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Nara clan

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This article is about Chinese Manchu clans. For the ethnic group from Eritrea, see Nara people. For Nara family people, see Nara (disambiguation).
"Yehe" redirects here. For other uses, see Yehe (disambiguation).
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Nara (Manchu: ᠨᠠᡵᠠ ᡥᠠᠯᠠ, Wade-Giles: nara hala, Chinese: 納おさめ喇氏, 納おさめ蘭らん氏し or 那な拉ひしげ氏し) is a clan name shared by a number of royal Manchu clans, sometimes also transliterated as Nalan or Nalland. The four tribes of the Hūlun confederation (扈倫四よん部ぶ) – Hada (哈達; Hādá), Ula (烏がらす拉ひしげ; Wūlā), Hoifa (輝てる發はつ; Huīfā) and Yehe (葉は赫; Yèhè) – were all ruled by clans bearing this name.

This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet.

The head of each clan held the princely title of "beile" (貝かい勒; Manchu: "chief, lord, or Prince of the Third Rank").

During the Jin dynasty, Nara was listed as one of the noble "white clans" (白しろ號ごう姓氏せいし).

Nar is the Mongolian word for 'sun'. In Mongolia, the sun is associated to Genghis Khan as the nara tamga is the main tamga attributed to him.

History

[edit]

The Naras lived in the Haixi area, which encompasses parts of modern-day Jilin, Heilongjiang, Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. The Hada Naras and Ula Naras are native to Manchuria and shared an ancestor. The Yehe Naras were founded by a Tümed Mongol prince Singgen Darhan who conquered the local Nara tribe and assumed their name, establishing his rule over the banks of the Yehe river. The Hoifa Naras, on the other hand, came from the local Ikderi clan.

During Nurhaci's efforts to unite the Jurchen people, the Naras resisted because they had always been rather well-treated by the Ming government. Instead they tried to appease Nurhaci by offering him a daughter from each of the tribal rulers, the most famous of which were Lady Abahai of the Ula tribe and Monggo Jerjer of the Yehe tribe.[1] Nonetheless, Nurhaci eventually began his assault against the Naras, and the Hada, Ula and Hoifa tribes soon fell. The Yehe Naras were able to resist the longest as they were the largest and strongest of the tribes, but even they soon had to enlist the help of the Ming empire.

Using Ming's sympathy towards the Yehe Naras as an excuse, Nurhaci began to wage war against the Ming forces as well. Both the Ming soldiers and the Yehe Naras were defeated in subsequent battles, including the Battle of Sarhu, and the Yehe Nara prince Jintaiji was either forced to kill himself or hanged, but not before he allegedly cursed Nurhaci that as long as one of Jintaiji's descendants lived, even a female one, he or she would remember the clan's vendetta and bring down the Aisin Gioros. The last prince of the Ula tribe Bujantai, who was fighting alongside the Yehe Naras, was captured as well and later killed by Nurhaci's first son, Cuyen.

The Hada and Hoifa clans fell from prominence after Nurhaci's Manchurian conquest, whereas Ula and Yehe survived the defeat and integrated into Qing's Banner aristocracy. They continued to be powerful clans in the Qing court, often named among the eight great Manchu houses. Modern day Nara descendants mostly hail from these two clans.

Present-day descendants of the Nara clan generally adopted "Nà" (那な) and "Zhào" (趙ちょう) as Chinese surnames, to conform to the monosyllabic Han family names. Others, less commonly, took "Nà" (納おさめ or 訥), "Bái" (白しろ), "Nán" (南みなみ), "Liú" (劉りゅう), "Sū" (蘇そ). Those descended from Hada Nara took "Wáng" (王おう). Descendants of Yehe Nara primarily chose "Yè" (葉は), "Hè" (赫), or "Hé" (何なに), others took after their Borjigin forebears and used "Bāo" (鮑あわび or 包つつみ) or "Bó" (博ひろし). The Hoifa Nara line is extinct.

