Hani languages

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This article is about the more inclusive political grouping of all languages spoken by the Hani nationality of China. For the Hani language proper, see Hani language.
Hanoid
Hani
Geographic
distribution		Southern China and Indochina
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
Glottologhani1250  (Hanic)

The Hani languages are a group of closely related but distinct languages of the Loloish (Yi) branch of the Tibeto-Burman linguistic group. They are also referred to as the Hanoid languages by Lama (2012) and as the Akoid languages by Bradley (2007).

Approximately 1.5 million people speak these languages, mainly in China, Laos, Burma (Myanmar), and Vietnam; more than 90% of the speakers of these languages live in China. Various ethnicities that use Hani languages are grouped into a single class recognized nationality named Hani after the largest subgroup. In China, the languages of this group—which include Hani proper, Akha, and Hao-Bai (Honi and Baihong)—are considered dialects (Chinese: fangyan 方言ほうげん). Western scholars, however, have traditionally classified them as separate languages.

Varieties

In China, Akha and other related languages are considered to be derivatives of Hani. They are not mutually intelligible, which means that speakers of one language do not necessarily understand speakers of the other language. In 2007, according to Ethnologue, there were almost 1.5 million speakers of all Hani varieties. Slightly more than half (760,000) of these speakers can speak Hani properly (considering age etc.). Lama (2012) groups the principal varieties of the Hani languages identified by Bradley (2007) as follows: Yunnan locations and speaker populations are from Haniyu Jianzhi 哈尼语简志こころざし according to information from 1986.

  • Ha-Ya 哈雅 had 850,000 speakers in 1982. The representative dialect is Dazhai 大だい寨 and is spoken in Lüchun County.[1]
    • Hani 哈尼 (autonym: xa21 ni21; orthography: "Haqniqdoq") has 520,000 speakers in south-central Yunnan, China and 12,500 speakers in Vietnam. In Yunnan is spoken in Honghe, Yuanyang, Lüchun, and Jinping counties.
    • Akha 阿おもね卡 a.k.a. Yani 雅まさ尼に (ritual autonym: za21 ni21; orthography: "Aqkaqdoq") has 550,000 speakers: 250,000 in China, 220,000 in Burma, 35,000 in northern Thailand, and 35,000 in northern Laos. In Yunnan, China it is spoken in Sipsongpanna. Representative dialect is Gelanghe Township 格かく朗ろう和わ哈尼族ぞく乡, Menghai County.
    • Muda 木き达 has over 2,000 speakers in Nanlianshan township 南みなみ联山乡, Jinghong City, Yunnan, China (Xu 1991).[2]
  • Hao-Bai 豪ごう白しろ: 210,000 speakers in Mojiang, Yuanjiang, and Pu'er counties. Representative dialect: Shuigui 水すい癸みずのと, Mojiang County.[3]
    • Haoni 豪ごう尼あま a.k.a. Honi (autonym: xɒ21 ni21) has 120,000 speakers.
    • Baihong 白はく宏ひろし (autonym: pɤ31 xɔ̃31) has 60,000 speakers.

David Bradley (2007)[4] considers the Hani-Akha (Ha-Ya) and Haoni-Baihong (Hao-Bai) languages to be part of an Akoid subgroup.

In China, all of the Bi-Ka languages (Chinese: 碧あお卡) are considered to form a single Hani dialect cluster (Chinese: 方言ほうげん fangyan), and the speakers are officially classified as ethnic Hani (Haniyu Jianzhi 哈尼语简志こころざし 1986). Recognized dialects include Biyue 碧あお约 (autonym: bi31jɔ31), Kaduo 卡多, and Enu 峨努. In Yunnan, China, they are spoken in Mojiang, Jiangcheng, Jingdong, and other counties, with a total of 370,000 speakers. The representative dialect is that of Caiyuan 菜さい园, Mojiang County.[5][6]

Other Hani varieties include Luomian 罗缅, Guozuo 果はて作さく, Gehuo 格かく活かつ, and Guohe 郭かく合ごう (Tang 2011).

Yunnan Provincial Gazetteer

The Yunnan Provincial Gazetteer (云うん南みなみ省しょう志こころざし：少数しょうすう民族みんぞく语言文字もじ志こころざし, p. 113) classifies the Hani languages as follows. Additional dialects and datapoints from Zhang (1998)[7] and Tang (2011) are also included.

