Appendix:Proto-Lower Cross River reconstructions

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The following list of Proto-Lower Cross River reconstructions is from Connell (n.d.).

List

[edit]
No. Gloss Proto-Lower Cross
1 accompany *kɔŋ ̀
5 animal *ú-nàm
7 antelope (1) *é-lòp / *i-
8 antelope (2) *ɛ- ̀sɔ̀ / *i-
9 arm *ú-bɔk ́ / *a-
12 arrow *í-dáŋ
13 ashes *ń-tɔŋ ́
14 ask *bíp
15 axe *ˋ-kùt
16 baby *ǹ-sɛk ́~
17 back *ɛ- ̀dɛm̀
18 bad *ìdìɔk ́
19 bag *è-kpàt / *a-
21 bark (of tree) *í-kpɔk ́
24 bat (2) *é-míàŋ
25 be (identity) *dɛ́
27 be able *kɛmɛ́̀̀
28 be correct *nɛn
29 be enough *kɛm̀
33 beans *ŋ- ̀kɔt ́ì
38 bed *à-kùɔŋ ̀
39 bee *ɔ- ́kúɔk ́
40 begin *tɔŋ ́ɔ́
41 belly *ù-díp / *n-
43 bird *í-nùŋɛn ́
44 bite *lóm
46 black *ˋ-bít
47 blind (a.) *ǹnàn
48 blood *!-ɟì:p
49 blow *fù:t
50 blow (wind) *fùm
51 blunt *tɪp ́
52 body *í-lɛḿ
53 bone *ɔ- ́kpɔ́
54 bow *ù-tɪgà́
55 branch *ɔ- ́kɔk ́ / *ŋ-
56 break *bó:ŋ / *bòm
57 breast *é-bá / *a-
58 breathe *ŋwɛk ́ / *kóbí ˋ
59 broom *á-ɟàŋ
60 build (house) *bɔp ́
61 bundle *ɛ- ́bɛk ̀
62 bury *bò:k
63 bush *ú-kɔt ́
65 buy *lɛp ́
66 calabash *ˋ-kùm
67 call *kúód
68 canoe *ù-bóm
69 carry *bɛn ́
70 carve *káp / *kúáí
73 catch *mɔm̀
76 charcoal *ń-káŋ
77 cheek *á-fók / *m-
78 chest *í-kpán écìt
79 chew (eat) *tá
80 chief *ɔ- ́!bɔ: ́ŋ / *i-
81 child *ɔ- ́ɟɛn ́ / *E-
83 chin *ɛ- ́bɛk ̀ / *a-
84 choose *mɛk ̀
85 clay (for pots) *ń-dòm
86 climb *dɔ: ́k / *líɔŋ ́
90 cocoyam *í-kpɔŋ ̀ / *ŋm-
92 come *dí
93 complain *tɔt ̀
95 cook *tɛm̀
96 cooking pot *ò-kò / *ú-sè
97 corpse *ó-kpó ógwòm
98 cough (n.) *ù-kɔŋ ́
99 count *bàd
101 cow *é-nàŋ / *i-
105 crocodile *ò-fíŋɛm / *a-̀
106 cry / weep *túá
110 dance (v.) *ɟɔp ̀ / *nɛk ́
113 dawn *ú-sɛn ̀
114 day *ú-sɛn ̀
116 death *ŋm̀-kpá
118 defecate *tɔɾ ̀ɔ́~
119 descend *sùʀɔ́
120 die *kpá
121 dig *dɔk ̀
122 divide *dɛ: ̀mE
123 do / make *nám
124 doctor *á-fíà ~
125 dog *é-búá / *i-
126 doorway *é-dìkɛt ̀
127 draw water *kóbí ~
128 dream (v.) *lápá
129 dream (n.) *ń-lá:p
130 drink (v.) *ŋwɔŋ ́
131 drop *ɟàk ~
133 dry (a.) *ˋ-cát
134 dry (v.) *cát / *ŋʷàn
137 dumb *ˋ-mû:m
138 dust *ó-búmò
139 dwell *dóŋ
140 ear *ú-tɔŋ ́ / *a-
141 eat *líá
142 egg *ń-kíɛn ̀
143 elbow *é-kùɔŋ ̀
145 elephant *é-nì:n / *i-
147 enter *lók
148 err *lùgɛ̀
151 extinguish *nɪmɛ́́
152 eye *ɛ- ́ɲɛn ̀ / *a-
153 face *í-só éɲɛn ̀
154 faeces *dùʀɔ́
156 famine *à-káŋ
158 farm *ì-ŋʷáŋ / *ú-kɔt ́
160 father *è-tɛ́ / *a-
163 feather *ń-tàŋ / *í-bâ / *m-
167 fight (v.) *ŋʷáná
