Appendix:Nilo-Saharan word lists

The following Nilo-Saharan word lists are from Starostin (2014, 2017). The proto-languages are Starostin's own reconstructions.

Pronouns and numerals

family	language	I	thou	we	what	who	not	one	two
Berta	p-Berta	*àlì	*ŋgo	*=/a/ŋ/a/	*naN	*nda	—	*ɗuɠu-	*kolaŋ
Kunama	p-Kunama	*a-ba	*e-na	*á-; *kì-	*ay	*no	*-m-; *-n-	*él-	*baːr-
Maba	p-Maba	*a-(mɔ)	*y	*m-i	*ŋV	*na	*an	*to	*mbaːr
Fur	Fur	ka	ʓi	k-i	ka	ki	a... ba	tok	aw
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*m=ā	*m=ī ~ *ɲ=ī	*à=mā	*aɗʊ	*aɗɪ	*kʊ̄	*àlʊ̄	*irì
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*mā	*ɲī	*mǎ	*=ɗū	*=ɗī; *íē	*ì=nz-	*aɗɪ ~ *aɗ̣ɪ	*ārʸɔ̄
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*m=á	*m=í	*à=mà	*as/i/	*aɗi	*kà	*k=ànà	*s=o(C)ru
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*u=mu	*i=ni	*a=mu	*a-ʓi	*a-ɗe	*ŋgi-; *ra-	*eɗi	*=ɖ=uwe
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*m=a	*i	*ʓɛ	*ɗi	*ye	*nTe; *ale	*k=aɗe	*riyo
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*a=m=a	*u=mu	*a-ga	*a=ŋa	*a=ni; *ɓi	[*ɖi]	—	*ɓir
Central Sudanic	Aja	m=a	mu-mu	a=m=a	ɔ=ro	ɔ=ŋɔ	gu	—	bira
Central Sudanic	Birri	m=á	mu	m=áː	wa	ŋa	ɕa	ìlá	ukw=aːri
Songhay	p-Songhay	*ay ~ *agay	*ni	*yé-ɾì	*máy	*ma(-)	*si; *na	*foː	*híŋká
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*wu	*ní	*y₁-andi	*à=bí	*ndú	*bâ; *ni	*tilo	*(ì)ndí
Saharan	p-Tubu	*ta-	*n(ǝ)-	*ta-	*in=ni	*ɲa	*bV; *ni	*tǝro	*kyu
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*s₁-	*n(V)	*t-	*n-(tɪ)	*n-(aɪ)	*-ɔ ~ *-ba	*nakkɔ; *saN	*su
Koman	p-Koman	*a=ga	*a=i	*a=ma; *a=na	*tin-; *bi	*a=di	—	*ɗɛ	*sʊ-
Gule	Gule	wɔ	aː=na	á=núːk	éːdè	ɛːde	—	dì=dí-n	du=su-it
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*=da	*=ma	*kwa; *ila	*in=c-	*wod-	*=ke	*m(=)eta	*m=band
Kadu	p-Kadu	*aʔa	*oʔo	*a=ŋa; *a=yo	*m=ina	*m=at̪a	*t̪a; *aŋ	*ŋɔʈɔ; *iŋwa	*ari-a
Shabo	Shabo	tiŋ	ku	yiŋ; an	na-mbi	na-fe	be	iŋki	bab
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*ǝ-y	*e(-y)	*a-y ₁	*nWV- ₁	*ŋǝ-y ₁	*-a- ₁; *-mVn₂	*bɛy(i)r	*awr-i ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*an(-ɛta)	*in(-eta)	*a-g- ₁	*nI- ₁	*ŋɛnɛ ₁	*ŋa ₃; *(k)VRoŋ	*oɗo-i ₁	*ram(m)a ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*an-ɛ	*in-e	*a-g- ₁	*oŋ	*nɪnɛ ₁	*ŋa ₃; *-oŋ	*ɗo(-)ne ₁	*raman ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	ɛ̀ːt, č=aː-k	íːn	ìt-ìŋk	ǯík	wóɗ	ku- ~ kwa- ₄	òmò-ŋ	pèːy
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	ag	iŋa	a-gg-a ₁	nda (←ende=ha)	na(-n) ₁	ka ₄; ma ₂	doko	ari(-ga) ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*a(y) ₁	*i(y) ₁	*ay(-ga) ₁	*ɲi ₁	*ŋa ₁	*a= ₁; *wǝ(l)	*ligi; *ta(m)	*waC-; *ɖag
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ay ₁	*í ₁	*ay-g- ₁	*(a)ŋi ₁	*ŋa ₁	*fa	*ɲala	*ar(m)-(ba)- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*n=a-n ₁	*n=ɪ-n ₁	*k=a-t̪ ₁	*ŋa-i ₁	*ŋa-nɪ ₁	*ʓa=... -ŋ ₃	*k=ɪɖ(ɔ)- ₂	*k=aro ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*wa	*i ₁	*wa-(y)i	*num	*na ₁	*-to	*ku- ~ *ka- ₃	*wari ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*a-ga ₁	*i-gi ₁	*ko	*ɗi-; *way	*min-; *Ken	*-ba ₅; *-ŋ(V) ₃	*no-	*pidaX
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*(ʔiy=)aː-(n/ɪ/) ₁	*ʔiː-(n) ₁	*ʔɔ-(n)	*ŋo ₁	*ŋa ₁	*bV ₅; *kV ₄	*kyɛl	*=rɪaw ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*(n=)a(-n/ɪ/) ₁	*ɪ-yyɔ ₁	*yi- ~ *=yoː-	*ɲɔ ₁	*ŋa ₁	*m-₂; *ɲ- ₃; *ti	*bo-; *pe-	*arɛ ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*a-ni ₁	*i-ɲ ₁	*ɛ-ɕa ₁	*ne ₁	*ŋo ~ *ŋʌ ₁	*ma ₂	*a=kɪ ₃	*ʌ=ʀi-ɛŋ ₁
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*kV-; *ay ₁	*bi	*gin; *mis	*e; *isi	*ke; *do	*n- ₃; *m- ₂	*ɛd ₂	*lɛmˀɛc