  • Ha-Ya 哈雅方言ほうげん, 680,000 people
    • Hani 哈尼次じ方言ほうげん
      • Dazhai, Lüchun County dialect 绿春大だい寨哈尼あま土ど语 (Dazhai is the standard Hani 哈尼 dialect; also includes the datapoint of Dashuigou 大水おおみず沟[7])
      • Angluo 昂のぼる倮 ("Hhaqloldoq"):[7] Malizhai, Yuanyang County dialect 元もと阳麻栗ぐり寨哈尼あま土ど语[8] (also includes the datapoint of Guozong 果はて统[9][7])
      • Luobi 罗碧 ("Lolbiqdoq"):[7] Dazhai, Jinping County 金平きんぴら大だい寨; Adebo, Jinping County 金平きんぴら阿おもね得とく博はく
      • Malutang, Jinping County dialect 金平きんぴら马鹿塘哈尼あま土ど语[10] (also known as Loumei 楼ろう梅うめ)[11]
      • Lami 腊咪 ("Laqmildoq"):[7] Jiayin, Honghe County dialect 红河甲きのえ寅とら哈尼土ど语[12][13] (also includes the datapoint of Leyu 乐育[14][7])
      • Langza, Honghe County dialect 红河浪なみ杂哈尼あま土ど语 (includes Yiche[15])
      • Luomian 罗缅: Xinyayong 新しん亚拥, Shangxincheng Township 上新城かみしんじょう乡, Yuanyang County[16]
      • Guozuo 果はて作さく: Pujiao 普ふ角かく, Jinshuihe Town 金きん水すい河かわ镇, Jinping County[17]
      • Gehuo 格かく活かつ: Baima Shangzhai 白しろ马上寨村, Yingpan Township 营盘乡, Jinping County 金平きんぴら县[18]
      • Guohe 郭かく合ごう: Dengqu Village 登とう去さ村むら, Majie Township 马街乡, Yuanjiang County 元もと阳县[19]
    • Yani 雅まさ尼に次じ方言ほうげん
      • Gelanghe, Xishuangbanna dialect 西にし双そう版ばん纳格朗ろう和雅かずまさ尼あま土ど语
      • Naduo, Lancang County dialect 澜沧那な多た雅まさ尼に土ど语[20]
  • Haoni (Hao-Bai) 豪ごう白しろ方言ほうげん, 180,000 people
    • Haoni 豪ごう尼あま: Shuigui, Mojiang County dialect 墨江すみえ水すい癸みずのと土ど语[3]
    • Baihong 白はく宏ひろし: Bali, Mojiang County dialect 墨江すみえ坝利土ど语[21]
    • Asuo 阿おもね梭[22]
    • Duota 多た塔とう[22]
    • Budu 布ぬの都と[22]
  • Bi-Ka 碧あお卡方言ほうげん, 300,000 people
    • Biyue 碧あお约: Caiyuan Township, Mojiang County dialect 墨江すみえ菜さい园乡土ど语
    • Kaduo 卡多: Minxing Township, Mojiang County dialect 墨すみ江民えみ兴乡土ど语[23]
    • Enu 哦怒: Dazhai, Yayi Township, Mojiang County dialect 墨江すみえ雅みやび邑大寨土语[24]

Distribution

China

In China, Hani languages are spoken mostly in areas east of the Mekong River in the south-central Yunnan province, concentrated in the Pu'er and Honghe prefectures as well as in parts of other surrounding prefectures. Hani is also spoken in Lai Châu Province of northwestern Vietnam, northern Laos, and Shan State of northeastern Burma.

Vietnam

Edmondson (2002) reports that the Hani of Vietnam is distributed in 2 provinces of northwestern Vietnam. The earliest Hani pioneers to Vietnam probably numbered around 5 to 6 families, and arrived in Mường Tè District from Jinping County and Lüchun County in Yunnan about 325 years ago. The Hani of Phong Thổ District and Bát Xát District arrived later, about 175 years ago from Yunnan. The Hani of Vietnam claim to be able to communicate in the Hani language with ethnic Hani from different areas of Vietnam despite significant geographical barriers. Edmondson (2002), however, reported different Hani speech varieties in various parts of northwestern Vietnam, which differ mostly lexically.

