UBUHINZI BW'IMBITSE
Ubuhinzi bukomeye, buzwi kandi nk'ubuhinzi bwimbitse (bitandukanye n'ubuhinzi bunini), ubuhinzi cyangwa inganda, ni ubwoko bw'ubuhinzi, haba mu bihingwa ndetse no ku nyamaswa, hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byinshi byinjira n’ibisohoka kuri buri gice cy’ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi. [1]
Ubuhinzi bwinshi bw'ubucuruzi bwibanda cyane muburyo bumwe cyangwa bwinshi. Imiterere ishingiye cyane kuburyo bwinganda bakunze kwita ubuhinzi bwinganda, burangwa nudushya twagenewe kongera . Harimo kandi gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda, kugenzura imikurire y’ibihingwa, imiti yica udukoko, antibiyotike y’amatungo n’ubuhinzi bw’imashini, bigenzurwa n’isesengura ryiyongereye kandi rirambuye ry’imiterere ikura, harimo ikirere, ubutaka, amazi, ibyatsi n’udukoko. Imirima ikomeye ikwirakwira mu bihugu byateye imbere kandi igenda yiyongera ku isi. Inyinshi mu nyama, ibikomoka ku mata, amagi, imbuto, n'imboga ziboneka muri supermarket zikorwa nimirima nkiyi.
Imirima imwe nimwe irashobora gukoresha uburyo burambye, nubwo mubisanzwe bikenera umusaruro mwinshi wumurimo cyangwa umusaruro muke. Kongera ku buryo burambye umusaruro w’ubuhinzi, cyane cyane ku bahinzi bato [2]
Ubworozi bukomeye bwamatungo burimo umubare munini winyamanswa zororerwa kubutaka buto, urugero nko kurisha kuzunguruka, [3] cyangwa rimwe na rimwe nkibikorwa byo kugaburira amatungo . Ubu buryo bwongera umusaruro w'ibiryo na fibre kuri hegitari ugereranije [4] [3]
Amateka
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]_CNE-v1-p58-H.jpg)
Iterambere ry’ubuhinzi mu Bwongereza hagati yikinyejana cya 16 n’ikinyejana cya 19 rwagati ryiyongereye cyane ku musaruro w’ubuhinzi n’umusaruro ukomoka. Ibi na byo byagize uruhare mu kwiyongera kw'abaturage bitigeze bibaho, bivanaho umubare munini w'abakozi, bityo bifasha mu guharanira impinduramatwara .
Mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 19, tekiniki z'ubuhinzi, ibikoresho, ububiko bw'imbuto, n'ibihingwa byariyongereye cyane ku buryo umusaruro kuri buri gice cy'ubutaka wikubye inshuro nyinshi byagaragaye mu gihe cyo hagati .
Imashini zikururwa n'amafarasi nk'umusaruzi wa McCormick zahinduye gusarura, mu gihe ibintu byavumbuwe nka gin ya pamba byagabanije igiciro cyo gutunganya. Muri icyo gihe kimwe, abahinzi batangiye gukoresha imashini zikoresha amavuta hamwe na za romoruki . [5] [6] Mu 1892, romoruki ya mbere ikoreshwa na lisansi yatejwe imbere neza, maze mu 1923, romoruki mpuzamahanga ya Harvester Farmall ibaye romoruki ya mbere igamije intego zose, igaragaza aho ihindagurika mu gusimbuza inyamaswa zashizweho n'imashini. [7] Ibyo byavumbuwe byongereye umusaruro kandi bituma abahinzi ku giti cyabo bayobora imirima minini.
Mu 1909, uburyo bwa Haber-Bosch bwo guhuza nitrate ya amonium bwerekanwe bwa mbere. Ifumbire ya NPK yateje impungenge za mbere ibijyanye n’ubuhinzi bw’inganda, kubera impungenge z’uko zazanye ingaruka nko guhuza ubutaka, isuri y’ubutaka, ndetse no kugabanuka kw’uburumbuke bw’ubutaka muri rusange, hamwe n’ubuzima bw’ubuzima bw’imiti y’ubumara yinjira mu biribwa .