169 finish *ú-káŋ
171 firewood *í-fíá
172 first *òkpá
173 fish *é-ɟák / *i-
174 flesh *ɔ- ́bɔk ́
175 flog *míŋá
176 fly *ɟá / *fùlú
177 follow (behind) *kɔŋ ̀
178 food *ù-líá
179 foot *ì-kpàt / *ŋm-
180 forest *á-kàì
181 forget *fɛɾ ̀ɛ́
182 fowl *ú-nɔn ̀ / *i-
186 fry (in sand) *sáŋ / *káŋ
187 full *ɟɔk ́
188 funeral *í-kpó
189 gather *táŋ
191 ghost *é-kpó
192 gift *ɛ- ̀nɔ
193 give *nɔ̀ / *ɲì
194 give birth *màn ~
195 go *kàɰá
196 goat *é-bót / *i-
197 God / god *à-bàsì
202 grass *í-bí:t
203 grave *ù-lì
204 greet *kɔḿ
205 grind *kɔk ́
206 ground *í-sɔŋ ̀
208 guest *ò-cɛn ́~ / *e-
209 hair *í-dɛt ̀
210 hand (palm) *è-kà úbɔk ̀
211 hard *cíɔŋ ́
212 hat *ì-tàm
213 have *ɲɛ́
215 he-goat *ò-kpó ébòt
216 head *ú-búkòd / *m-
219 heart *é-cìt / *a-
220 heavy *lóp
221 here *mó
222 hide *líp
223 hippopotamus *è-càǹtìm / *i-
225 hit *ɟɔp ̀
226 hoe (n.) *ɔ- ́dɔk ̀
227 hoe (v.) *dɔk ̀
228 hold *mɔm̀
229 hole *ó-dú
230 horn *ó-dòk / *n-
232 house *ú-fɔk ̀ / *a-
233 housefly *ú-sùŋ / *n-
234 hunger *ɔ- ́bíɔŋ ́
236 husband *ó-lóm / *è-bɛ́
237 illness *ù-lɔŋ ́ɔ́
238 in-law *ú-kòt
239 insult (n.) *ù-cíɔŋ ́ɛɲ ́ɛn ̀
240 insult (v.) *cíɔŋ ́ɛɲ ́ɛn ̀
241 intestines *ǹ-sìà
243 jaw *m̀-báŋ / *ù-kà
244 jump *ɟa / *fòló
245 kill *gʷòd
249 knee *ɛ- ́lɔŋ ́ / *n-
251 know *dìɔŋ ̀ɔ́
252 kola *í-bɔŋ ́
253 language *ù-sɛm̀
254 last *òkpà tùɾé
255 laugh (v.) *cák
256 laughter *í-màm
257 leaf *ú-fâŋ / *i- / *m-
258 learn *kpɛ: ́p
260 left *ùfìŋɛn ́
261 leg *ú-kót / *a-
262 leopard *é-kpè / *i-
265 lie down *ná
266 life *ú-gwɛm
268 lips *ŋḿ-kpɔk ́ínúà
269 listen *kpàŋ ~
270 live (exist) *dù
271 lizard (gen.) *ˋ-kpɔk ́
272 load *m̀-bìòmó
274 look at *cé
275 look for *ɟɛm / *fɛt ̀́
277 louse *ó-láŋ / *i-
278 love / like *má
282 male (animal) *á-ɟát
283 man *ó-dè:n ógʷòm
285 many *wák
286 market *ù-dùà
287 marry *lɔ́
289 mat (sleeping) *ḿ-bít / *è-ɟásá
291 meat *ú-nàm
292 medicine (trad.) *í-bɔk ́
294 metal / iron *ú-kúàk
295 money *ò-kók
296 monkey *ɛ- ́bɔk ̀ / *i-
297 moon *ɔ- ́fíɔŋ ́
299 mortar *ú-dɔŋ ̀
300 mosquito *é-bɔŋ ́ / *a-
301 mother *è-kà / *a-
302 mould (pot) *bót
303 mountain / slope *ó-bód / *i-
304 mouth *í-núà
306 mud *í-bát
307 muscle *ó-sìp
308 music / song *í-kúɔ́
309 nail *ù-bàlá / *m-
310 name *ɛ- ́ɟɛn ́
312 navel *é-kóp / *a-
314 neck *ù-tɔŋ ́
316 new *ˊ-fá
320 nose *í-búkó
322 oil *á-dàn
323 oil palm *é-ɟòp / *a-
324 okro *é-tíkɛ́ / *a-
325 old *ákánà
328 paddle (n.) *ú-dɛŋ ̀
329 paddle (v.) *gʷàt
330 palm kernel *í-cíp
331 palm wine *ḿ-mín ~