Further reading

Tang Mingsheng (2011, ed.) contains word lists and ethnographies of Hani subgroups. There are 12 books in the Regional Culture Investigation of International Hani/Aka (国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查) series edited by Tang.

  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく元もと阳县马街哈尼族ぞく郭かく合ごう人じん文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-07409-5 (Guohe 郭かく合ごう people of Dengqu Village, Majie Township, Yuanjiang County 元もと阳县马街乡登去さ村むら[19])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく金平きんぴら县哈尼あま田た哈尼族ぞく罗比·罗们人じん文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-08436-0 (Nuobi 罗比 and Nuomei 罗们 people of Hanitian 哈尼田た, Jinhe Town 金きん河かわ镇, Jinping County[25])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく金平きんぴら县普角かく哈尼族ぞく果はて作さく人文じんぶん化か实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-08435-3 (Guozuo 果はて作さく people of Pujiao 普ふ角かく, Jinshuihe Town 金きん水すい河かわ镇, Jinping County[17])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく勐海县格朗ろう和わ哈尼族ぞく阿おもね卡人文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-07410-1 (Akha 阿おもね卡 people of Suhu Dazhai, Suhu Village, Gelanghe Township, Menghai County 勐海县格朗ろう和わ乡苏湖みずうみ村民そんみん委い员会苏湖大だい寨自然しぜん村むら[26])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく新平にっぺい县平掌てのひら哈尼族ぞく卡多人じん文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-08308-0 (Kaduo people of Laomiaozhai 老ろう缪寨, Pingzhang Township 平ひら掌てのひら乡, Xinping County[27])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく金平きんぴら县营盘哈尼あま族ぞく格かく活かつ人じん文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-07411-8 (Gehuo 格かく活かつ people of Baima Shangzhai, Yingpan Township, Jinping County 金平きんぴら县营盘乡白しろ马上寨村[18])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく金平きんぴら县者米まい哈尼族ぞく哈备人じん文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-07408-8 (Habei 哈备 people of Habei 哈备, Zhemi Township 者しゃ米まい乡, Jinping County[28])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく绿春县哈德とく哈尼族ぞく腊米人じん文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-08434-6 (Lami 腊米 people of Hade 哈德, Sanmeng Township 三さん猛もう乡, Lüchun County[29])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく元もと阳县上新城かみしんじょう哈尼族ぞく罗缅人じん文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-08433-9 (Luomian 罗缅 people of Xinyayong 新しん亚拥, Shangxincheng Township 上新城かみしんじょう乡, Yuanyang County[16])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく红河县洛恩おん哈尼族ぞく哈尼人じん文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-08018-8 (Hani 哈尼 people of Luoen Township 洛らく恩おん乡, Honghe County)
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく元もと阳县大坪おおつぼ哈尼族ぞく阿おもね邬人文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-07999-1 (Awu 阿おもね邬 people of Xiaopingzi 小坪こつぼ子こ, Daping Township 大坪おおつぼ乡, Yuanyang County[30])
  • Tang Mingsheng 唐から明生めいせい. 2011. 国くに际哈尼あま/阿おもね卡区域くいき文化ぶんか调查: 中国ちゅうごく元もと阳县新しん街まち哈尼族ぞく昂のぼる倮人文化ぶんか实录. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press 云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-222-08010-2 (Angluo 昂のぼる倮 people of Xinjie Town 新しん街まち镇, Yuanyang County)

