-ka
Basque
Suffix
-ka
- Used to form adverbs from nouns.
- looking for
- divided in, distributed in
Derived terms
Curripaco
Suffix
-ka
- progressive tense marker
- nuiraka : I am drinking
References
- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398
Czech
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka f (noun-forming suffix)
- appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name
Suffix
-ka f or m anim (noun-forming suffix)
- appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun
Derived terms
Further reading
- -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Finnish
Etymology
From Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.
Particle
-ka (front vowel harmony variant -kä, linguistic notation -kA) (enclitic particle)
- (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
Usage notes
- This suffix is no longer productive.
- In some words the suffix may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).
Derived terms
Hungarian
Etymology
From Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ka
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
Usage notes
- (diminutive suffix) Variants:
- -ka is added to back-vowel words
- -ke is added to front-vowel words
Derived terms
See also
Ilocano
Etymology
From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.
Pronunciation
Pronoun
-ka
- Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you
- Napankan? ― Did you go already?
- Estudianteka. ― You are a student.
- Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)
- Ay-ayatenka. ― I love you.
- Estudianteka. ― You are my student.
See also
Person | Number | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Possessive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disjunctive | Enclitic | Enclitic3 | bági form | kukua form | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First | singular | siak | -ak | -ko, -k | kaniak | bagik | kukuak, kuak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dual | data, sita1 | -ta | kaniata, kadata | bagita | kukuata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural inclusive | datayo, sitayo1 | -tayo, -tay | kaniatayo, kadatayo | bagitayo | kukuatayo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural exclusive | dakami, sikami1 | -kami, -kam | -mi | kaniami, kadakami | bagimi | kukuami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second | singular | sika | -ka | -mo, -m | kaniam, kenka | bagim | kukuam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | dakayo, sikayo1 | -kayo, -kay | -yo | kaniayo, kadakayo | bagiyo | kukuayo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third | singular | isu, isuna | Ø2 | -na | kaniana, kenkuana | bagina | kukuana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | isuda | -da | kaniada, kadakuada | bagida | kukuada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fused enclitics
|
Ingrian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.
Pronunciation
Particle
-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)
- Used to turn a clause interrogative.
- Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not
Usage notes
- In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
- In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.
Suffix
-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
- Proto-Finnic *mi- + -ka → mikä
- Proto-Finnic *ku- + -ka → kuka
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Akin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.
References
- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118
Japanese
Romanization
-ka
Kambera
Pronoun
-ka
- first person singular accusative enclitic
Particle
-ka
- perfective aspect enclitic
See also
Lower Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka f
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms
Old Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ka f
Derived terms
Suffix
-ka n
Polish
Etymology
Inherited from Old Polish -ka, from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ka f
- feminine noun suffix
- diminutive noun suffix
Declension
Derived terms
Suffix
-ka n
Further reading
- -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
See also
Slovak
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ka
- denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to
- sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive
Declension
Derived terms
Somali
Article
-ka (feminine -ta)
- The masculine definite article; the
Usage notes
- This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
- After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.
References
- Puglielli, Annarita, Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012) “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga[1], Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN
Swahili
Suffix
-ka
- Alternative form of -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u
Derived terms
Upper Sorbian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
-ka
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms
Votic
Etymology
From kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.
Pronunciation
Suffix
-ka
- Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.
Usage notes
This suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.
Ye'kwana
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
Cognate to Kari'na ka (“to take away, to deprive of”, verb), Trió -ka (privative verbalizer).
Alternative forms
- -kkwa (allomorphs)
Suffix
-ka
- Forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-.
Usage notes
This suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.
Derived terms
Etymology 2
Suffix
-ka
- Allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k.
References
- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[2], Lyon, page 148
- Basque lemmas
- Basque suffixes
- Curripaco lemmas
- Curripaco suffixes
- Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Czech lemmas
- Czech suffixes
- Czech noun-forming suffixes
- Czech feminine suffixes
- Czech masculine suffixes
- Czech suffixes with multiple genders
- Czech animate suffixes
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish particles
- Finnish clitics
- Finnish coordinating conjunctions
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/kɒ
- Rhymes:Hungarian/kɒ/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian diminutive suffixes
- Ilocano terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Ilocano terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Ilocano terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ilocano lemmas
- Ilocano pronouns
- Ilocano terms with usage examples
- Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian particles
- Ingrian clitics
- Ingrian suffixes
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Kambera lemmas
- Kambera pronouns
- Kambera particles
- Kambera terms with usage examples
- Kambera pronominal clitics
- Lower Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian suffixes
- Lower Sorbian diminutive suffixes
- Lower Sorbian noun-forming suffixes
- Lower Sorbian female equivalent suffixes
- Lower Sorbian feminine suffixes
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish suffixes
- Old Polish feminine suffixes
- Old Polish non-lemma forms
- Old Polish suffix forms
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/a
- Rhymes:Polish/a/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Polish diminutive suffixes
- Polish feminine suffixes
- Polish non-lemma forms
- Polish suffix forms
- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian suffixes
- Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovak terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovak 1-syllable words
- Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovak lemmas
- Slovak suffixes
- Slovak diminutive suffixes
- Somali lemmas
- Somali articles
- Swahili lemmas
- Swahili suffixes
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian lemmas
- Upper Sorbian suffixes
- Upper Sorbian diminutive suffixes
- Votic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Votic lemmas
- Votic suffixes
- Ye'kwana terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ye'kwana lemmas
- Ye'kwana suffixes