Ivumburwa rya vitamine n'uruhare rwabo mu mirire, mu myaka 20 ya mbere y'ikinyejana cya 20, byatumye hiyongeraho vitamine, mu myaka ya za 1920 yemerera amatungo amwe n'amwe kororerwa mu ngo, bikagabanya guhura n'ibintu bibi.
Nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire mvaruganda ryiyongereye vuba. [8]
Ivumburwa rya antibiotike ninkingo byoroheje korora amatungo mugabanya indwara. [9] no gukonjesha kimwe no gutunganya tekinoroji byatumye intera ndende ishoboka. Kurwanya udukoko twangiza nuburyo bugezweho bwo kugabanya imiti yica udukoko kurwego rurambye. [10]
Hariho impungenge z’ubuhinzi bw’inganda burambye, n’ingaruka ku bidukikije by’ifumbire n’imiti yica udukoko, ibyo bikaba byaratumye habaho ubuhinzi -mwimerere kandi byubaka isoko ry’ubuhinzi burambye, ndetse n’amafaranga yo guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rikwiye .
Ubuhanga n'ikoranabuhanga
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Gushimangira urwuri ni ugutezimbere ubutaka bwatsi ninzuri kugirango byongere umusaruro wibiribwa muri sisitemu yubworozi. Uku kwangirika kuganisha ku butaka butoshye bwo mu rwuri hamwe no kugabanuka kw’uburumbuke n’amazi no kongera umuvuduko w’isuri, guhuzagurika, na aside . [11] Inzuri zononekaye zifite umusaruro muke cyane hamwe nibirenge bya karubone ugereranije ninzuri zikomeye. [12]
Uburyo bwo gucunga butezimbere ubuzima bwubutaka bityo umusaruro wibyatsi ukaba urimo kuhira, kwangiza ubutaka, no gukoresha lime, ifumbire, nudukoko twangiza . Izi nyakatsi zongerewe imbaraga zituma igipimo cyinshi cyo guhunika hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’ibiro by’inyamaswa kandi bikagabanya igihe cyo kubaga, bikavamo uburyo bw’amatungo butanga umusaruro, bukoresha karubone. [13] [14] [15]
Ubundi buhanga bwo kongera umusaruro mugihe hagumijwe kuringaniza karubone ni ugukoresha ibihingwa-byororerwa hamwe (ICL) hamwe n’ibihingwa-by’amatungo-y’amashyamba (ICLF), bihuza urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima byinshi mu rwego rw’ubuhinzi bunoze. [16] kongera ingufu mu gusiganwa ku magare, kurwanya udukoko twangiza, no guteza imbere urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima . [16] Kwinjiza ibihingwa bimwe byibinyamisogwe mu rwuri birashobora kongeragutunganya azote mu butaka, mugihe igogorwa ryabyo rifasha kubyibuha kwinyamanswa kandi bikagabanya imyuka ya metani iva muri fermentation . [13] Sisitemu ya ICLF itanga umusaruro w'inka z'inka inshuro zigera ku icumi urwuri rwangiritse; umusaruro wiyongereye wibihingwa biva mu bigori, amasaka, na soya ; kandi yagabanije cyane uburinganire bwa gaze ya parike kubera amashyamba ya karubone. [11]
Muri gahunda yo kurisha cumi na kabiri Mata yo kubyaza umusaruro amata, yatunganijwe na USDA - SARE, ibihingwa byatsi byo mu mashyo y’amata byatewe mu rwuri rwinshi . [17]
amashyo cyangwa imikumbi byimurirwa kandi bigashyirwa ahantu hashya, haruhukira kurisha (rimwe na rimwe bita padi ) kugirango hongerwe ubwiza nubwinshi bwikura ryubwatsi. Ishobora gukoreshwa ninka, intama, ihene, ingurube, inkoko, inkoko, inkongoro, nandi matungo. Amashyo arisha igice kimwe cyinzuri, cyangwa padi, mugihe yemerera abandi gukira. Kuruhuka ubutaka burisha butuma ibimera bivugurura ingufu, kongera kubaka sisitemu yo kurasa, no kongera imizi, bikavamo umusaruro muremure wa biomass . [3] [18] Sisitemu yo mu rwuri yonyine irashobora kwemerera aborozi kuzuza ibisabwa byingufu zabo, kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho ibikenewe-de-wormers. Hamwe n'umusaruro wiyongereye wa sisitemu yo kuzunguruka, inyamaswa zirashobora gukenera ibiryo byiyongera kuruta muri sisitemu zo kurisha zikomeza. Abahinzi rero barashobora kongera igipimo cyimigabane. [4] [19]