Animals and plants

family	language	bird	dog	louse	tree	leaf	meat	egg	horn	tail
Berta	p-Berta	*mìɕˀé	*gàlì	*ɗiːɲi	*ŋgole; *ɕˀiɕˀi	*dùːdù	*uʔuŋ	*kúlkúlú	*búlùŋ	*àbàrò
Kunama	p-Kunama	*šurk-; *eːt-	*tay-	*ɕiːl-	*èl-	*durf-	*ɲuw-	*kokin-	*giːʀ-	*šiːm-
Maba	p-Maba	*kuši	*iɲ(i)	*mese	*sʌŋge	*səŋa	*ɲu(ɲu)	*kade-m-	*gami	*ɔlu
Fur	Fur	*=ya	asa	n=ina-ŋ	kuru	d=alma-ŋ	n=iːno	*=iro-	d=olba	d=awi
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*àrī	*ɔ̀kɛ́	*òrí	*kwɛ̄	*bí	*èzā	*ɓú	*ōˀyú	*āví
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*àrɛ̀	*ìсē	*sī (*sʊ̄ ?)	*icu	*bɪ	*ìzā	*īɓī	*ōʔyó ~ *ɔ̄ʔyʊ́	*ávì
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*áríꜜ	*=esi	*=tì	*=kɪrɛ; *=wò	*=bɪ	*ɲíꜜɲíꜜ	*ɓu	*=ígá	*=ávìꜛ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*k=ari	*iɓu	*t=ɔta	*ukpa	*ibi	*ura	*iɓu	*k=aʓu	*t=aʓa
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*ʔyalɪ	*bisi	*ŋgisa	*k=aga	*mbi	*i=ɖa	*ɓU; *kaɓV	*k=aʓU	*=ila
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*sisi	*k=ɔnɔ	—	*kpi-kpi	—	[*a=ta]	*yaka; *ɓo-ɓu	*aʓa	*kuyu
Central Sudanic	Aja	weri	ɕ=ino	—	ɕi-ɕi	—	umbú	a=ʔi	deɽe	so-so
Central Sudanic	Birri	uɖa	ana	—	kpi	—	kàká	ɓʌ	uðö	tá
Songhay	p-Songhay	*kiɾo	*há(y)nsì	*gáːní	*tuguɾi	*kobto	*ham(u)	*guŋguɾi	*hilli	*ha(m)fe
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*ŋgúdò	*kə́rì	*k(=)àŋgə́sù	*k(=)èsgá	*kálú	*dâ	*ŋgə́wúl	*k(=)àŋgádì	*ŋgàv(-)ə̀rè
Saharan	p-Tubu	*kefuri	*kidi	*masko	*ekke	*kolu	*yani	*sǝli; *kuli	*yayi	*fudi
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*tarfo	*biɽi	*(ʔɛ)wɛN	*gu; *bɛgɪdʊ	[*ʔɔ(ŋ)ɣʊr]	*ʔeni	*gʊnʊ	*tɛdɪ	[*kɛrɛn]; [*teski]
Koman	p-Koman	*ɗi ~ *ɗiu	*kˀaw	*šu(kˀ)-	*čwa	*čˀe-	*Sum	*simpˀ; *om-	*kwap; *ke-	*cin
Gule	Gule	a=dadamit	aːw	ki	wɔt	—	fum	is	íːgà	sisi-n
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*mit-	*kˀawa	*sukun-	*gi-	*cˀe-n-gi	*bičˀ-	*iš-	*gi-	*ci-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*awi- ~ *wayi-	*eːra	*=it̪i	*afa; *=aːɗi	*ʈaːru	*=oːɗa	*sule	*=iːt̪o	*iːt̪i
Shabo	Shabo	holut	kaːn	nɛnna	kˀona	ɕˀaːm	há	tutukan	kˀare	sun-dum
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*kawir-ti ₁	*bǝl	*iti-di	*pǝr	*ulgi (?)	*kosi	*kumbu	*ŋǝ-ǯi ₁	*ɛːb ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*kiɓʌlli- ₁	*ʊr-ð	*iɲa-(ti) ₁	*kɛː-t(a) ₁	*ɓʌl(l)og- ₁	*iɗi(-)ŋ	*ɓʊːr- ₁	*ot̪t̪on	*kuːl- ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*kVbar₁; *šɔwa	*ro-s-	*iɲ-tyo ₁	*kɛ-to ₁	*ɓalog- ₁	*aču(k)	*bur(r)- ₁	*kˀer(ǯ-); *šɛ-	*kur- ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	tìːtòn	wár ₁	ŋɛ̀tí-ŋ	kɛ̀ː-t ₁	píːŋòn ₂	táàr	tùtù-kán	kòytɛ́	kùːl ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	karba ₁	wos ₂	šiti	kel, (*tum)	tifin-i ₃	no	war-i ₂	kel-i	dawa
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*miCˀe	*a(ː)ɖ; *kal- (?)	*ɠiɲ- ₂	*ka(y)ča; *gul-	*teːpa ₃	*oʔoɲ ₁	*ǝm-; *kol(o)-	*kuzul; *il	*pori; *rusu
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ór	*wil ₁; *gil	*(ŋ)un- ₃	*t̪úmà	*kɔ; *lawa (?)	*kun	*dámì	*gur-t̪i	*wey- (?)
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*=awɛ ₂	*=we-	–	*marɛŋ	*kabo (?)	*ini ~ *ili ₁	*war- ₂	*kini ₂	*rɪŋ-kak
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*wegi-t	*wes-i ₂	*sin; *ɲiŋ- ₃	*ga(ː)n	*afol	*is-	*kuy-; *kob-	*ŋaw-₁; *maŋi-	*gawu- (?)
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*awa-de ₂	*iːs- ₂	*tiŋgaɣ-	*ewe	*une-	*iye ₂	*ola-	*yax-	*iːb- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*wɪɲ ₃; *dit	*gwok	*ɲwʌk- ₄	*yaːt̪ / *yɛn ₁	*yit̪	*riŋ ₃	*tɔŋ	*tuːŋ	*yip ₁; *yol
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*k̚weɲ- ₃	*=ŋɔk ₃; *ɗi-	*=ɬaɕ-; *=sɪrʊ	*k̚aye(-t-/-n-) ₁	*=k̚uy-; *=ben-₂	*ki=riŋ ₃	*k̚atɪl-	*ŋuwar-	—
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*tarɪːt	*ŋoːk ₃	*ɲɔk- ₄	*k̚eːt ₁	*sɛːŋ-	*paɲ	*buruŋ- ₁; *kɔy-	*kuyin ₂	*sarʊr
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*gʷa	*kudo; *sak	*ɠay ~ *ɠɛn ₂	*ad; *dakʷ	*kak; *rɔm	*em; *yey ₂	*ɓiɓ	*ɛb	*tisit

