Prunus mume
Prunus mume | |
---|---|
Prunus mume blossoms | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Rosids |
Order: | Rosales |
Family: | Rosaceae |
Genus: | Prunus |
Subgenus: | Prunus subg. Prunus |
Section: | Prunus sect. Armeniaca |
Species: | P. mume
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Binomial name | |
Prunus mume | |
Synonyms | |
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Prunus mume is a Chinese tree species classified in the Armeniaca section of the genus Prunus subgenus Prunus. Its common names include Chinese plum,[2][3][4] Japanese plum,[5] and Japanese apricot. The flower, long a beloved subject in the traditional painting and poetry of Sinospheric countries (including China, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan), is usually called plum blossom.[6] This distinct tree species is related to both the plum and apricot trees.[7] Although generally referred to as a plum in English, it is more closely related to the apricot.[8] In East Asian cuisine (Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese cuisine), the fruit of the tree is used in juices, as a flavouring for alcohol, as a pickle, and in sauces. It is also used in traditional medicine.
The tree's flowering in late winter and early spring is highly regarded as a seasonal symbol.
Prunus mume should not be confused with Prunus salicina, a related species also grown in China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. Another tree, Prunus japonica, is also a separate species despite having a Latin name similar to Prunus mume's common name.
Origin
[edit]Prunus mume originated in the region around the Yangtze River in southern China and was cultivated domestically for both its ornamental beauty and its fruit.[9][10][11] It was later introduced to Japan,[12] Korea, and Vietnam. It can be found in sparse forests, stream sides, forested slopes along trails, and mountains, sometimes at altitudes up to 1,700–3,100 m (5,600–10,200 ft), and regions of cultivation.[13]
Description
[edit]Prunus mume is a deciduous tree that starts to flower in mid-winter, typically around January until late February in East Asia. It can grow to 4–10 m (13–33 ft) tall.[13] The flowers are 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) in diameter and have a strong fragrant scent.[13] They have colors in varying shades of white, pink, and red.[14] The leaves appear shortly after the petals fall, are oval-shaped with a pointed tip, and are 4–8 cm long and 2.5–5 cm wide.[13] The fruit ripens in early summer, around June and July in East Asia, and coincides with the East Asian rainy season, the meiyu (
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Unripe plum fruits
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Washed and stemmed plum
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Plum blossoms
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Plum blossoms
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Prunus mume "Peggy Clarke" blossoms
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Cross section of a Prunus mume trunk
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Weeping plum tree cultivar
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A grove of Prunus mume
Names
[edit]The scientific name combines the Latin prūnus (“plum tree”) and the obsolete Japanese
The flower is known as the meihua (
In Chinese, it is called mei (
Varieties
[edit]Ornamental tree varieties and cultivars of P. mume have been cultivated for planting in various gardens throughout East Asia, and for cut blossoming branches used in flower arrangements.[citation needed]
Chinese varieties
[edit]In China, there are over 300 recorded cultivars of Prunus mume.[21] These are classified by phylogenetics (P. mume and two hybrids) in branches, type of branches in groups, and characteristics of flowers in several forms:[21]
- Zhizhimei Lei (
直枝 梅 類 ) [Upright Mei Group], Prunus mume var. typica- Pinzimei Xing (
品 字 梅 型 ) [Pleiocarpa Form] - Jiangmei Xing (
江 梅 型 ) [Single Flowered Form] - Gongfen Xing (
宮 粉 型 ) [Pink Double Form] - Yudie Xing (
玉 蝶 型 ) [Alboplena Form] - Huangxiang Xing (
黃 香 型 ) [Flavescens Form] - Lü'e Xing (
綠 萼 型 ) [Green Calyx Form] - Sajin Xing (灑金
型 ) [Versicolor Form] - Zhusha Xing (硃砂
型 ) [Cinnabar Purple Form]
- Pinzimei Xing (
- Chuizhimei Lei (
垂 枝 梅 類 ) [Pendulous Mei Group], Prunus mume var. pendula- Fenhua Chuizhi Xing (
粉 花 垂 枝 型 ) [Pink Pendulous Form] - Wubao Chuizhi Xing (
五寶 垂 枝 型 ) [Versicolor Pendulous Form] - Canxue Chuizhi Xing (
殘雪 垂 枝 型 ) [Albiflora Pendulous Form] - Baibi Chuizhi Xing (
白 碧 垂 枝 型 ) [Viridiflora Pendulous Form] - Guhong Chuizhi Xing (
骨 紅 垂 枝 型 ) [Atropurpurea Pendulous Form]
- Fenhua Chuizhi Xing (
- Longyoumei Lei (
龍 游 梅 類 ) [Tortuous Dragon Group], Prunus mume var. tortuosa - Xingmei Lei (
杏 梅 類 ) [Apricot Mei Group], Prunus mume var. bungo - Yinglimei Lei (
櫻 李 梅 類 ) [Blireiana Group], Prunus × blireana, Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' × Prunus mume Alphandii
It is disputed whether Prunus zhengheensis (Chinese:
Japanese varieties
[edit]In Japan, ornamental Prunus mume cultivars are classified into yabai (wild), hibai (red), and bungo (Bungo Province) types. The bungo trees are also grown for fruit and are hybrids between Prunus mume and apricot. The hibai trees have red heartwood and most of them have red flowers. The yabai trees are also used as grafting stock. Among yabai trees, Nankoume is a very popular variety in Japan,[24] and whose fruits are mainly used for making Umeboshi.