Ibikorwa byo kugaburira amatungo
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
Ubworozi bukomeye cyangwa "ubuhinzi bwuruganda", ni inzira yo korora amatungo afunzwe cyane. [20] [21] [22] " Ibikorwa byo kugaburira amatungo yibanze " (CAFO), cyangwa "ibikorwa byubworozi bukomeye", birashobora gufata umubare munini (bimwe bigera ku bihumbi magana) byinka, ingurube, inkoko, cyangwa inkoko, akenshi murugo. Intangiriro yimirima nkiyi yibanda ku matungo ahantu runaka. Ikigamijwe ni ugutanga umusaruro mwinshi ku giciro gito gishoboka kandi hamwe n’urwego runini rw’umutekano w’ibiribwa. [23] Ijambo rikunze gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye. CAFOs yiyongereye ku buryo bugaragara umusaruro w’ibiribwa biva mu bworozi ku isi, haba mu biribwa byose byakozwe kandi neza.
Imbuto
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]Mu myaka ya za 70, abahanga bakoze ubwoko butanga umusaruro mwinshi w'ibigori, ingano n'umuceri. Ibi bifite ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza azote ugereranije nubundi bwoko. Kubera ko ibinyampeke byinjizamo azote yiyongereye (mbere yo kugwa) ubwoko butandukanye bwakozwe na Orville Vogel bwo mu bwoko bw'ingano bw'Ubuyapani bwitwa dwarf, bwagize uruhare runini mu guteza imbere ingano . IR8, umuceri wa mbere washyizwe mu bikorwa n'umuceri utanga umusaruro mwinshi watunganijwe n'ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe ubushakashatsi ku muceri, wakozwe binyuze ku musaraba uhuza ubwoko bwa Indoneziya bwitwa "Peta" n'ubwoko bw'Abashinwa bwitwa "Dee Geo Woo Gen". [24]
Ubwoko butanga umusaruro mwinshi bwarushije ubwoko bwa gakondo inshuro nyinshi kandi bwitabira neza kongeramo kuhira imyaka, Imbaraga za Hybrid zikoreshwa mubihingwa byinshi byingenzi kugirango umusaruro wongere abahinzi.
Ubwiyongere bw'abaturage
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]
- Imyaka 30.000 irashize imyitwarire yabahiga yagaburiye abantu miliyoni 6
- Imyaka 3.000 irashize ubuhinzi bwambere bwagaburiye abantu miliyoni 60
- Imyaka 300 irashize ubuhinzi bwimbitse bwagaburiye abantu miliyoni 600
- Uyu munsi ubuhinzi bwinganda bugerageza kugaburira abantu miliyari 8
Hagati ya 1930 na 2000, umusaruro w’ubuhinzi muri Amerika wazamutse ku kigereranyo cya 2 ku ijana buri mwaka, bituma ibiciro by’ibiribwa bigabanuka.[25]
Ibidukikije
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]Ubuhinzi mu nganda bukoresha amazi menshi,[26] n’imiti y’inganda, byongera umwanda mu butaka bwo guhingwa, amazi akoreshwa, n’ikirere . Imiti yica udukoko, nifumbire birundanya mumazi yubutaka nubutaka . Imikorere y’ubuhinzi mu nganda nimwe mu zitera ubushyuhe bw’isi, bingana na 14-28% bihumanya ikirere. [27]
Ingaruka nyinshi mbi zubuhinzi bwinganda zishobora kugaragara kure yumurima. Urugero rwa azote iva mu burengerazuba bwo hagati, iramanuka i Mississippi kugira ngo itesha agaciro uburobyi bwo ku nkombe zo mu kigobe cya Mexico, bigatera ahantu hitwa inyanja ya pfuye . [28]
Imikorere y’ubuhinzi bw’ibinyabuzima yarahinduwe cyane. Kwiyongera mu buhinzi bikubiyemo ibintu bitandukanye, birimo gutakaza ibintu nyaburanga.Umubare munini w’udukoko twica udukoko twangiza. Ubuhinzi bw'imbitse bwabigizemo uruhare muri koloni yo gusenyuka, aho buri muntu mubakoroni b'inzuki abura. [29]
- Ubworozi buhinduka
- Ubuhinzi bwumye
- Ibidukikije hamwe n'ubuhinzi
- Impinduramatwara
- Ibihingwa nganda
- Pekarangan
- Ubuhinzi buto
- Ubworozi bukomeye
Reba
[hindura | hindura inkomoko]- ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, revised and updated by Amy Tikkanen. "'s definition of Intensive Agriculture". britannica.com.