Body parts (upper)

family	language	head	hair	eye	ear	nose	tooth	tongue	mouth
Berta	p-Berta	*àlú	*bùs	*àrè	*ìlè	*àmúŋ	—	*kàlàː ~ *kàlèː	*ndu
Kunama	p-Kunama	*aŋan-	*kiːm-	*uw-	*ukun-	*bobon-	*may-	*ŋeːl-	*wid-
Maba	p-Maba	*kiʓi	*tofi	*kas(i)	*kɔy-	*mundu	*saTi	*=dilm-	*kana
Fur	Fur	tabu	ɲiːlu	*=uŋi	*=il-	d=ormi	d=agi	d=aːli	uto
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*ɖì	*ɓɪ	*mī	*bí	*ɔmvɔ	*sí	*l=ɛ(n)ɖa	*tī
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*ʓɔ	*ká	*ɲɪ	*bɪ	*ɔ̄ndì	*=ku	*īdà	*=cʊ̀ ~ *=cɔ̀
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*ɖùꜛ	*áwɛ́	*=ŋgɔ̀	*=bí	*=ámɔ̀ꜛ	*=kí	*=àꜛɖàꜛ	*=tíꜜ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*uɖu	*k=aɗi	*uwe	*ubi	*t=ɔŋgi	*usɛ	*k=aɖu	*uti
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*ɖɔ	*bi	*kamU	*mbi	*U=mU	*sU; *ŋaŋa	*n=ɖɛ	*ta[-ra]
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*ʓu-ʓu	*bi-bi	*mu	*mbi-mbi	*u=ŋu	*ɕe-ɕe	*n=ʓa	àkpà
Central Sudanic	Aja	ʓu-ʓu	bi-bi	i=ɲi	mi-mbi	mú-mú	u=ku	ndi-ndyi	—
Central Sudanic	Birri	ɖru	mú	mʊ	nvö	í=mɔ̀	sì	ì=nɖrɔ́	tyi
Songhay	p-Songhay	*baŋgɔ	*hambiɾi	*moy	*haŋga	*nìːnè	*hìŋè	*dèːnè	*miye
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*kə̀lâ	*ku(=)nduli	*sîm	*sə́mò	*kə́(=)nǯà	*tímì	*t(ə́)lam	*kǝyi
Saharan	p-Tubu	*da(h)u	*tọnosu	*samo	*simo	*kya	*tome	*tlǝm	*kɔi
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*tafa; *yaNV	*(w)ui; *wer	*s₁ɪN	*kɛmɛ	*sɪna ~ *sano	*margɪ; *ʔikoN	*tam(ɪ)sɪ	*ʔaː
Koman	p-Koman	*kˀup	*mbar-	*ya/y/-	*čˀe	*šʊnš	*šɛ(y)	*lɛtˀ; *tˀakal	*tˀwa
Gule	Gule	gàdé	ʔif	yaː-n	iːg-ǝn	fufa-n	seː-n	adatˀ-wai	ʔitə-n
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*ilu=kˀ/ʷ/a	*beː-	*ke-	*cˀe-	*it-	*kˀos-	*kˀo=tˀatˀ-	*=s-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*=at̪u	*awu	*=yV	*=ɛːsɔ	*=mbarɔ; *=moː	*=ki(-)ni	*=ŋaɗɔ	*=iːno
Shabo	Shabo	kˀoyi	ɕˀeːka	se	kˀiti	šona	k(ˀ)aw	handa	kaw
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*or ₁	*dɛl-	*miɲ ₁	*ulgi	*esi-ŋi; *sori-ŋ	*ɲǝl- ₁	*ɲalT- ₁	*agul ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*ɔː	*immʌ ₁	*kɛbɛr-ɛ ₂	*i-t̪a(t) ₁	*ʊŋɛ- ₁	*ɲɪgɪt ₂	*ʌgʌːt ₂	*ʊt̪ʊ(-)k ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*sab(b)-	*čˀɔrɛ	*kabar-i ₂	*ɲab-	*giroŋ	*ɲigi ₂	*kaːt ₂	*tuk ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	ɔ̀ːɗɔ̀h	àm-ùn ₁	tàːmá	wìːná ₂	ɛ́ŋɛ́-n ₁	ŋídá-n	kàɗà ₂	átó ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	kel-e	sab-i	no	tus	demo	nihi	haga	awlo
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*ola ₁	*ǯeke ₂; *sugu-	*eti	*sigi-; *win- ₂	*potor; *muː ₂	*ɲigi ₂	*kala(-di)	*Ud- ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ɔr- ₁	*yi-	*āŋ(w)- ₃	*ɲɔgɔr-	*(a)ŋud̪-	*ŋil- ₁	*ŋal(d)- ₁; *ɔl-	*ŋal-
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*=ʊlo ₁	*ʓɛ-t̪ ₂	*=aŋ- ~ *=aɲ- ₃	*wen(-a) ₂	*=mɪn- ~ *=t̪ɪm-	*=ay-	*=kanɖɪma-	*=t̪ʊ- ~ *=ʊt̪- ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*(ŋ=)ur- ₁	*isigi-t	*emeɲ- ₁	*(ŋ=)us-	*(a=)miʓi	*ŋeʓ-	*laɲa-	*(o=)kul ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*is- ₂	*apaɣ	*aŋo- ₃	*une- ₂	*mu-ne ₂	*ɲiɣi ₂	*ɲabir-e	*uk-e ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*wiɕ ₂	*yer	*waŋ ₃	*yi-t̪ ₁	*ʔum ₂	*lak / *lɛk	*lɛ(ː)p	*t̪ɔk ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*k̚we ₂	*k̚opir-	*k̚ɔŋ- / *k̚ɔɲ- ₃	*k̚i- ₁	*k̚ume ₂	*k̚ela- ₃	*ŋaʓɛp	*kʊ=tʊk ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*met; *uːʀ ₁	*puːt	*k̚ɔːŋ ₃	*iː-t ₁	*ser-	*k̚ɛːɬ- ₃	*ŋaɬɛp	*k̚ʊːt ₂
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*ik	*sicˀ	*ɛkʷ	*bos ~ *bes	*ɲab-; *aɠat	*kʷay-	*nakˀaf; *ɛdɛɓ	*ak ₃

Body parts (other)