Uses
[edit]Culinary use
[edit]Beverage
[edit]In China, suanmeitang (
In Korea, both the flowers and the fruits are used to make tea. Maehwa-cha (매화차,
In Japan, a similar drink is made from green plums and tastes sweet and tangy, is considered a cold, refreshing drink, and is often enjoyed in the summer.[citation needed]
Condiment
[edit]A thick, sweet Chinese sauce called meijiang (
In Korea, maesil-cheong (매실청,
Flower pancake
[edit]In Korea, hwajeon (화전,
Liquor
[edit]Plum liquor, also known as plum wine, is popular in both Japan and Korea, and is also produced in China. Umeshu (
In Taiwan, a popular 1950s innovation over the Japanese-style plum wine is the wumeijiu (
In Vietnam, ripe plums are macerated in sticky rice liquor. The resulting liquor is called rượu mơ. A brand selling plum liquor is Sơn Tinh.[citation needed]
Pickled and preserved plums
[edit]In Chinese cuisine, plums pickled with vinegar and salt are called suanmeizi (
Umeboshi (
In Korea, there is 'maesil-jangajji' which is similar to 'umeboshi'. It is a common side dish in Korea.[citation needed]
A very similar variety of pickled plum, xí muội or ô mai is used in Vietnamese cuisine. The best fruit for this are from the forest around the Hương Pagoda in Hà Tây Province.
Traditional medicine
[edit]Prunus mume is a common fruit in Asia and is used in traditional Chinese medicine.[30]
Cultural significance
[edit]Plum blossoms have been well-loved and celebrated across the East Asian cultural sphere, which includes China, Vietnam, Korea, and Japan.
East Asia
[edit]Chinese
[edit]The plum blossom, which is known as the meihua (
Because it blossoms in the cold winter, the plum blossom is regarded as one of the "Three Friends of Winter", along with pine, and bamboo.[18][35] The plum blossom is also regarded as one of the "Four Gentlemen" of flowers in Chinese art, together with the orchid, chrysanthemum, and bamboo.[35] It is one of the "Flowers of the Four Seasons", which consist of the orchid (spring), the lotus (summer), the chrysanthemum (autumn) and the plum blossom (winter).[35] These groupings are seen repeatedly in the Chinese aesthetic of art, painting, literature, and garden design.[36]
An example of the plum blossom's literary significance is found in the life and work of poet Lin Bu (
眾芳 |
When everything has faded they alone shine forth, |
As with the literary culture amongst the educated of the time, Lin Bu's poems were discussed in several Song dynasty era commentaries on poetry. Wang Junqing remarked after quoting the third and fourth line: "This is from Lin Hejing's [Lin Bu's] plum blossom poem. Yet these lines might just as well be applied to the flowering apricot, peach, or pear."—a comparison of the flowers with the plum blossom to which the renowned Song dynasty poet Su Dongpo (
Legend has it that once on the 7th day of the 1st lunar month, while Princess Shouyang (
During the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the garden designer Ji Cheng wrote his definitive garden architecture monograph Yuanye and in it, he described the plum tree as the "beautiful woman of the forest and moon".[41] The appreciation of nature at night plays an important role in Chinese gardens. For this reason, there are classical pavilions for the tradition of viewing plum blossoms by the moonlight.[47] The flowers are viewed and enjoyed by many as annual plum blossom festivals take place in the blooming seasons of the meihua. The festivals take place throughout China (for example, West Lake in Hangzhou and scenic spots near Zijin Mountain in Nanjing, amongst other places).[48][49] Plum blossoms are often used as decoration during the Spring Festival (Chinese New Year) and remain popular in the miniature gardening plants of the art of penjing.[19] Branches of plum blossoms are often arranged in porcelain or ceramic vases, such as the meiping (literally "plum vase").[50][51] These vases can hold single branches of plum blossoms and have been traditionally used to display the blossoms in a home since the early Song dynasty (960–1279).[52][53][54]