Notable figures of the Nara

[edit]
Men
  • Wenbin (文ぶん彬あきら; 1825–1880), a prominent government official

Prince Consort

Date Prince Consort Princess
1614 Moluohun (漠ばく落渾) Šurhaci's sixth daughter (b. 1595) by secondary consort Gūwalgiya
1616 Badana (巴ともえ達いたる納おさめ) Šurhaci's eighth daughter (b. 1602) by secondary consort Gūwalgiya
1619 Ezhayi (鄂札伊い; d. 1641) Nurhaci's seventh daughter (1604–1685) by Irgen Gioro
1623 Muwuna (穆きよし扤納) Šurhaci's 12th daughter (b. 1610) by mistress Ayan Gioro
1712 Xingde (星ほし德いさお; d. 1739) Princess Huaike (1695–1717), the Yongzheng Emperor's second daughter by Consort Qi (Li)
1795 Bozhechentian (伯はく哲あきら臣しん忝かたじけな) Yongxing's fourth daughter (b. 1776) by secondary consort Liugiya
Women

Imperial Consort

  • Empress
    • Empress Nara (1718–1766), the Qianlong Emperor's second empress, the mother of Yongji (1752–1776), fifth daughter (1753–1755) and Yongjing (1756–1757)
  • Noble Lady
    • Noble Lady, the Kangxi Emperor's noble lady, the mother of Wanfu (1675–1679) and Yinzan (1679–1680)

Princess Consort

  • Primary Consort
    • Šurhaci's sixth primary consort
    • Manggūltai's first wife
    • Dodo's third primary consort
    • Šose's first primary consort, the mother of Princess Heshun (1648–1692), Boguoduo (1650–1723) and Bo'erguoluo (1651–1712)
    • Changning's first primary consort
  • Secondary Consort
    • Hooge's secondary consort, the mother of third daughter (1638–1646)
    • Yunyou's secondary consort, the mother of Princess (1696 – 1720 or 1721), Hongshu (1698–1738), Princess (1699–1733), Hongzhuo (1700–1743) and Hongxin (1702–1712)
  • Concubine
    • Monggo Gege (1575-1603) Hong Taiji's concubine, the mother of Lady (1635–1661), Gose (1637–1670) and 13th daughter (1638–1657)
    • Dodo's concubine, the mother of Zhulan (1635–1665)
    • Hooge's concubine, the mother of Qizheng'e (1634–1677)
    • The Shunzhi Emperor's concubine, the mother of sixth daughter (1657–1661)
    • Fuquan's concubine, the mother of Princess (1700–1733), Princess (1701–1732) and seventh daughter (1703–1704)
    • Yinxiang's concubine, the mother of Amuhulang (1726–1727)

Wanyan Nara

[edit]

Nacibulu was the first to adopt the clan name Nara. A Jurchen clan native to Manchuria, they descended from the imperial Wanyan clan of the Jin dynasty.

The Nara gradually grew to become the dominant clan in the Haixi region, culminating in the establishment of the Hūlun confederation in the 16th century, with Nara princes at its core. At the same time, this Nara clan split into two branches: the senior Hada line founded by Kesina, leader of the Hūlun confederation, and the junior Ula line founded by Kesina's younger brother Gudai Juyan.

Notable figures of the Wanyan Nara

[edit]
  • Nacibulu (納おさめ齊ひとし布ぬの祿ろく; fl. 14th century)
    • Shangyandorheqi (尚なお延のべ多おお爾しか和かず齊ひとし), Nacibulu's son
      • Jiamaka (嘉よしみ瑪喀), Shangyandorheqi's son

Hada Nara

[edit]

The Hada Nara (哈達那な拉ひしげ氏し) ruled the Hada state, based around the Hada river in southwestern Manchuria. Descended from the Wanyan, they are native to Manchuria and kin to the Ula Nara.

Under the prince (beile) Wangtai, the Hada Nara gained ascendency over the Haixi Jurchens. He assumed the title Wan Khan (萬まん汗あせ), and held hegemony in the Hūlun confederation.

In 1574, Wang Tai captured the rebellious Jianzhou Jurchen leader Wanggao, and was rewarded by the Ming court with the titles Right Pillar of State (右みぎ柱ばしら國こく, the highest honorary civil title) and Dragon-Tiger General (龍虎りゅうこ將軍しょうぐん, the highest honorary military title), further legitimising the Hada supremacy in Haixi.