family	language	hand	claw (nail)	foot	heart	blood	bone
Berta	p-Berta	*tàbá	*máːɕù	*kùː	*bìɕí	*ɠápà	*kˀàːrà
Kunama	p-Kunama	*kon-	*ikiN-; *uɕum-	*mind-	*ulf-	*kokob-	*saŋ-
Maba	p-Maba	*kara	*ŋgirm-	*ǯaw; *daw-	*kuli	*fal-; *ari	*kanʓi
Fur	Fur	*=oŋa	ka(ː)ru	taːr	k=ilma	*=ewa	*=aːru
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*ɖí	*ɔ́ɲí	*pá	*ásí	*àrī	*kwà
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*ɔ̄cʊ́; *(V)θしーたɔ́	—	*=/V/kɔ́; *=pɔ̀	*=āθしーたí	*āžū	*=kpa
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*=tɛ́	*=ɛ́ꜜwɛ́ꜜ	*=ɔ́ꜜnzɔ́ꜜ	*=ísúꜜ	*áli	*=kpɔ̀ꜛ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*eɗi ~ *aɗi	—	*k=aru	*ɓoru	*k=otu	*ikpi
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*ʓi	*ɲal (?)	*=nɖi ~ *nʓa	*ŋguL	*ma=ma	*ɕʊŋɔ
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	[*rɛke]	*kakpi (?)	[*laga]	[*suru]	*Usa	*kpɔ-kpɔ
Central Sudanic	Aja	ruɓu	kiŋgbi	kaɕa	mágú	usa	ɕuŋgu
Central Sudanic	Birri	iɲi	=isi	uŋgba	—	ɔtɔ	kpɔ
Songhay	p-Songhay	*kambe	*boyo	*ke (← *kaw-i?)	*binɛ	*kúɾí	*biɾi
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*(N=)doko	*ŋgur-	*sî	*k(=)aɣur(ǝ)ɣǝ	*bû	*sílà
Saharan	p-Tubu	*kɔbɛ	*turkɔn(o)	*say; *digi	*aɣɔr	*gɔrɛ	*suru
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*mai	*targʊ; *ergiN	*dei; *wata	*todu	*ʔagu	*s₁iruN
Koman	p-Koman	*mbitˀ	*čˀikir	*čoŋkˀ	—	*сˀama	*swi
Gule	Gule	bitˀɛ-n	=gamaːl	suma-n	—	gɔ=ʓɔb	fiː-fi
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*el-	*kˀwa=cic-	*čog-	*kˀu=bic-	*m(=)ax-	*žok-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*=iːso	*laːka; *ŋgoro	*aw-	*=nug-	*a=rit̪o	*kuɓa
Shabo	Shabo	efu ~ ifu	seŋgi	biɕɕa	dundet	yɛrom	emenan
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*ǝsi ₁	*suŋ-di	*oy- (*os-?)	*ail-	*ǝger	*kǝsi-di
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*ʌði ₁	*vallag- ₁	*ðoː-	*ðini ₁	*ɓɪyɛ	*ammɛ- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*si(y)- ₁	*falag- ₁	*ǯagar-	*šan(-i) ₁	*ɲa(ː)ɓ-	*giɠ-
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	*ʔàrì	čò=pòlk-òy ₁	ɗèrà-n	ɓàːyè ₂	yɛ́rʊ́m	ɛ́mɛ̀-nán ₁
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	aːt	ši	bala	asim-a ₃	kito	ket-i
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*čarʸo; *as ₁	*mVsi	*luː-	*iyo; *Pon	*ɠefa(-di)	*ɠam
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ayi ₂; *at̪a	*fál-	*kir- ₁	*t̪ilum	*úlè	*ám- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*=ɛn(-a) ₃	*=ol-	*=alwa- (?)	*om (?) ₄	*moni-	*am- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*awg-	*ŋosa-	*war	*samil- ₃	*ya-i	*kiŋa-ti
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*a-n- / *a-s- ₂	*ɲuɣ-	*eɣe-	*=omigaɣ- ₄	*tami-	*ŋay
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*ɕɪn-	*rop-; *kʊr-	*kɪːr ₁	*pyɛw- (?) ₂	*rɪm ₁	*ɕog-
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*k̚ay- ₂	—	*k̚ɛʓ- / *moko-	*taw-	*=akɔt; *rɪm- ₁	*k̚ɔyʊ
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*k̚aː-tit ₂	*pu(ː)l-; *sɪːʀ	*k̚ɛːɬ	*(mu)kuleːl	*k̚ʌrʌtiː-; *woːy-	*k̚ʌːw- ₂
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*kʷɛt; *an ₃	*kɔrɔk; *sak	*tɛgʷ	*gur	*sɛ(ʔ)	*ɔk ₂