335 pay *kpé
339 person *ó-gwóm / *e-
342 pierce / stab *kúm
343 pig *é-dì / *i-
345 plait *táŋ ~
348 play *bìɾé
351 pound *tím
353 pull *dɔt ̀
356 put on (clothes) *sɪn ́ɛ́
362 rain (n.) *é-dìm
363 rain (v.) *dɛp ̀
365 rat *è-kpú / *é-kú
367 refuse *ɟɛn ̀
369 reply *bɔɾ ̀ɔ́
370 resemble *bí:t
372 right (side) *ùlóm
373 river *ó-kpá
374 road *ɔ- ́kpɔ́ édìkɛt ̀
375 roast / burn *fɔp ́
380 root *ɔ- ́lɔŋ ̀
381 rope *ó-lók
383 rub *fíɔŋ ́ɔ́
387 salt *ú-nùŋ
388 sand *ń-tán
389 scratch *gwàk / *dɛ: ́p
392 see *kút
393 seed *ú-cíp
394 sell *ɲàm
395 send (s.o.) *dɔŋ ́
397 shake *ɲɛk ̀
400 sheep *ɛ- ́dɔŋ ̀ / *i-
402 shin *é-cíán / *a-
406 shoulder *ù-kɔk ̀ɔ / *̀*á-fáɾá
407 show *gʷɔt ́
408 sing *kúɔ́
410 skin *í-kpá / *í-kpɔk ́
411 sky *í-kpá ɛ́!ɲɔŋ ́
413 sleep (n.) *í-lá:p
414 sleep (v.) *lá:p
417 smoke *ń-sùŋ úkàŋ
419 snail *ɛ- ́kúɔŋ ̀ / *i-
425 soup *ɛ- ́fɛɾ ́ɛ́
427 spear (fishing) *ù-sám
428 spear (hunting) *é-dúàt
432 squeeze *ɟìmɛ́
433 stand (up) *làʀá
436 steal *ɟìp
437 stomach è-kpà
438 stone *ú-tíkát
440 stop *tùɾɛ́
441 story *ú-dɔk ̀ / *n-
442 straight *nɛn ̀
443 stream *ú-dɩm̀
444 strong *cíɔŋ ́
445 suck *gwɔp ́ / *fíp
446 sun *ú-tɪn ́
447 sunshine *é-ɟè / *ù-ŋwàn
448 surpass *kàn
449 swallow *mɛn ̀
451 sweep *fìàn
453 swim *gwɔk ́
455 tail *ù-sìm / *n-
458 talk *táŋ
460 taste *tàp
461 tear *gwàk
464 thank *kɔḿ
467 thief *ì-nɔ́
469 thing *ŋḿ-kpɔ́
470 think *kɛɾ ́ɛ́
473 thorn *ú-kú-kúm / *ŋ-
475 throw *tóp
477 tie *bɔp ́
479 time *ì-nì
480 toad *ì-kùɔt ̀
483 tomorrow *ŋɱ ̀-kpɔŋ ́
484 tongue *ɛ- ́lɛmɛ̀́ / *a-
485 tooth *é-dɛt ̀ / *a-
486 tortoise *ú-kút / *ŋ-
487 touch *tó:k
489 tree *é-tíé!
490 trunk (of tree) *é-kpát ~
491 truth *á-kpán íkúɔ̀
493 untie *tát
494 urinate *tɔk ́~
495 urine *ú-kûm
496 vagina ú-tút / *n- ; á-ták
501 vulture *ú-sín
503 walk *sàŋá
505 want *ɟɛḿ
506 war *ɛ- ́kɔŋ ́ / *a-
507 wash *ɟɛt ́
508 water *ˊ-mɔ:́ŋ
510 waterpot *á-báŋ
511 weave *lɔk ̀
514 white *àfìá
516 wife *ŋʷân
517 wind (n.) *ó-fùm
518 wine *ḿ-mín
519 wing *ú-bâ / *m-
521 witch *ì-fɔt ́ / *m-
522 woman *ˊ-ŋʷân
523 word *í-kúɔ̀
524 work (n.) *ú-tóm
525 work (v.) *nám útóm
526 worry / annoy *fɪná́
527 write *gʷɛd ̀
528 yam *à-bíàn
530 year *!-súkà
533 one *cè:d
534 two *ìbà
535 three *ìtá
536 four *ìnìàŋ
537 five *ìtíòn
538 six *ìtíòcè:n
539 seven *ìtíòàbà
542 ten *lùgòp
547 fifteen *èfút
550 twenty *édíp
560 hundred *íkíɛ̀
561 two hundred *íkí ìbà
562 I *àmì
563 you (sg.) *òfò
564 she / he / it *ómò
565 we *àɟìt
567 they *émɔ̀