References

  1. ^ 绿春县大兴镇大だい寨村委い会かい大だい寨村
  2. ^ Xu Shixuan [徐じょ世よ璇] (1991). 缅彝语几种音类的演えんじ变 Archived 2018-12-17 at the Wayback Machine. Minzu Yuwen.
  3. ^ a b 墨江すみえ哈尼族ぞく自治じち县联珠たま镇癸能のう村むら委い会かい水すい癸みずのと河かわ自然しぜん村むら
  4. ^ Bradley, David. 2007. "East and Southeast Asia." In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
  5. ^ 墨江すみえ哈尼族ぞく自治じち县联珠たま镇回归村委い会かい上じょう菜さい园自然しぜん村むら
  6. ^ 墨江すみえ哈尼族ぞく自治じち县联珠たま镇回归村委い会下えげ菜さい园自然しぜん村むら
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Zhang Peizhi [张佩芝しば]. 1998. Comparative vocabulary lists of the Ha-Ya dialects of the Hani language [哈尼语哈雅みやび方言ほうげん土ど语词汇对照あきら]. Kunming: Yunnan Ethnic Publishing House [云うん南みなみ民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ].
  8. ^ 元もと阳县新しん街まち镇麻栗ぐり寨村委い会かい
  9. ^ 元もと阳县牛うし角かく寨乡果はて统村委い会かい
  10. ^ 金平きんぴら苗なえ族ぞく瑶よう族ぞく傣族自治じち县金河かわ镇马鹿しか塘村委い会かい
  11. ^ 云うん南みなみ省しょう编辑委い员会编. 2009. "金平きんぴら县一区马鹿塘哈尼族社会调查", p.44. In 哈尼族ぞく社会しゃかい历史调查, p.43-60. 民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 9787105087754
  12. ^ 红河县甲寅とら乡甲寅とら村むら委い会かい甲きのえ寅とら自然しぜん村むら
  13. ^ Hu Dan [胡えびす坦ひろし] & Dai Qingxia [戴庆厦]. 1964. Haniyu yuanyin de songjin 哈尼语元音おん的てき松まつ紧. In Zhongguo Yuwen 《中国ちゅうごく语文》 1964:1, pp.76-89.
  14. ^ 红河县乐育そだて乡乐育そだて村むら委い会かい
  15. ^ Lan Qing [澜清]. 2009. Fertility: The kinship of China Yicyu [丰饶：哈尼族ぞく奕车人的じんてき亲属关系]. Yunnan People's Press [云うん南みなみ人民じんみん出版しゅっぱん社しゃ]. ISBN 9787222058439
  16. ^ a b 元もと阳县上新城かみしんじょう乡新城村じょうむら委い会かい新しん亚拥村むら
  17. ^ a b "金平きんぴら苗なえ族ぞく瑶よう族ぞく傣族自治じち县金水すい河かわ镇普角すみ村むら委い会かい". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  18. ^ a b 金平きんぴら苗なえ族ぞく瑶よう族ぞく傣族自治じち县营盘乡罗戈塘村委い会かい白しろ马上寨村
  19. ^ a b 元もと阳县马街乡登云うん村むら委い会かい
  20. ^ 澜沧拉ひしげ祜族自治じち县富东乡那な东村
  21. ^ "墨江すみえ哈尼族ぞく自治じち县雅邑乡坝利村むら委い会かい". Archived from the original on 2018-12-25. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  22. ^ a b c 哈尼族ぞく. In 云うん南みなみ民族みんぞく宗教しゅうきょう文化ぶんか资源库.
  23. ^ 墨江すみえ哈尼族ぞく自治じち县通关镇民みん兴村
  24. ^ 墨江すみえ哈尼族ぞく自治じち县雅邑乡雅みやび邑村委い会かい大だい寨自然しぜん村むら
  25. ^ 金平きんぴら苗なえ族ぞく瑶よう族ぞく傣族自治じち县金河かわ镇哈尼あま田村たむら委い会かい
  26. ^ 勐海县格朗ろう和わ乡苏湖村こそん委い会かい大だい寨
  27. ^ 新平にっぺい县平掌てのひら乡柏枝えだ村民そんみん委い员会老ろう缪寨
  28. ^ "金平きんぴら苗なえ族ぞく瑶よう族ぞく傣族自治じち县者米まい拉ひしげ祜族乡顶青あお村むら委い会かい哈备村むら". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  29. ^ 绿春县三猛乡哈德村委会
  30. ^ "元もと阳县大坪おおつぼ乡大坪おおつぼ村むら委い会かい小坪こつぼ子こ村むら". Archived from the original on 2018-12-30. Retrieved 2018-12-30.
  • Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
  • Edmondson, Jerold A. 2002. "The Central and Southern Loloish Languages of Vietnam". Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society: Special Session on Tibeto-Burman and Southeast Asian Linguistics (2002), pp. 1–13.
  • Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan. 2012. Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages. Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.

Lewis, Paul W.; Bai, Bibo (1996). Haqniqdoq-yilyidoq, Doqlo-Soqdaoq [Hani-english/english-hani Dictionary]. London: Kegan Paul International in association with the International Institute for Asian Studies.

External links

Retrieved from "https://mdwiki.org/wiki/Hani_languages"