ドーセット文化ぶんか

ドーセット文化ぶんか（Dorset culture）は、紀元前きげんぜん500年ねんから紀元きげん後ご1000年ねん-1500年ねんの間あいだ続つづいたパレオ・エスキモーの文化ぶんかである。前ぜんドーセット文化ぶんかに続つづき、北きたアメリカの北極圏ほっきょくけんのイヌイットの文化ぶんかに先行せんこうした。最初さいしょの発見はっけんがなされたカナダのヌナブト準じゅん州しゅうにあるドーセット岬みさきにちなんで名付なづけられた。文化ぶんかは、狩猟しゅりょうと道具どうぐ製作せいさく技術ぎじゅつの明確めいかくな差違さいにより、4つの段階だんかいがあると定義ていぎされている。

ドーセット文化ぶんかは、早はやくて紀元きげん後ご1000年ねん、遅おそくも紀元きげん後ご1500年ねんまでには消滅しょうめつしたようである。11世紀せいきにアラスカから東ひがしに移住いじゅうし開始かいししたトゥーレ人じんは、最終さいしゅう的てきにドーセット文化ぶんか人じんが住すんでいた土地とちに分布ぶんぷを広ひろげた。イヌイットとドーセット人じんが混淆こんこうしたという強力きょうりょくな証拠しょうこは無なく、遺伝いでん学がく的てき研究けんきゅうはからも、ドーセット人じんは後ごのイヌイット系けいの集団しゅうだんとは明瞭めいりょうに区別くべつされ、ドーセット人じんとトゥーレの人々ひとびとの間あいだの遺伝いでん的てきまたは文化ぶんか的てき相互そうご作用さようの証拠しょうこは事実じじつ上じょうなかったことが示しめされている^[1]。

イヌイットの伝説でんせつは、彼かれらがTuniitまたはSivullirmiut（「最初さいしょの住民じゅうみん」の意い）と呼よんだ人々ひとびとに遭遇そうぐうしたことを語かたっている。伝説でんせつによると、最初さいしょの住民じゅうみんはイヌイットより背せが高たかくて強つよい巨人きょじんだったが、交流こうりゅうすることを恐おそれ、「簡単かんたんに逃にげる」ことができたという^[2]。ドーセット人じんとノース人じんの間あいだに、接触せっしょくと貿易ぼうえき関係かんけいが存在そんざいしたかは、議論ぎろん中ちゅうである^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]。

遺骨いこつの遺伝子いでんし[編集へんしゅう]

2014年ねん8月がつにScienceに発表はっぴょうされた遺伝いでん学がく的てき研究けんきゅうでは、カナダとグリーンランドの紀元前きげんぜん170年ねんと紀元きげん後ご1320年ねんの19人にんのドーセット人じんの遺体いたいが分析ぶんせきされた。抽出ちゅうしゅつされたmtDNAの16のサンプルは、ハプログループD2a1（12のサンプル）、D2a（3つのサンプル）、およびDに属ぞくすると決定けっていされた^[7]。これらのハプログループは、先行せんこうするサカク文化ぶんかでも優勢ゆうせいであり、2つの文化ぶんかの担にない手ての遺伝いでん的てき連続れんぞく性せいを示唆しさしている。研究けんきゅうの著者ちょしゃは、サカク人じんとドーセット人じんの祖先そせんが紀元前きげんぜん4000年ねん頃ごろに単一たんいつの明確めいかくな移動いどうによってシベリアから北きたアメリカに入はいった後のち、数すう千せん年ねんの間あいだ遺伝いでん的てきにほとんど孤立こりつしたままであったことを示唆しさした。ドーセット人じんは、シベリアから分布ぶんぷを拡大かくだいした紀元きげん後ご1300年ねん頃ごろにドーセット人じんを完全かんぜんに置おき換かえたトゥーレ人じんとは、遺伝いでん的てきに異ことなっていた^[7]。この研究けんきゅうでは、ドーセット人じんとグリーンランドノース人じんの間あいだの遺伝いでん的てき混合こんごうの証拠しょうこは見みつからなかった。

脚注きゃくちゅう[編集へんしゅう]

