Yemaek

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Yemaek
Hangul
예맥
Hanja
Revised RomanizationYemaek
McCune–ReischauerYemaek
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The Yemaek or Yamaek are an ancient tribal group native to the northern Korean Peninsula and Manchuria and are commonly regarded as the ancestors of modern Koreans.[1][2][3][4] The Yemaek have ancestral ties to multiple kingdoms in Northeast Asia including Gojoseon, Buyeo, Goguryeo, and multiple tribes including Okjeo, Dongye, Yangmaek (양맥; 梁りょう貊) and the Sosumaek (소수맥; 小水しょうすい貊).[5]

History

The Yemaek are believed to be the mix of the Ye (濊) and Maek (貊) people.[6] He Qiutao (何なに秋涛しゅうとう) believes Ye is the short name of Buyeo.[7]

According to Chinese Records of Three Kingdoms, the Ye worshiped tigers.[8] The Chinese characters 貊 and 貉むじな, which were used to transcribe Maek, were also used as a homophonic phonetic loan character to write 貘ばく, meaning "white leopard";[9] however, Guo Pu believes 貘ばく means a kind of bear,[10] now identified as the giant panda.[11]

Gomnaru, the capital of the Baekje Kingdom with ancestral ties to the Yemaek, means "bear port". Historians suggest tigers and bears may have been totems worshiped by Ye and Maek tribes. The Chinese character 狛こま, a variant form 貊 for Maek, is used in the Japanese language to transcribe Koma (cf. Komainu). Koma is sometimes written with the characters 高麗こうらい "Go(gu)ryeo, Goryeo." The similarity between the pronunciation of Koma (bear) and gōm (bear) is notable.

A recent study believes the ancestor of Maek (貊) is the Bal (發はつ). According to Records of the Grand Historian, the Balhae people lived next to the Shanrong nomads and the Sushen. According to Guanzi, the Bal-Joseons once sold patterned fur skins and visited the Royal Court. Written in the Yi Zhou Shu, there are the Ye and Bal, but no Maek. Due to this, it is believed Balhae people and Gojoseon may have lived in adjacent areas.[12][13][14][15][16]

The main culture is the Seodansan culture. Korean historians believe the Yemaek established their cultural zone in the 12th to 10th century BC. These tribes began to grow more heterogeneously by the 7th and 8th centuries BC due to different geographical and environmental circumstances.[17] The Yemaek are believed influenced by the Mongol-Siberian nomadic cultures and that their ethnic origins were distinct from those of the Han Chinese.[18] By the late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age, the Yemaek were technologically and culturally influenced by ancient Han Chinese who introduced ironmaking technology to them.[19]

In 705 BC, the Shanrong nomads (山やま戎えびす) planned to plunder the Yan, Qi and Zhao kingdoms in the Guzhu text(孤こ竹ちく國こく). However, these nomads were defeated by the allied Yan and Qi (660 BC) and were pushed north. There were many northern peoples within the Shanrong Alliance for plunder, one of them is believed to be the Bal (發はつ).[20] After the Gojoseon–Yan War and Han conquest of Gojoseon, the Bal people (發はつ) moved east and became absorbed into the Maek tribe.

It is believed the Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom in history, was established by the Yemaek.[21]

  • According to Chinese record Shiji, to the east of the Xiongnu people lived the Yemaek and Gojoseon.[22]
  • Tombstone of Yeon Namsan (연남산) found in Luoyang writes that the son of Goguryeo leader Yeon Gaesomun is Joseon.[23]
  • In Dangun's legend of the creation of Gojoseon, a tiger and bear pray to Hwanung that they may become human but promised to stay in a cave eating only garlic and mugwort, however, while the tiger gave up and left the cave, the bear remained and in 21 days transformed into a woman who later married Hwanung. She then gave birth to Dangun Wanggeom,[24] who is believed to symbolize the combination of Ye and Maek tribes into one Yemaek tribe.[25]

Japanese researcher Shiratori Kurakichi is the first to connect between Yemaek tribal people and the origins of the "Korean race." He believed that Korean racial origins can be traced to Manchuria and treated the Ye and the Yemaek as a single racial entity. However, Pai argues that the Ye or Maek could not have referred to a homogeneous tribe or racial unity, or a unified state.[26] Chinese records were inconsistent and frequently mentions Ye without any connections to Maek.