Upon Wangtai's death (1582), a succession struggle ensued, sapping Hada of its strength and allowing the Yehe Nara and later Nurhaci to eclipse its power. In 1599, Narimbulu of Yehe invaded Hada. Weakened, Menggebulu (beile of Hada) requests aid from Nurhaci. Nurhaci sent two thousand troops led by Fiongdon (費ひ英えい東ひがし) and Gagai (噶蓋). Fearing the rise of the Jianzhou Jurchens, Narimbulu in turn offered to ally with Menggebulu to defeat Nurhaci. Menggebulu accepted the offer, but the plot was leaked and Nurhaci attacked Hada instead.

Nurhaci's general Yangguli (揚あげ古こ利り) captured the Hada Castle and the ruling Hada Nara clan. Nurhaci spared Menggebulu and offered him an alliance, but Menggebulu again plotted to assassinate Nurhaci. This plot was also discovered, leading to his execution.

In 1601, Nurhaci married his daughter to Urgūdai, who succeeded Menggebulu. The Ming court accused Nurhaci of attempting to annex Hada. In response, Nurhaci released Urgūdai from Jianzhou and allowed him to return to rule Hada. Learning this, Narimbulu of Yehe again started raiding Hada. Severely weakened and defenseless, Urgūdai eventually capitulated and submitted to Nurhaci's rule, becoming the last beile of Hada.

Notable figures of the Hada Nara

[edit]
Men
  • Kesina (克かつ什納), Suitun's son; leader of the Hūlun confederation, founder of the Hada Nara line
    • Wangzhong (Wangju Wailan) (王おう忠ただし; d. 1552), Kesina's second son; first beile of Hada state
  • Wangtai (Wan) (王おう台だい; d. 1582), Wangzhong's nephew; Khan of Hūlun confederation, legitimised client overlord of Haixi under Ming
    • Hurhan (扈爾罕; d. 1582), Wangtai's first son
      • Daišan (岱善; d. 1591), Hurhan's son
    • Menggebulu (孟はじめ格かく布ぬの祿ろく; 1565–1600), Wangtai's son
      • Ulhūda (吳ご爾なんじ古代こだい), Menggebulu's first son; last independent beile of Hada

Prince Consort

Date Prince Consort Princess
1601 Urgūdai Nurhaci's third daughter (Mangguji; 1590–1636) by primary consort (Fuca Gundei)
Women

Princess Consort

  • Primary Consort
    • Šurhaci's second primary consort, the mother of Eshitai (1584–1656)
    • Manggūltai's second wife, the mother of Maidali (1603–1634), Guanggu (1604–1606), Sahaliang (1606–1642), Ebilun (b. 1609), Feiyanggutai (b. 1610) and Aketama (1620–1622)
    • Hooge's first primary consort (d. 1636)
    • Yunyou's primary consort, the mother of third daughter (1699–1702) and Princess (1701–1729)
  • Secondary Consort
    • Amin Jerjer, Nurhaci's secondary consort
    • Daišan's secondary consort, the mother of Majan (1612–1638) and seventh daughter (1629–1649)

Ula Nara

[edit]

The Ula Nara (烏がらす拉ひしげ那な拉ひしげ氏し) ruled the Ula state, based around Hulan river in northeastern Manchuria. They shared Wanyan descent with the Hada Nara.

Of the four tribes, Ula was the economic and cultural powerhouse of Manchuria. The Ula tribe were mostly traders, buying horses, livestock, and fur from the steppe Mongols and selling them at the Jianzhou plateau on the Liao river basin, the economic center and farmland of the Manchu region. They in turn buy grains such as millet and corn at Jianzhou and sell them to the Mongols. The Ula Naras, for a large part, controlled trade between Manchuria and Mongolia by controlling the mountain pass at modern day Baicheng, Jilin, where the only passage between the two areas was located.

The Nara chief Buyan built the Ula Castle by the Hulan river and founded the Ula state. (Ula means "riverside" in Manchu.)

Ula and Jianzhou had numerous conflicts, culminating in the Battle of Mount Gele. Defeated at Mount Gele, Mantai fled back to Ula but was killed by his subordinates 3 years later in 1596.

On the other hand, Mantai's younger brother, the second beile Bujantai was captured at Mount Gele. Bujantai submitted to Nurhaci and married both Nurhaci's and Surgaci's daughters. Upon Mantai's death, Nurhaci aided Bujantai in defeating other Ula Nara pretenders to regain the Ula throne. The following year, he married his younger sister to Surgaci to formalise the alliance. Two years later, he again married Mantai's daughter Lady Abahai to Nurhaci, who later became his primary consort.

