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Sima Fang

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Sima Fang
司馬しば防ぼう / 司馬しば芳かおる
Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchEmperor Xian of Han
Intendant of Jingzhao (京きょう兆ちょう尹いん)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchEmperor Ling of Han
Prefect of Luoyang (洛陽らくよう令れい)
In office
? (?)–? (?)
MonarchEmperor Ling of Han
Personal details
Born149
Wen County, Henan
Died219 (aged 70)
Children
Parent
  • Sima Jun (father)
Relatives(Details)
OccupationOfficial
Courtesy nameJiangong (建たて公こう) /
Wenyu (文ぶん豫よ)
Posthumous nameMarquis Cheng of Wuyang
(舞まい陽成ようぜい侯こう)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Sima.

Sima Fang (149–219), courtesy name Jiangong or Wenyu, was an official who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty of China. Through his second son Sima Yi, he was an ancestor of the ruling Sima clan of the Jin dynasty (266–420) of China.

Life

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Sima Fang's ancestral home was in Wen County (溫ゆたか縣けん), which is present-day Wen County, Henan.[1] He was a son of Sima Jun (司馬しば儁), who served as the Administrator of Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡ぐん) during the Eastern Han dynasty.[2]

Sima Fang started his career as a minor official in his home commandery, Henei Commandery (河かわ內郡). Later, he rose through the ranks to become the Prefect of Luoyang (洛陽らくよう令れい) and Intendant of Jingzhao (京きょう兆ちょう尹いん) under the Han central government.[3] In his old age, he was reassigned to be a Cavalry Commandant (騎き都と尉じょう). He enjoyed reading the biographies of notable officials in the Book of Han and could even recite over 100,000 lines from the book.[4] He died at the age of 71 (by East Asian age reckoning) in the year 219.[3]

In the spring of 242 during the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Fang, the third emperor of the Wei state, honoured Sima Fang with the posthumous title "Marquis Cheng of Wuyang" (舞まい陽成ようぜい侯こう) in recognition of the contributions to Wei by Sima Fang's second son, Sima Yi.[5]

Sima Fang was known for being a serious and solemn man throughout his life; he was humourless even in informal settings such as banquets. He maintained a very low profile and avoided interacting with his colleagues outside the workplace. He was also strict and stern towards his sons even after they grew up and became adults. In his presence, they did not dare to move, sit or speak without his permission.[6]

Relationship with Cao Cao

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The Cao Man Zhuan (曹瞞傳でん), an unofficial biography of Cao Cao, claimed that when Sima Fang was serving as an assistant official in the imperial secretariat, he recommended Cao Cao to serve as the Commandant of the North District (北部ほくぶ尉じょう) in Luoyang.[7] However, the Sitishu Shixu (四よん體たい書しょ勢ぜい序じょ) mentioned that Cao Cao was recommended by Liang Hu (梁りょう鵠くぐい).[8] Pei Songzhi, who annotated Cao Cao's biography in the Records of the Three Kingdoms, commented that the Cao Man Zhuan account was correct. This was because, according to the Book of Jin (晉すすむ書しょ) by Wang Yin (王おう隱かくれ), during the Jin dynasty, an academician once mentioned Sima Fang recommending Cao Cao to be the Commandant of the North District.[9]

In 216, after Cao Cao was conferred the title of a vassal king – King of Wei (魏ぎ王おう) – by Emperor Xian, he summoned Sima Fang to meet him in Ye (in present-day Handan, Hebei). He joked with Sima Fang: "Do you think the Cao Cao of today can still be a Commandant of the North District?" Sima Fang replied: "When I recommended Your Highness to assume that appointment, I knew you were capable of performing your duties well." Cao Cao laughed.[7]

Names

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Historical records traditionally recorded his name as 司馬しば防ぼう (Sīmǎ Fáng) and courtesy name as 建たて公こう (Jiàngōng). However, in 1952, fragments of a stone tablet detailing Sima Fang's life were discovered along Guangji Street in central Xi'an, Shaanxi, and they indicated his name as 司馬しば芳かおる (Sīmǎ Fāng) with the courtesy name 文ぶん豫よ (Wényù) instead.[10]

Family

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See also: Family tree of Sima Yi § Sima Fang and earlier

Sima Fang was an 11th-generation descendant of Sima Ang. His great-grandfather, Sima Jūn (司馬しば鈞ひとし), whose courtesy name was Shuping (叔平), served as General Who Attacks the West (征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん). His grandfather, Sima Liang (司馬しば量りょう), whose courtesy name was Gongdu (公おおやけ度ど), served as the Administrator of Yuzhang Commandery (豫よ章あきら郡ぐん; around present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi).[11]

Sima Fang's father, Sima Jùn (司馬しば儁), whose courtesy name was Yuanyi (元もと異こと), served as the Administrator of Yingchuan Commandery (潁川郡ぐん; around present-day Xuchang, Henan). Sima Jùn was described as eight chi and three cun tall, with a thick waist. As he had an extraordinary and impressive appearance, the folks in his hometown regarded him highly. He was also well-read and interested in history.[12]