Language

Main articles: Ye-Maek language and Puyŏ languages

It is believed the replacement of the native Yemaek and Gojoseon languages in the existing three kingdoms was accelerated by the southward expansion of a large number of northern people in the late 3rd century.[27]

Currently, there are academic attempts to recover Yemaek language based on toponym fragments recorded in the Samguk Sagi from occupied areas of Goguryeo and the Buyeo-Baekje.[relevant?]

Legacy

According to Samguk Sagi, Silla Kingdom was established by the Six Clans of Jihan who were Gojoseon in origin.[28]

The Royal Seal of Ye (예왕지인; 濊王之の印しるし), used previously by Buyeo Kings, was found in the Silla Kingdom (19 AD) and was presented for King Namhae Chachaung.[29]

The Goguryeo, Baekje, Buyeo and Gaya are all believed to have originated from the Yemaek tribes.[30]

The Yemaek culture is seen as ancestral to the modern Culture of Korea.[31]

Historian Sang-Yil Kim claims the Yemaek did also influence Chinese culture and had an overall large cultural impact in all of Northeast Asia.

Some other related ancestry around East Asia are the Dongyi. Some of which were of proto-Korean origin.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ Pai, Hyung Il (2000). Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-formation Theories. Harvard University Asia Center. p. 86. ISBN 9780674002449. As the first "Koreans", the Yemaek are considered responsible for the formation of Tan'gun's kingdom of Kochoson
  2. ^ Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007). That Glorious Ancient History of Our Nation: The Contested Re-readings of "Korea" in Early Chinese Historical Records and Their Legacy on the Formation of Korean-ness. Ann Arbor. p. 220. ISBN 9780549440369. ProQuest 304872860. The majority of the Kija Choson and Wiman Choson people were Yemaek, the ancestors of the Korean people{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ Preucel, Robert; Mrozowski, Stephen; Nelson, Sarah (2010). Contemporary Archaeology in Theory: The New Pragmatism (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 218–221.
  4. ^ Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project". International Journal of Korean Histor. 6: 2–5.
  5. ^ Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project". International Journal of Korean Histor. 6: 4–5.
  6. ^ "关于东北古代こだい史し研究けんきゅう的てき几个问题" (PDF).
  7. ^ "民族みんぞく探さがせ幽かそけ：夫おっと余あまり与あずか秽貊".
  8. ^ Chen Shou,Records of Three Kingdoms, Volume 30, Weizhi, Chapter 30, Dongyizhuan, "常用じょうよう十じゅう月がつ節ぶし祭さい天てん，晝夜ちゅうや飲酒いんしゅ歌舞かぶ，名めい之の爲ため舞まい天たかし，又また祭まつり虎とら以爲神しん"
  9. ^ Erya, Elucidation on the Beasts quote: "貘ばく，白しろ豹ひょう。"
  10. ^ Erya: Commentated and Clarified Ch. 10 - 貘ばく quote "似に熊ぐま，小頭こがしら庳腳，黑白くろしろ駁，能のう舐ねぶ食しょく銅どう鐵てつ及竹骨こつ。骨ほね節ぶし強直きょうちょく。中ちゅう實じつ少しょう髓ずい，皮かわ辟濕，或ある曰豹白色はくしょく者しゃ別名べつめい貘ばく。" Translation by Harper (2013) "Resembles a bear, with a small head, short legs, mixed black and white; able to lick and consume iron, copper, and bamboo joints; its bones are strong and solid within, having little marrow; and its pelt can repel dampness. Some say that a white-colored leopard has the separate name mo. "