^ “Dorset DNA: Genes Trace the Tale of the Arctic's Long-Gone 'Hobbits' - NBC News” (英語えいご). NBC News
^ “When science meets aboriginal oral history” (英語えいご). Toronto Star
^ Weber, Bob (2018年ねん7月がつ22日にち). “Ancient Arctic people may have known how to spin yarn long before Vikings arrived”. Old theories being questioned in light of carbon-dated yarn samples. CBC. 2019年ねん1月がつ2日にち閲覧えつらん。 “… Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University in Rhode Island, lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Hayeur Smith and her colleagues were looking at scraps of yarn, perhaps used to hang amulets or decorate clothing, from ancient sites on Baffin Island and the Ungava Peninsula. The idea that you would have to learn to spin something from another culture was a bit ludicrous," she said. "It's a pretty intuitive thing to do.”
^ Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1992) Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton University Press, "We now have at least two pieces of evidence that this important principle of twisting for strength dates to the Palaeolithic. In 1953, the Abbé Glory was investigating floor deposits in a steep corridor of the famed Lascaux caves in southern France […] a long piece of Palaeolithic cord […] neatly twisted in the S direction […] from three Z-plied strands […]" ISBN 0-691-00224-X
^ Smith, Michèle Hayeur; Smith, Kevin P.; Nilsen, Gørill (August 2018). “Journal of Archaeological Science”. Dorset, Norse, or Thule? Technological Transfers, Marine Mammal Contamination, and AMS Dating of Spun Yarn and Textiles from the Eastern Canadian Arctic (Elsevier). doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.06.005. "However, the date received on Sample 4440b from Nanook clearly indicates that sinew was being spun and plied at least as early, if not earlier, than yarn at this site. We feel that the most parsimonious explanation of this data is that the practice of spinning hair and wool into plied yarn most likely developed naturally within this context of complex, indigenous, Arctic ﬁber technologies, and not through contact with European textile producers. [. . .] Our investigations indicate that Paleoeskimo (Dorset) communities on Baffin Island spun threads from the hair and also from the sinews of native terrestrial grazing animals, most likely musk ox and arctic hare, throughout the Middle Dorset period and for at least a millennium before there is any reasonable evidence of European activity in the islands of the North Atlantic or in the North American Arctic"
^ Armstrong, Jane (2012年ねん11月20日にち). “Vikings in Canada?”. A researcher says she’s found evidence that Norse sailors may have settled in Canada’s Arctic. Others aren’t so sure.. Maclean's. 2019年ねん1月がつ15日にち閲覧えつらん。 “In fact, Fitzhugh thinks the cord at the centre of Sutherland’s “eureka” moment is a Dorset artifact. “We have very good evidence that this kind of spun cordage was being used hundreds of years before the Norse arrived in the New World, in other words 500 to 600 CE, at the least,” he says.”
^ ^a ^b Raghavan, Maanasa; et al. (August 29, 2014). "The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 345 (6200). doi:10.1126/science.1255832. PMID 25170159. Retrieved July 5, 2020.

外部がいぶリンク[編集へんしゅう]

『ドーセット文化ぶんか』 - コトバンク

[1] “Dorset DNA: Genes Trace the Tale of the Arctic's Long-Gone 'Hobbits' - NBC News” (英語えいご). NBC News

[2] “When science meets aboriginal oral history” (英語えいご). Toronto Star

[CBC_2018-3] Weber, Bob (2018年ねん7月がつ22日にち). “Ancient Arctic people may have known how to spin yarn long before Vikings arrived”. Old theories being questioned in light of carbon-dated yarn samples. CBC. 2019年ねん1月がつ2日にち閲覧えつらん。 “… Michele Hayeur Smith of Brown University in Rhode Island, lead author of a recent paper in the Journal of Archaeological Science. Hayeur Smith and her colleagues were looking at scraps of yarn, perhaps used to hang amulets or decorate clothing, from ancient sites on Baffin Island and the Ungava Peninsula. The idea that you would have to learn to spin something from another culture was a bit ludicrous," she said. "It's a pretty intuitive thing to do.”

[barber1992-4] Barber, Elizabeth Wayland (1992) Prehistoric Textiles: The Development of Cloth in the Neolithic and Bronze Ages with Special Reference to the Aegean, Princeton University Press, "We now have at least two pieces of evidence that this important principle of twisting for strength dates to the Palaeolithic. In 1953, the Abbé Glory was investigating floor deposits in a steep corridor of the famed Lascaux caves in southern France […] a long piece of Palaeolithic cord […] neatly twisted in the S direction […] from three Z-plied strands […]" ISBN 0-691-00224-X

[JAS2018-5] Smith, Michèle Hayeur; Smith, Kevin P.; Nilsen, Gørill (August 2018). “Journal of Archaeological Science”. Dorset, Norse, or Thule? Technological Transfers, Marine Mammal Contamination, and AMS Dating of Spun Yarn and Textiles from the Eastern Canadian Arctic (Elsevier). doi:10.1016/j.jas.2018.06.005. "However, the date received on Sample 4440b from Nanook clearly indicates that sinew was being spun and plied at least as early, if not earlier, than yarn at this site. We feel that the most parsimonious explanation of this data is that the practice of spinning hair and wool into plied yarn most likely developed naturally within this context of complex, indigenous, Arctic ﬁber technologies, and not through contact with European textile producers. [. . .] Our investigations indicate that Paleoeskimo (Dorset) communities on Baffin Island spun threads from the hair and also from the sinews of native terrestrial grazing animals, most likely musk ox and arctic hare, throughout the Middle Dorset period and for at least a millennium before there is any reasonable evidence of European activity in the islands of the North Atlantic or in the North American Arctic"

[6] Armstrong, Jane (2012年ねん11月20日にち). “Vikings in Canada?”. A researcher says she’s found evidence that Norse sailors may have settled in Canada’s Arctic. Others aren’t so sure.. Maclean's. 2019年ねん1月がつ15日にち閲覧えつらん。 “In fact, Fitzhugh thinks the cord at the centre of Sutherland’s “eureka” moment is a Dorset artifact. “We have very good evidence that this kind of spun cordage was being used hundreds of years before the Norse arrived in the New World, in other words 500 to 600 CE, at the least,” he says.”

[Raghavan2014-7] Raghavan, Maanasa; et al. (August 29, 2014). "The genetic prehistory of the New World Arctic". Science. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 345 (6200). doi:10.1126/science.1255832. PMID 25170159. Retrieved July 5, 2020.

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