The Moy Yat lineage of Wing Chun kung fu uses a red plum flower blossom as its symbol. The plum blossoms are featured on one of the four flowers that appear on mahjong tile sets, where mei (
It has been suggested that the Japanese practice of hanami may have originated from the Chinese custom of enjoying poetry and wine underneath plum blossom trees while viewing their flowers, that was replicated by Japanese elites. This is supported by the fact that hanami started in urban areas rather than rural areas, that Japanese people initially admired plum blossoms like the Chinese rather than cherry blossoms, and that classic Japanese poetry does not associate cherry blossoms with merriness.[56]
The National Flower of the Republic of China (Taiwan) was officially designated as the plum blossom (Prunus Mei; Chinese:
Korean
[edit]In Korea, the plum blossom is a symbol for spring.[62] It is a popular flower motif, amongst other flowers, for Korean embroidery.[63] Maebyong are plum vases derived from the Chinese meiping and are traditionally used to hold branches of plum blossoms in Korea.[64][65] Korean ceramist Master Kim Se-yong incorporates the blossom into many of his openwork celadon vases.
Also, during Korean Empire period, the plum blossom became the imperial seal and royal official flower. Since ancient times, plum blossom has been filled with meaning and mystery. Plum blossoms bloom at the end of the winter, and because of this, they are called the herald of spring. They also symbolize perseverance because of how they can possibly bloom during the cold winter. Since they are considered the first flower of the year, they also represent purity and renewal. Plum flowers have five petals which are believed to carry 5 different blessings such as: wealth, health, virtue, peaceful and natural death.[66]
Japanese
[edit]Plum blossoms are often mentioned in Japanese poetry as a symbol of spring, as well as elegance and purity. When used in haiku or renga, they are a kigo or season word for early spring. The blossoms are associated with the Japanese bush warbler and are depicted together on one of the twelve suits of hanafuda (Japanese playing cards).[67] Plum blossoms were favored during the Nara period (710–794) until the emergence of the Heian period (794–1185), in which the cherry blossom was preferred.[68]
Japanese tradition holds that the ume functions as a protective charm against evil, so the ume is traditionally planted in the northeast of the garden, the direction from which evil is believed to come. The eating of the pickled fruit for breakfast is also supposed to stave off misfortune.[69]
The tradition of hanami was originally performed with plum blossoms rather than cherry blossoms as is common today. The specific custom of viewing plum blossoms in Japan is now called umemi (
Southeast Asia
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]In Vietnam, due to the beauty of the tree and its flowers, the word mai is used to name girls. The largest hospital in Hanoi is named Bạch Mai (white plum blossom),[72] another hospital in Hanoi is named Mai Hương ("the scent of plum"), situated in Hồng Mai (pink plum blossom) street.[73] Hoàng Mai (yellow plum blossom) is the name of a district in Hanoi. Bạch Mai is also a long and old street in Hanoi. All these places are located in the south part of Hanoi, where, in the past, many P. mume trees were grown.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]- Chinese garden
- Chinese cuisine
- Japanese cuisine
- Korean cuisine
- Vietnamese cuisine
- Prunus salicina
- Greengage
- Typhoon Muifa, various typhoons named for the Macanese form of the Chinese word for the plum blossom
References
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External links
[edit]- IUCN Red List least concern species
- Prunus
- Chinese culture
- Trees of China
- Trees of Japan
- Trees of Korea
- Trees of Laos
- Trees of Taiwan
- Trees of Vietnam
- Fruits originating in Asia
- Garden plants of Asia
- Japanese cuisine
- Japanese fruit
- Ornamental trees
- Plants used in bonsai
- Apricots
- Plants described in 1830
- Endemic flora of China
- Flora of Fujian