Verbs

family	language	drink	eat	hear	die	kill
Berta	p-Berta	*méːr-	*tìŋ	*kàːl-	*múɕ-	*pi/y/-
Kunama	p-Kunama	*=no	*=ŋa	*=tik-	*=tu	*=yay-
Maba	p-Maba	*aŋ	*ɲɔ	*in-	*ɔy	*uy-
Fur	Fur	*ba	*=am	kel-am	*way	fu-
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*mbū	*ɲā	*=rí	*ɖà	*fū
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*=mbʊ̀	*ɔ̄=ɲʊ̀ ~ *ɔ̄=ɲɔ̀	*ī=rī	*=ðɛ̀	*ō=fó ~ *(ɔ)=fɪ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*=ɔmvu-ɔ	*=aɲɔ	*=ɔ̀gà	*=onzi	*=ɔfʊ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*a=mvu	*a=nu	*=ŋgɪ	*=nde	*=fu
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*à=wɛ̄ (=yɛ̄ ?)	*V=ɲʊ; *u=sa	*=wo	*=yo	*=pʊ
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*ɔ=mɔ	*ɔ=ɕɔ	*o=go	*ili	*=fu
Central Sudanic	Aja	a=mu	a=ɲ	a=yi	iri	a=pʌʔi
Central Sudanic	Birri	a=ya	ɔ=ɲɔ	ša	ayi	à=wì
Songhay	p-Songhay	*nin; *haŋ	*ŋwa	*maw	*bún	*wi
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*yá	*bú	*fàn-	*nú	*yid-
Saharan	p-Tubu	*ya	*bu	*bas-	*nɔ-s	*yid-
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*ya-	*sɛ-	*tan-	*nʊ-	*ni-
Koman	p-Koman	*pi-; *tˀob-	*šwa	*čikʰ-; *kˀeb-	*wVy	*kˀoš-
Gule	Gule	si	mə-s	gìdɛ́s	=wɔi	=tɔs
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*f/a/	*s/a/	*gas-	*š/a/	*ša-kˀ/ʷ/-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*a=wɛ	*a=ku	*=fiɲo	*a=yV	*=t̪aː-
Shabo	Shabo	wo	tˀa	ɛɕɛt	kˀo	ka
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*niː-	*kɔl- ₁	*gi(ǯ)-	*diː- ₁	*pay-ir
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*kʊɗ-	*ɗak-	*ðig- ₁	*ir- ₂	*rʊk
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*mat- ₁ / *ir-	*am- ₂ / *us-	*šig- ₁	*ɛr- ₂	*in-
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	út-	ɗám- ₃	tíy-	reː-r- ₃	ɓòkòt- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	liː- ₂	kal ₁	wo-s-; esel-	diː- ₁	si- (←*say-?)₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*maʈ- ₁	*ɲam-	*eːr-; *piŋ-	*tugir	*poz(i)
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*li ₂; *d̪a(y)i	*tam ₃ / *t̪=(k)al	*ki(l)d-	*lu- ₃	*ni
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*awɪs-	*lam-	*t̪ɔŋʷ-	*bu(l)-	*ɔt̪u
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*li- ₂	*ŋan-; *gey-	*sig- ₁	*iye-	*siy/ɲ- ₂; *yi-
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*wuɣ-	*si-	*suw- (?)	*ǝɣ(s)-	*pax- ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*maːd̪- ₁	*ɕam-	*wiɲʓ-; *t̪iŋ-	*t̪ɔw- ₁	*nʌk-
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*=mat- ₁	*=ɲi-; *=am- ₂	*=niŋ-; *=yɪŋ- ₂	*twa- ₁; *yɛ-	*=ar
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*ʀɛ ₂	*am ₂	*iːɲ ₂; *kas	*mɛːʀ	*par-; *nuːs-
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*wɛt	*n(V)kʼ-; *gab-	*Nis-	*ɲal-; *geɕ-	*kɛy-