References

[edit]
Vocabulary lists of African languages
Nilo-Saharan

Nilo-Saharan • p-Nilo-Saharan • p-Nilotic (p-E. Nilotic • p-S. Nilotic) • p-Surmic • NE Sudanic • p-Nubian • Nara • p-Daju • p-Jebel • Temein • Central Sudanic (p-Central Sudanic • p-Sara-Bongo-Bagirmi • Sinyar • Birri • p-Mangbetu) • p-Kuliak (Ik) • Kadu • Berta • Kunama • Gumuz • p-Koman • Gule • Amdang • Mimi-D • p-Maban • Mimi-N • Kanuri • p-Songhay • Tadaksahak

Niger-Congo

p-Niger-Congo • p-Atlantic-Congo • p-Benue-Congo • p-Grassfields • p-Ring • Momo • Tivoid • Ekoid • Beboid • Bendi • p-Bantu (Swadesh list) • p-Kongo • p-Jukunoid • p-Plateau (p-Tarokoid) • p-N. Jos • p-Fali • p-Yoruboid • Olukumi • p-Edoid • p-Akokoid • p-Igboid • Akpes • Ayere-Ahan • p-Upper Cross River • p-Lower Cross River • Anaang • p-Ogoni • p-Ukaan • p-Nupoid • Oko • p-Idomoid • p-Ijaw • Defaka • p-Gbe (Fongbe) • p-Potou-Akanic • p-Mumuye • p-Jen • Yendang • Tula-Waja • p-Lakka • p-Bua • Kim • p-Central Togo • p-Guang • p-Gurunsi • p-Oti-Volta (p-E. Oti-Volta • p-C. Oti-Volta) •  Tiefo • Natioro • Bariba • p-Gbaya • Dogon • p-Mande (p-W. Mande • p-Mandekan • p-Niger-Volta • p-S. Mande) • Atlantic (Guinea) • p-Fula-Sereer • p-Cangin • p-Manjaku • Bijogo • p-Talodi • p-Heiban • p-Katloid • Rashad • Lafofa

Afroasiatic

p-Afroasiatic • p-Chadic • p-Ron • p-North Bauchi • p-South Bauchi • South Bauchi • p-Central Chadic • p-Masa • Kujarge • p-Cushitic • p-Agaw • p-Omotic • p-Aroid • p-Maji • Mao • p-Semitic

Khoisan

Khoisan • p-Khoe • p-Central Khoisan • p-Tuu • !Kung

Language isolates

Bangime • Jalaa • Laal • Ongota • Shabo • Sandawe • Hadza

Others

p-Niger-Saharan