The alliance between Ula and Jianzhou did not last, however. Warka, a Donghai Jurchen tribe, after repeated harassment by Bujantai, sought to submit to Nurhaci. Nurhaci sent troops to annex Warka, which Ula tried to intercept. The alliance broken, the two states resumed their conflicts. Eventually, Nurhaci captured Ula Castle and annexed the Ula state. Bujantai alone fled to Yehe, and spent the rest of his life under the protection of the Yehe Nara.

The descendants of the last Ula princes were mostly incorporated into the Plain White Banner. They supplied numerous high officials and imperial consorts to the Qing court and are among the most prominent Manchu noble houses.

Butha Ula Nara

[edit]

After Nurhaci captured the Ula, he kept the royal clansmen in hostage. In order to induce Bujantai to surrender, Nurhaci showered Hongko, Bujantai's youngest son, with favours. He married one of his daughters to Hongko, granted a small fief near the Ula capital, named him the beile of Butha Ula (布ぬの特とく哈烏拉ひしげ貝かい勒), and left him "independent" from the Banner system.

As he reached maturity, Hongko realised that his independence is only nominal. He plotted to rebel against Jin, but the plot was exposed and Hongko forced to commit suicide. His two sons survived his downfall. The eldest Ulon took the Chinese surname Zhao and hid out in exile, eventually reintegrating into their Ula kins into the Plain White Banner years later. The younger Ula (not to be confused with the clan name) was saved by his Aisin Gioro mother and brought back into the Jin fold.

Notable figures of the Ula Nara

[edit]
Men
  • Gudai Juyan (古こ對たい硃顏), founder of the Ula Nara line
    • Tailan (太ふとし蘭らん), Gudai Juyan's son
      • Buyan, Tailan's son; first beile and founder of the Ula state
        • Bugan (布ぬの干ひ), Buyan's first son
          • Mantai (满泰; d. 1596), Bugan's second son
          • Bujantai (1575–1618), Bugan's third son; last independent beile of Ula
        • Bokdo (博ひろし客きゃく多おお; d. 1607), Buyan's youngest son
        • Changzhu (常つね柱はしら), Buyan's grandson

Prince Consort

Date Prince Consort Princess
Changzhu Taksi's daughter
1598 or 1599 Bujantai Šurhaci's first daughter (Eshitai; 1584–1656) by secondary consort (Hada Nara)
1603 Šurhaci's second daughter (E'enzhe; 1584 – 1638 or 1639) by secondary consort (Fuca)
1608 Nurhaci's fourth daughter (Mukushen; 1595–1659) by mistress (Giyamuhut Gioro Zhenge)
Women

Imperial Consort

  • Consort
    • Huase, Consort Hui (d. 1732), the Kangxi Emperor's consort, the mother of Chengqing (1670–1671) and Yunzhi (1671–1735)
  • Imperial Concubine
    • Zhanjimai, Imperial Concubine Tong (1664–1744), the Kangxi Emperor's noble lady, the mother of Princess Chunque (1685–1710)

Princess Consort

Hoifa Nara

[edit]

The Hoifa Nara (輝てる發はつ那な拉ひしげ氏し) ruled the Hoifa state, based around the Hoifa river in southeastern Manchuria. The Hoifa Nara descended from the Ikderi clan (益えき克かつ得とく里さと氏し) of the Nimaca tribe (尼あま瑪察部ぶ) from the Amur river banks to the north. When they migrated southward, they came under the protection of the royal Nara clan, eventually adopting the Nara clan name. As Nara, they grew to become a powerful Haixi clan. For two generations prior to assuming the Hoifa beile princeship, they had been appointed tributary military commanders (都みやこ督ただし) loyal to the Ming court.

Wangginu was the first of the clan to assume the beile title. He built his castle on the Hurki Mountain, which provided him a secure power base. He established Hoifa as a major force in the Haixi region, and even withstood assaults by the Chahar Mongols.

Upon Wangginu's death, Baindari seized the throne, killing seven of his uncles in the process. Hoifa was a major member of the coalition defeated by Nurhaci at the Battle of Mount Gele (古こ勒山之これ戰せん). Severely weakened and stuck between the ascendant Jianzhou and Yehe states, Baindari tried to play both sides against each other, and relying on the defensible Hoifa Castle for security. This policy further isolated Hoifa, and Hoifa Castle eventually fell to Nurhaci in 1607. Baindari and his sons were killed in the battle, ending the princely Hoifa Nara main line.