  11. ^ Harper, Donald (2012). "The Cultural History of the Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) in Early China". Early China 35/36 (2012): 185-224. 35/36: 185–224. JSTOR 24392405. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
  12. ^ Records of the Grand Historian(史記しき) > 南みなみ撫なで交阯北きた發はつ, 西戎せいじゅう 析枝渠みぞ廋氐羌 北山きたやま 戎えびす發はつ息いき愼まき東長鳥ひがしながとり夷えびす
  13. ^ Guanzi(管かん子こ) > 桓公かんこう問とい管かん子こ曰 吾われ聞 海うみ內玉幣ぬさ有ゆう七なな筴 可か 得とく以聞乎 管かん子こ對たい曰 陰かげ山やま之の礌礝 一いち筴也 燕つばめ之の紫山むらさきやま白金はっきん 筴也 發はつ朝鮮ちょうせん之の文ぶん皮がわ 筴也
  14. ^ Yi Zhou Shu(逸いっ周しゅう書しょ) > 稷きび愼まき大だい麈穢人前ひとまえ兒じ... 發はつ人じん麃麃者しゃ 若わか鹿しか迅 走はし/孔あな晁あきら注ちゅう: 發はつ亦また東ひがし 北きた夷えびす
  15. ^ 엄순천. 2019, "山さん戎えびす과 發はつ의 종족정체성 및 알타이계, 고아시아계 종족과의 상관관계분석", 동양문화연구, vol.31, pp.77-106. Available from: doi:10.22863/eacs.2019.31..77
  16. ^ :The Analysis of the Ethnic Identity of Sanjung(山やま戎えびす) and Pal(發はつ) and the Correlation with Altaic and Paleoasiatic Tribes
  17. ^ Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project". International Journal of Korean Histor. 6: 2.
  18. ^ Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project". International Journal of Korean Histor. 6: 2.
  19. ^ Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project". International Journal of Korean Histor. 6: 4.
  20. ^ Book of Sui(隋ずい書しょ) Volume67 裵矩傳でん > 高麗こうらい之これ地ち 本ほん孤こ竹ちく國こく也 周しゅう代だい以之封ふう于箕子こ 漢かん世よ分ぶん爲ため三さん郡ぐん 晉すすむ氏し亦また統すべ遼東りゃおとん
  21. ^ 한국민족문화대백과(한국학중앙연구원 편집) 참조
  22. ^ Sima Qian,Records of the Grand Historian, Vol.110, Xiongnu Liezhuan,"諸しょ左ひだり方かた王將おうしょう居きょ東方とうほう，直上ちょくじょう穀こく以往いおう者しゃ，東ひがし接せっ穢けがれ貉むじな、朝鮮ちょうせん"
  23. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2010-12-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. ^ Il-yeon, Samguk Yusa, Vol.1, Giyi Chapter I, [1]
  25. ^ Hankyore, 'Why are Korean more familiar with tigers than with bears?', Dec 21, 2008
  26. ^ Hyung Il Pai (2020). Constructing "Korean" Origins A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-Formation Theories. BRILL. pp. 104–111. ISBN 9781684173372.
  27. ^ A series of displaced peoples southward movements following the Wei invasion to Goguryeo in 242, Xianbei invasion to Buyeo in 285, fall of Lelang in 313
  28. ^ Kim Bu-sik, Samguk Sagi, Silla Bongi, Vol.1, "先さき是ぜ朝あさ鮮遺民みん分ぶん居い山さん谷之やの間あいだ爲ため六ろく村むら"[2]
  29. ^ Kim Bu-sik, Samguk Sagi, Silla Bongi, Vol.1, "春はる二に月がつ 北きた溟人耕田こうだ 得とく濊王印しるし獻けんじ之の"[3]
  30. ^ Park, Kyeong-chul (December 2004). "History of Koguryŏ and China's Northeast Asian Project". International Journal of Korean Histor. 6: 4–5.
  31. ^ Son, Chang-Hee (2000). Haan (han, Han) of Minjung Theology and Han (han, Han) of Han Philosophy: In the Paradigm of Process Philosophy and Metaphysics of Relatedness. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761818601.
  32. ^ Son, Chang-Hee (2000). Haan (han, Han) of Minjung Theology and Han (han, Han) of Han Philosophy: In the Paradigm of Process Philosophy and Metaphysics of Relatedness. University Press of America. ISBN 9780761818601.
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