for the most part from the mid-200s CE (Cao Wei) to 1380 (Ming dynasty). Over the millennia there were 5 names for this office:

• Directorate of the Palace Library (秘書ひしょ監かん): during the Three Kingdoms, the Liao dynasty, the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and the Yuan dynasty
• Court of the Palace Library (秘書ひしょ寺てら): between c. 300 to c. 464 (Jin dynasty (266–420), Northern Wei, Liu Song, etc.)
• Department of the Palace Library (秘書ひしょ省しょう): during the Northern and Southern dynasties, the Sui dynasty, most of the Tang dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Song dynasty and the Ming dynasty
• Orchid Pavilion (蘭臺らんだい; "Lantai"): used during the Tang dynasty between 662 and 670
• Unicorn Pavilion (麟臺; "Lintai"): used during the Tang dynasty and the Wu Zhou between 684 and 712

In addition to preserving the emperor's official documents, the agency was sometimes also tasked to compile or edit historical records and state calendars. Before the Sui dynasty, it also handled documents flowing into and out of the imperial palace, making it interchangeable with the Secretariat. During the late Tang dynasty (after early 700s) and the Song dynasty, the office was largely non-functional and staffed by eminent officials for sinecure purposes.

The office during the Tang dynasty was headed by one director (秘書ひしょ監かん) and two vice directors (秘書ひしょ少しょう監かん), and during the Song dynasty by one director and one vice director. The office was also staffed with assistant directors (秘書ひしょ丞すすむ) and assistants (秘書ひしょ郎ろう or 秘書ひしょ郎ろう中ちゅう). During the Yuan dynasty, the office was headed by four chief ministers (秘書ひしょ卿きょう), two directors (秘書ひしょ太ふとし監かん), two vice directors, and two assistant directors (秘書ひしょ丞すすむ or 秘書ひしょ監かん丞すすむ), all eunuchs.

Korea

Department of the Palace Library
Hangul	비서성
Hanja	秘ひ書しょ省しょう
Revised Romanization	Biseo Seong
McCune–Reischauer	Pisŏ Sŏng
Directorate of the Palace Library
Hangul	비서감
Hanja	秘ひ書しょ監かん
Revised Romanization	Biseo Gam
McCune–Reischauer	Pisŏ Kam

Modeled after the Chinese institution, the office also existed in Goryeo dynasty under several names:

• As Department of the Inner Library (內書省しょう; "Naeseo Seong"): from 918 to 995
• As Department of the Palace Library: from 995 to 1298
• As Directorate of the Palace Library: from 1298 to 1308 and from 1356 to 1362
• As Office of Proofreading Documents (典てん校こう署しょ; "Jeongyo Seo"): from 1308 to 1356
• As Court of Proofreading Documents (典てん校こう寺てら; "Jeongyo Sa"): from 1362 to 1392

In general, the office was staffed by 1 supervisor (判事はんじ; "pansa"), 1 director (監かん or 令れい), 1 vice director (少しょう監かん or 副ふく令れい), 2 assistant directors (丞すすむ) and 1 assistant (郎ろう).

Vietnam

The Palace Library Office (Hán-Nôm: 秘書ひしょ所しょ, Bí thư sở) of the Nguyễn dynasty was one of the four sở of the cabinet of the Nguyễn dynasty. It was first established under the reign of the Minh Mạng Emperor under the name Palace Library Section (秘書ひしょ曹, Bí thư tào) and would retain its final form during the reign of the Thiệu Trị Emperor. The Palace Library Office of the Southern Court took care of the copying of poems and documents, preserving important documents such as official correspondence with other countries, national maps, and public bibliographies.

References

• Hucker, Charles O. (1985). A Dictionary of Official Titles in Imperial China. Stanford University Press. pp. 376–78.