Notable figures of the Hoifa Nara

[edit]
Males
  • Anggūli Singgūli (昂のぼる古里ふるさと星ぼし古いにしえ力りょく), of the Ikederi clan, adopted the Nara clan name
  • Beicen (備臣)
  • Nalingga (納おさめ領りょう噶)
  • Laha (拉ひしげ哈)
  • Gahacan (噶哈禪ぜん), tributary commander (都みやこ督ただし) under Ming
  • Cinegen Darhan (齊ひとし訥根達たち爾なんじ漢かん), tributary commander (都みやこ督ただし) under Ming
    • Wangginu (王おう機き褚), Cinagen Darhan's son; first beile and founder of Hoifa state
Females

Imperial Consort

  • Imperial Concubine
    • Imperial Concubine Shun (1809–1868), the Daoguang Emperor's first class female attendant
  • Noble Lady
    • Noble Lady Na (1825–1865), the Daoguang Emperor's second class female attendant

Princess Consort

  • Primary Consort

Yehe Nara

[edit]
Main article: Yehe Nara clan

The Yehe Nara (葉は赫那拉ひしげ氏し) ruled the Yehe state, based around the Yehe river. This area was originally called Zhang (張ちょう), occupied by the Hulun (扈倫) tribe. The progenitor of the clan, Singgen Darhan, was a Genghisid prince of the Tümed Mongols. He was appointed by Ming as commander of the Talumu division (塔とう魯木衛まもる). They later migrated southward, and his grandson Cirugani assimilated into the local Nara aristocracy, assuming their name. Cirugani's son Jukungge finally took over the Yehe area and established the Yehe Nara state.

Initially, Yehe was relatively weak and was frequently raided by Hada. Conflict between Yehe and Hada continued until the reign of Cinggiyanu and Yangginu, who were sons of the beile Taicu. They expanded Yehe's territory through conquest of smaller neighbouring states, consolidated Yehe's powerbase with the construction of two castles, and made peace with Hada; Cinggiyanu married a daughter of Wangtai and Wangtai married Cinggiyanu's younger sister. With the support of Hada, Cinggiyanu and Yangginu successfully defeated the other sons of Taicu and gained the throne of Yehe themselves.

From the rule of Cinggiyanu and Yangginu, the Yehe Nara had a unique system of co-princeship. Cinggiyanu and Yangginu built two castles on strategic locations only several li apart. These were the West Yehe Castle and the East Yehe Castle, held by Cinggiyanu's and Yangginu's families respectively. The two co-princes were both equal beiles, ruled Yehe jointly, and acted in unity until the fall of Yehe.

Upon Wangtai's death, Yehe, along with Hoifa and Ula, broke away from Hada's hegemony. They allied to attack Hada, only to be defeated by the reinforcement from Ming. Cinggiyanu and Yangginu both died in this battle, and were succeeded by Bujai and Narimbulu respectively.

Narimbulu allied with their Tümed and Khorchin Mongol kins to attack Hada again. This time Narimbulu managed to defeat the Ming reinforcement and destroyed Hada as a major power, becoming the most powerful of the Haixi tribes and the new leader of the Hulun confederation.

Seeing Nurhaci's rise, Yehe initially sought to make peace by marrying Narimbulu's sister Monggo Gege to Nurhaci (later Empress Xiaocigao).[1] She would later give birth to Hong Taiji, who would succeed Nurhaci and found the Qing dynasty. This peace was short-lived, however, and Yehe soon entered a long struggle against Nurhaci's domination. Princes Bujai and Narimbulu lead the nine-tribe coalition against Nurhaci's Jianzhou forces at the Battle of Mount Gele, which ended in decisive defeat. The Yehe state continued to resist the newly formed Jin dynasty until the fall of the East Yehe Castle, the last bastion to stand against Jin's Manchurian conquest.