- ↑ "Sustainable Intensification for Smallholders". Project Drawdown (in Icyongereza). 2020-02-06. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Getting Started with Intensive Grazing". Manitoba Agriculture. Manitoba Government. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
There are many reasons why producers move to intensive grazing systems. These include...
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedPastProfit - ↑ "Ottawa Valley Land Rovers – Member's Prose & Pages – Mike Rooth – Locomotives – Steam Tractor, Part I". ovlr.org. Archived from the original on 2019-08-29. Retrieved 2019-12-31.
- ↑ "Steam Engines". History Link 101. History Source LLC. 2019. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
- ↑ Janick, Jules. "Agricultural Scientific Revolution: Mechanical" (PDF). Purdue University. Retrieved 2013-05-24.
- ↑ "A Historical Perspective". International Fertilizer Industry Association. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved 2013-05-07.
- ↑ : 64.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ US EPA, OCSPP (2015-09-28). "Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Principles". US EPA (in Icyongereza). Retrieved 2021-05-22.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 : 420–431.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ "Indicativo de pastagens plantadas em processo de degradação no bioma Cerrado". embrapa.br – Portal Embrapa (in Inyeporutigali (Brezili)). Retrieved 2018-03-28.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 : 86–96.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ : 379.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ : 435–443.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ 16.0 16.1 . pp. 11–18.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ "12 Aprils Dairy Grazing Manual". USDA-SARE. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
- ↑ Sanjari, G.; Ghadiri, H.; Ciesiolka, C. A. A.; Yu, B. (2008). "Comparing the effects of continuous and time-controlled grazing systems on soil characteristics in Southeast Queensland" (PDF). Soil Research 46 (CSIRO Publishing). pp. 48–358. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-27. Retrieved 2023-02-20.
- ↑ : 310–322.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help); Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ Sources discussing "intensive farming", "intensive agriculture" or "factory farming":
- ↑ Sources discussing "industrial farming", "industrial agriculture" and "factory farming":
- ↑ "Is factory farming really cheaper?" in New Scientist, Institution of Electrical Engineers, New Science Publications, University of Michigan, 1971, p. 12.
- ↑ Danielle Nierenberg (2005) Happier Meals: Rethinking the Global Meat Industry. Worldwatch Paper 121: 5
- ↑ "Rice Varieties". IRRI Knowledge Bank. Archived from the original on 2006-07-13. Retrieved 2006-07-13.
- ↑ "U.S. Agriculture in the Twentieth Century by Bruce Gardner, University of Maryland". Archived from the original on September 28, 2013.
- ↑ "Moseley, W.G. 2011. "Make farming energy efficient". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. June 3. pg. 15A". ajc.com.
- ↑ . pp. 439–442.
{{cite book}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ↑ "What is a dead zone?". NOAA. Retrieved 18 April 2015.
The largest hypoxic zone in the United States, and the second largest hypoxic zone worldwide, forms in the northern Gulf of Mexico adjacent to the Mississippi River. This image from a NOAA animation shows how runoff from farms (green areas) and cities (red areas) drains into the Mississippi. This runoff contains an overabundance of nutrients from fertilizers, wastewater treatment plants, and other sources.
- ↑ Loarie, Greg (2014-05-02). "The Case of the Vanishing Bees". EarthJustice. Retrieved 18 April 2015.