Nature

family	language	sun	moon	star	water	rain	stone	smoke	fire	ashes
Berta	p-Berta	*mù(n)ʓú	*ʓìgì	*íʒ́ù	*pèrì	*rôː	*bèlè	*ɗùːtà	*mû	*bùbùdà
Kunama	p-Kunama	*uw-	*teːʀ-	*šund-	*bi-	*ŋoːr-	*ug-	*duːd-	*tom-	*(h)ay-na
Maba	p-Maba	*aɲi-ŋ-	*aɲi-ɛ-	*kɛyɛ	*s₁aː	*s₁aː	*komʌ	*uruŋi	*nusʊ	*ʔawun
Fur	Fur	d(=)ule	d=uwal	wiri	k=oro	kwi	d=ito	suːl	*utu	diː
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*ìtú	*ìmbā	*ɓɪɓɪ	*igi	*ɔ̄zɛ̄; *ɓu	*írà; *óní	*kà	*ācí	*ɔ̄=fò
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*āʒ́ī	*àbī	*ʒ́ʊ̄; *lī	*ɪɗa	*īʓē	*ōʓū	*ɪkɔ	*k=àzʊ̄	*ōhū
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*=iko	*=aŋgwɛ	*=tulu	*=gwò	*=k=ʊma	*=óꜜpíꜜ	*=kɔ	*=ago	*ápùꜛ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*Oyi	*t=imba	*r=iɓi ~ *ɓi-ɓi	*uwe	*t=iɓo	*k=ina	*t=enu	*akɔ	*t=ɛdu
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*k=aɖa	*napay ~ *lapay	*KɛL-	*m=anɛ	*n=ɖi	*ku	*sa	*paɗʊ	*buru
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*=aʓa	*ɕe-ɕe	*ɛpɛ	*u=yu	*n=ʓi	*aŋba	*ka-ka	*oɕo	*reka
Central Sudanic	Aja	k=údyò	kápá	ŋgʌ́dʌ́	ɓa-ɓa	ɓa-ɓa	gìsí	kó-kó	uɕa	kuku
Central Sudanic	Birri	uɖrà	áfí	daŋgi	wu	n=ɖri	aŋbà	ka-ka	usi	kuvu-tu
Songhay	p-Songhay	*wayn-i/o	*handi/u	*hand-aɾi	*(h)áɾí	*kiliŋgi	*tóndì	*dullu	*nunE; *huɾu	*bóːsí
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*kǝ(=)ŋgâl	*kə́=mbàl	*sim-logu	*ŋgî	*dùr-o	*k(=)âu	*k(=)àngê	*k(=)ánnú	*buː
Saharan	p-Tubu	*ize	*awri	*teski	*(i)yi	*ŋeli	*emi	*ǝzzi	*wuni	*tifi; *wuni-
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*ʔɪdɔN(V)	*wɛrɪ	*maːr	*bi	*mVzVN; *bodu	*fa; *wi	*gɛnǯʊ; *do	*y(i)e; *aza	*sobu
Koman	p-Koman	*tay	*ɕˀiawan	*kɛl	*ayi ~ *yiʔi	—	*ɔš	*kuɗ	*antˀ; *watˀi	*pˀiki-n
Gule	Gule	taʔ	àyún	kèːlú	aːye	rus	ɔf	ʓurɛd	kəs	ufu-n
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*ok-	*ɓigi-	*biːž-	*ay-	*dam-	*giš-	*ɗakˀ/ʷ/-	*m(=)angi	*=of-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*aya	*t̪arɛ	*=at̪iki	*ɓiːt̪i	*=fVɗɔ; *ni	*=isi ~ *=usi	*ʈiːko	*isi	*=ʈoːlo