The Yehe Nara is the most legendary of the Nara clans today, in part due to its status as the last Jurchen clan to challenge Nurhaci's hegemony, in part to the imperial favourites they issued, and also because of Empress Dowager Cixi, who descended from a cadet branch of the East Yehe Nara belonging to the Bordered Blue Banner. The descendants of the princes of East Yehe were mostly incorporated into the Plain Yellow Banner; a cadet branch descending from Asi Darhan (阿おもね什達爾なんじ漢かん, brother of Gin Taisi) were incorporated into the Plain White Banner, while those of West Yehe were mostly incorporated into the Plain Red Banner. They supplied numerous high officials and imperial consorts to the Qing court and are a fixture among the eight great Manchu houses. In common usage, the Nara clan most often refers to the Yehe Nara.

A popular legend says that Gin Taisi, the last prince of East Yehe, upon defeat by Nurhaci, cursed that the Yehe Nara will be the downfall of the Aisin Gioro clan, even if there's only Yehe Nara daughters left. This curse was supposedly fulfilled with Empress Dowager Longyu who formally abdicated on the behalf of Puyi leading to the end of the Manchu dynasty.

Notable figures of the Yehe Nara

[edit]
Men
  • Singgen Darhan (星ほし根ね達たち爾なんじ漢かん)
  • Sirke Minggatu (席せき爾しか克明こくめい噶圖)
  • Cirugani (齊ひとし爾しか噶尼), adopted the Nara clan name
  • Cukungge (褚孔格かく), first beile and founder of the Yehe state
    • Taicu (台たい杵きね), Jukungge's son
      • Cinggiyanu (清佳さやか砮; d. 1584), Taicu's first son; first beile of West Yehe
        • Bujai (d. 1593), Cinggiyanu's son
        • Buyanggū (布ぬの揚あげ古いにしえ; d. 1619), Bujai's younger brother
      • Yangginu (楊吉砮; d. 1584), Taicu's second son; first beile of East Yehe
        • Narimbulu (納おさめ林りん布ぬの祿ろく; d. 1609), Yangginu's son; leader of the Hulun confederation
        • Gintaisi (d. 1619), Narimbulu's younger brother
          • Mingju (1635–1708),[2] Gintaisi's grandson; a top-ranking government official during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor
            • Singde (1655–1685), Mingju's first son by Ajige's fifth daughter; a famous poet
            • Yongfu (永福えいふく), Mingju's grandson
  • Suna (蘇そ納おさむ; d. 1648)
  • Ruilin (瑞みず麟, 1809–1874), the Viceroy of Liangguang from 1865 to 1874

Prince Consort

Date Prince Consort Background Princess
1613 Suna Father: Baisan (拜はい三さん), grandson of Niyaka (尼あま雅みやび喀), Taicu's brother Nurhaci's sixth daughter (1600–1646) by mistress (Giyamuhut Gioro Zhenge)
Mingju Ajige's fifth daughter (1637–1694)
1720 Yongfu Yuntang's third daughter (1704–1727) by mistress (Wanggiya)
Women

Imperial Consort

  • Imperial Concubine

Princess Consort

  • Primary Consort
    • Cuyen's second wife, the mother of first daughter (1601–1670), second daughter (1603–1623), third daughter (1606–1673) and Nikan (1610–1652)
    • Daišan's second primary consort, the mother of Princess (1602–1649), Sahaliyan (1604–1636), Wakda (1606–1652) and Balama (1608–1631)
    • Subenzhu, Daišan's third primary consort, the mother of Mandahai (1622–1652), Princess (1624–1685), Princess (1626–1646) and Hūse (1628–1646)
    • Wanzhen (1841–1896), Yixuan's primary consort, the mother of first daughter (1861–1866), Zaihan (1865–1866), the Guangxu Emperor (1871–1908), third son (1875) and Zaiguang (1880–1884)
  • Secondary Consort
    • Nanakun, Nurhaci's secondary consort, the mother of Princess (1612–1646)
    • Wuyunzhu, Hong Taiji's secondary consort, the mother of Šose (1629–1655)

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Veit, Veronika (2007). The Role of Women in the Altaic World: Permanent International Altaistic Conference, 44th Meeting, Walberberg, 26-31 August 2001. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 188. ISBN 978-3-447-05537-6.
  2. ^ Hummel, Arthur W. (2010-10-29). Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period, 1644-1912 (2 vols). Global Oriental. pp. vi. ISBN 978-90-04-21801-7.
  3. ^ 九十高龄汉学家叶嘉莹: 我が的てき一生いっしょう"根ね"在中ざいちゅう国こく. Chinanews (in Chinese). 6 November 2014.
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