Sima Fang had eight sons: Sima Lang, Sima Yi, Sima Fu, Sima Kui, Sima Xun, Sima Jin, Sima Tong and Sima Min.[13] Among them, the most notable one was Sima Yi, who served as a military general and regent of the state of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period. Sima Fang's great-grandson, Sima Yan, later became the founding emperor of the Jin dynasty (266–420).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ (... 河かわ內溫縣けん孝こう敬けい里人さとびと，姓せい司馬しば氏し。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  2. ^ (司馬しば彪ぴょう序じょ傳でん曰：朗ろう祖父そふ儁，字じ元もと異こと， ... 位い至いたり潁川太守たいしゅ。) Xu Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 15.
  3. ^ a b (父ちち防ぼう，字じ建たて公こう， ... 少しょう仕つかまつ州しゅう郡ぐん，歷れき官かん洛陽らくよう令れい、京きょう兆ちょう尹いん，以年老ろう轉てん拜はい騎き都と尉じょう。 ... 年とし七なな十じゅう一いち，建けん安やす二に十じゅう四よん年ねん終おわり。) Xu Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 15.
  4. ^ (雅みやび好漢こうかん書名しょめい臣しん列傳れつでん，所しょ諷誦ふうしょう者しゃ數すう十じゅう萬言まんげん。) Xu Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 15.
  5. ^ ([魏ぎ正せい始はじめ]三さん年ねん春はる，天子てんし追つい封ふう謚皇考こうこう京きょう兆尹為舞陽成侯。) Jin Shu vol. 1. The 1st to 3rd months of that year correspond to 17 Feb to 16 May 242 in the Julian calendar.
  6. ^ (... 性質せいしつ直ちょく公方くぼう，雖閑居かんきょ宴えん處しょ，威儀いぎ不ふ忒。 ... 養やしなえ志こころざし閭巷，闔門自じ守もり。諸子しょし雖冠成人せいじん，不ふ命いのち曰進不ふ敢進，不ふ命いのち曰坐不ふ敢坐，不ふ指ゆび有ゆう所しょ問とい不ふ敢言，父子ふし之の間あいだ肅如也。) Xu Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 15.
  7. ^ a b (曹瞞傳でん曰：為ため尚書しょうしょ右みぎ丞すすむ司馬しば建けん公所ぐぞ舉。及公為ため王おう，召建公こう到いた鄴，與あずか歡飲，謂いい建たて公こう曰：「孤こ今日きょう可か復ふく作さく尉じょう否ひ？」建たて公こう曰：「昔むかし舉大王おう時じ，適てき可か作さく尉じょう耳みみ。」王おう大だい笑わらい。建たて公こう名めい防ぼう，司馬しば宣せん王おう之の父ちち。) Cao Man Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  8. ^ (四體書勢序曰：梁りょう鵠くぐい以公為ため北部ほくぶ尉じょう。) Sitishu Shi Xu annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  9. ^ (臣しん松まつ之の案あん司馬しば彪ぴょう序じょ傳でん，建たて公こう不為ふため右みぎ丞すすむ，疑うたぐ此不然しか，而王隱かくれ晉すすむ書しょ云うん趙ちょう王おう篡位，欲よく尊たかし祖そ為ため帝みかど，博士はかせ馬ば平ひら議ぎ稱たたえ京きょう兆府君昔舉魏武帝為北部尉，賊ぞく不犯ふぼん界かい，如此則そく為ため有ゆう徵ちょう。) Pei Songzhi's annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 1.
  10. ^ Zhao, Liguang (2012). Fragments of Sima Fang's Tablet 司つかさ马芳残ざん碑ひ (in Chinese). Shanghai Rarebooks Publishing House. ISBN 9787532565528.
  11. ^ (楚すわえ漢かん間あいだ，司馬しば卬為趙ちょう將すすむ，與あずか諸侯しょこう伐き秦しん。秦はた亡ほろび，立たて為ため殷いん王おう，都と河かわ內。漢かん以其地ち為ため郡ぐん，子孫しそん遂とげ家か焉。自じ卬八はち世せい，生なま征せい西にし將軍しょうぐん鈞ひとし，字じ叔平。鈞ひとし生なま豫よ章あきら太守たいしゅ量りょう，字じ公おおやけ度ど。量りょう生せい潁川太守たいしゅ儁，字じ元もと異こと。) Jin Shu vol. 1.
  12. ^ (司馬しば彪ぴょう序じょ傳でん曰：朗ろう祖父そふ儁，字じ元もと異こと，博學はくがく好古こうこ，倜儻有ゆう大度たいど。長ちょう八はち尺しゃく三さん寸すん，腰帶こしおび十じゅう圍かこえ，儀ぎ狀じょう魁さきがけ岸がん，與あずか衆しゅう有ゆう異こと，鄉黨きょうとう宗族そうぞく咸景附ふ焉。位い至いたり潁川太守たいしゅ。) Xu Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 15.
  13. ^ (有子ゆうこ八はち人にん，朗ろう最長さいちょう，次じ即そく晉すすむ宣せん皇帝こうてい也。) Xu Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 15.
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