Shabo	Shabo	oka	kasip	roːga	wo	ɗimu	maːna	ɕˀimbu	ɕ(ˀ)uwa	punkˀa
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*maša(l); *eːs-	*(ɲ)un-	*waɲe (*oɲe?) ₁	*ǝs-ti	*are ₁	*kuli	*gume-di	*usi-gi ₁	*ubur-ti ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*iː; *kɔr	*ɲɛlɔ-k	*muɲuɲ- ₂	*maːm ₁	*ta(m)mu	*ɓɛy-	*ɓure-t ₁	*gu-o ₂	*bur ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*sus	*tagi-s(i)	*muɲuɲ- ₂	*ma ₁	*guy-ot ₂	*bay-i	*ɓure- ₁	*gu- ₂	*bur ₁
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	wàwì, ? iɗi	ɛ̀ːyɛ̀n ₁	màrìò-n	máːw ₁	tùl	gìɗè	tɔ̀ːr ₂	má(-)ɗ ₃	tàɗàpù ₂
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	kos	feta	wini ₁	mba ₁	hala	tan-e	asuru	ši(-)ta ₁	hib(-)id
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*biːdi; *tel	*turi; *aguwa	*mbaǯU(rʸ)	*pe- ₂; *či	*koyi ₂	*mi(d); *pela	*purʸu ₁; *ɲugu	*moʔa ₃	*tudo ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*ɲiŋ	*k(e)wur	*midi	*bɔ́ŋ	*ar-iŋ- ₁	*mid-; *mVr-	*ŋɛši; *los-	*mér	*fin(-)an
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*n(ɪ)=onu(-k)	*kaw	*ɖuli- ₃	*=mʊŋ	*n̚o(-)k	*kʊrɛ-t̪	*kɪ=t̪ʊmʊ(-k)	*paɖɪŋ	*ul(u)- ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*ari	*ayi(-wi)- ₁	*miɲ- ₂	*kaːl	*ar ₁; *ŋoːri	*kad-	*turu- ₂	*usg- ₁	*or-ŋo ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*uɣoŋ-e	*asime-ɣe	*ɲeŋ-	*ama ~ *uma ₁	*koɣ-	*ŋaɲ	*lug-e	*maːse ₃	*usuku-
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*ɕʌŋ	*pay	*kwɛl ₄; *ɕɛːr	*piː ~ *piw ₂	*kɔt̪	*pʌːm; *kid-	*yir- ₃; *tol	*maːɕ ₃	*buːr ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*k̚ɔlɔŋ	*ɬapaɬ	*k̚akɛr-	*pi ₂	*k̚uʓ-	*mɔr-	*puri- ₁	*kɪ=ma ₃	*k̚uri-o- ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*asɪːs ~ *asɛːt	*ɬeː-ta	*mɛːŋ ₂; *k̚ɔkɛl ₄	*peʀ-	*rɔːp	*kɔʀ	*iːʀ ₃	*ma ₃	*ɔr- ₃
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*gi; *pet	*aragʷan; *asan	*ɗɔɬ- ₃	*kʷɪɛh	*war; *didi	*gʷas; *sɔg	*cˀud; *ar	*dakʷ; *cˀaɗ	*ukʷ; *kaw-

Adjectives and others

family	language	black	night	new	dry	name
Berta	p-Berta	*mìlí	*kabi	—	*kòɕàl-	*kùː
Kunama	p-Kunama	*um-	—	*taːm-	*=lab-	*kiːd-
Maba	p-Maba	*du(ː)	*ise	*ŋɔndi	*bǝy	*meli
Fur	Fur	diko	luːl	=iwwo	futto	k=ona
Central Sudanic	p-Moru-Madi	*i=ni	*ŋgákī	*ɗí	*ʔʷī	*rú
Central Sudanic	p-Lendu-Ngiti	*tì	*īkū	*ɔ̄=wʊ́	*=ʔyù	*ɔðɔ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbetu	*=ɛkʊ	*=k=ìꜛnìꜛ	*=adi	*=onɖu; *=ɛŋgɔ	*=rʊ
Central Sudanic	p-Mangbutu	*=sa	*ɓoku	*=ɓu	*o=nɖi	*aɓɛ
Central Sudanic	p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi	*=lu	*nɖɔ	*i=ʒ́i	*tutu; *àfā	*ri ~ *ro
Central Sudanic	p-Kresh	*=iri	*nʓo-nʓo	[*raŋi]	*=aŋa; *=iši	*=iri
Central Sudanic	Aja	iri	—	reɓe	ɔŋgko	k=iri
Central Sudanic	Birri	=nɖi	ʌtyí	žya	—	iri
Songhay	p-Songhay	*bi	*kigi(ni)	*tagi	*koːg-	*man
Saharan	p-Kanuri	*čə́lə́m	*búné	*bə̀lîm	*ŋgâm-	*čû
Saharan	p-Tubu	*yasku	*dọgọso	*eski	*ŋkyor-	*kyu; *čero
Saharan	p-Zaghawa-Berti	*mɪ̃ɛ̃	*gɪnɪ	*ʔɪm(m)ʊ	*kʊya-	*ʔɛtʊr
Koman	p-Koman	*cˀi-; *šwala-	*cˀin-	*ʒɪs	*kut̪ˀ	—
Gule	Gule	arwu-	kə=səmsi	—	=gɔʓ-	—
Gumuz	p-Gumuz	*=xiː-	*=gak/ʷ/-	*kike-	*=keʔe-	*cˀe-
Kadu	p-Kadu	*=ɗu; *=luːɲ-	*=oːso	*=t̪iki	*a=rumɛ	*yarɛ ~ *ɛrɛ
Shabo	Shabo	ɕˀiN	depu	kˀina	iːɕˀi; sˀoto	wɔŋga-
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nubian	*ud(m)-	*awar ₁; *kol	*ɛːr ₁	*sow/y-₁; *siː-	*ǝri
Eastern Sudanic	p-SW Surmic	*kolli ₁	*ɓʌl- ₂	*čʊla(-)k (?)	*=ɗɔɗɔg- ₂	*ðaːra ₁
Eastern Sudanic	p-SE Surmic	*kɔrɔy ₁	*bar- (*ɓ-) ₂	*čagi	*ɗɔrɔgɔ- ₂	*sarya ₁
Eastern Sudanic	Majang	kɔ̀yʊ́ŋ	káːy ₃	(ìn)tɔ̀ːn	pàːlkíŋ ₃	tíríyá
Eastern Sudanic	Nara	sur-ku ₂	kiše	wor-ku	dise-gu	a(ː)d-e ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Jebel	*oro; *du	*kay ₃; *oro	*yaː-	*kekebe; *am-	*sa(C)a-
Eastern Sudanic	p-Nyimang	*=bī-	*t̪únì	*ɲɛr-	*far- ₃	*aŋɛ- ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-Temein	*=ʈuʈi-	*=ʓoni	*=ŋan ₂	*raːri	*kalɪŋ
Eastern Sudanic	p-Tama	*kidi-	*war ₁	*(a)suw-	*lab-	*(ŋ=)at ₂
Eastern Sudanic	p-Daju	*ʒ́ul ₂	*woŋ-	*taʓ-	*ka=maːs	*aŋg-e ₃
Eastern Sudanic	p-W Nilotic	*ɕɔːl ₂	*wʌːr ₁	*ɲʌːn ₂	*t̪wɔ ₄	*rɪn ₄
Eastern Sudanic	p-E Nilotic	*=rwɔ-	*k̚ɛwar(-ɪ) ₁	*=ŋeʓu-;*lʊdʊ-	*=toy- ₄	*k̚arɪn ₄
Eastern Sudanic	p-S Nilotic	*tʊʀ	*aw- (*aʀ-)	—	*yaːm	*k̚aʀɪn ₄
Kuliak	p-Kuliak	*im-; *buɗam	*mir-; *muk-	*eruc (?) ₁	*cai-	*(y)ed ₂

Notes

Names of each language or proto-language in Russian and English:

Russian name	English name
Берта	*Berta
Кунама	*Kunama
Маба	*Maba
Фур	Fur
Мору-мади	*Moru-Madi
Ленду-нгити	*Lendu-Ngiti
Мангбету	*Mangbetu
Мангбуту	*Mangbutu
СББ	*Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi
Креш	*Kresh
Аджа	Aja
Бирри	Birri
Сонгай	*Songhay
Канури	*Kanuri
Тубу	*Tubu
Загава-берти	*Zaghawa-Berti
Команские	*Koman
Гуле	Gule
Гумуз	*Gumuz
Каду	*Kadu
Шабо	Shabo
Нубийский	*Nubian
Юг.-зап.-срм.	*SW Surmic
Юг.-вост.-срм.	*SE Surmic
Маджанг	Majang
Нара	Nara
Джебельские	*Jebel
Ньиманг	*Nyimang
Темейн	*Temein
Тама	*Tama
Даджу	*Daju
Зап.-нилотские	*W Nilotic
Вост.-нилотские	*E Nilotic
Юж.-нилотские	*S Nilotic
Кулякские	*Kuliak

References

• Starostin, Georgiy C. 2014. Языки Африки. Опыт построения лексикостатистической классификации. Т. 2: Восточносуданские языки / Languages of Africa: an attempt at a lexicostatistical classification. Volume 2: Eastern Sudanic languages. Moscow: Языки славянской культуры / LRC Press. 736 p.
• Starostin, Georgiy C. 2017. Языки Африки. Опыт построения лексикостатистической классификации. Т. 3. Нило-сахарские языки / Languages of Africa: an attempt at a lexicostatistical classification. Volume 3: Nilo-Saharan languages. Moscow: Издательский Дом ЯСК / LRC Press. 840 p. →ISBN