Nikaragua
República de Nicaragua Républik Nikaragua |
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Motto En Dios Confiamos[1] |
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Lagu "Salve a ti, Nicaragua" |
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Ibu kota (jeung kota panggedéna) | Managua ![]() | |||||
Basa resmi | Basa Spanyol | |||||
Basa régional | Miskito, Rama, Sumo, Kréol Basisir Miskito, Garifuna, Kréol Kéi Rama | |||||
Grup étnis | 69% Mestizo 17% Bodas 5% Amerindian 9% Hideung[2] |
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Démonim | Nicaraguan, Nica, Pinolero | |||||
Pamaréntah | Républik présidénsial | |||||
- | Présidén | Daniel Ortega | ||||
- | Wakil Présidén | Jaime Morales Carazo | ||||
Kamerdikaan | ti Spanyol jeung Méksiko | |||||
- | Didéklarasikeun | 15 Séptémber 1821 | ||||
- | Diakuan | 25 Juli 1850 | ||||
- | ti Kakaisaran Méksiko Kahiji | 1 Juli 1823 | ||||
- | Révolusi | 19 Juli 1979 | ||||
- | Konstitusi nu ayeuna | 9 Januari 1987[3] | ||||
Aréa | ||||||
- | Total | 130.373 km² (ka-97) 50.193 mil² |
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- | Cai (%) | 7,14 | ||||
Populasi | ||||||
- | Perkiraan Sénsus 2010 | 5.891.199 (ka-110) | ||||
- | Sénsus 2005 | 5.666.301 | ||||
- | Kapadetan | 42 /km² (ka-133) 114 /mil² |
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GDP (PPP) | Perkiraan 2010 | |||||
- | Total | $17,711 milyar[4] (ka-132) | ||||
- | Per kapita | $3.045[4] (ka-167) | ||||
GDP (nominal) | Perkiraan 2010 | |||||
- | Total | $6,551 milyar[4] | ||||
- | Per kapita | $1.126[4] | ||||
Gini? (2007) | 40,1 (sedeng) | |||||
HDI (2010) | ![]() |
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Mata uang | Córdoba (NIO ) |
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Zona wanci | (UTC-6) | |||||
TLD Internét | .ni | |||||
Kode telepon | +505 | |||||
1 | Basa Inggris jeung basa pribumi di basisir Karibia ogé dipaké. | |||||
2 | Informasi lobana dicandak ti CIA World Fact Book |
Nikaragua, resmina Républik Nikaragua (basa Spanyol: República de Nicaragua, dilapalkeun: [reˈpu dangukeun)), nyaéta hiji nagara di Amérika Tengah, wawatesan jeung Honduras di kalér jeung Kosta Rika. Samudra Pasifik aya di kuloneunnana, sarta Laut Karibia wétaneunnana.
Departemén jeung kotamadya
[édit | édit sumber]Nikaragua mangrupa républik kahijian. Administratifna, Nikaragua dibagi kana 15 departemén (departamentos) jeung 2 wewengkon otonom. Departemén-departeménna teras dibagi kana (total 153) municipios (kotamadya). 2 wewengkon otonomna nyaéta 'Región Autónoma Atlántico Norte' jeung 'Región Autónoma Atlántico Sur', sok dilandi RAAN jeung RAAS; saméméh miboga otonomi ti 1985 wewengkon-wewengkn éta mangrupa hiji departemén, Zelaya.[6]
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Komunikasi jeung média
[édit | édit sumber]Kalobaannana sumber warta di Nikaragua nyaéta radio jeung TV. Aya Leuwih ti 100 stasion radio, kalobaannana di ibu kota, jeung sababaraha jaringan TV. TV kabel kasadia di loba wewengkon pakotaan.[7]
Média citak rupa-rupa jeung gerilyaan, ngawakilkeun posisi pro jeung anti-pamaréntah.
Citak
[édit | édit sumber]La Prensa; El Nuevo Diario; Confidencial Varies; Hoy; Mercurio
Televisi
[édit | édit sumber]Televicentro Canal 2; Multinoticias Canal 4; Telenica Canal 8; Canal 9; Canal 10; TVRED canal 11; Nicavision Canal 12; Viva Nicaragua Canal 13; VosTV Canal 14; 100% Noticias canal 15; CDNN Canal 23; Extraplus Canal 37
Radio
[édit | édit sumber]Radio Corporacion; Radio Mundial; Radio Nicaragua (state-owned); Radio Sandino; Radio Pirata; Radio Maranata:; Estacion X; Radio joya; Radio Romantica; Radio Pachanguera; Radio Buenisima; Radio Disney: Radio Oldis
Tempo ogé
[édit | édit sumber]Rujukan jeung catetan
[édit | édit sumber]- ↑ Sakumaha katémbong dina Córdoba (uang kertas jeung logam); tempo Banco Central de Nicaragua Archived 2012-05-06 di Wayback Machine pikeun contona
- ↑ "Nicaragua Demographics Profile 2011". Nicaragua. Index Mundi. 2011. Diakses tanggal 2011-07-16. Archived 2011-05-10 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Nicaragua". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Diakses tanggal 2011-07-16. Archived 2016-02-13 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ a b c d International Monetary Fund (2011). "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects: Nicaragua". World Economic Outlook Database, April 2011. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Diakses tanggal 2011-07-16. Archived 2012-10-19 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ United Nations Development Programme (2010). "Table 1: Human Development Index and its components" (PDF). Human Development Report 2010 (20th Anniversary Edition) The Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human Development. New York: United Nations. Diakses tanggal 2011-07-16. Archived 2012-03-04 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Background and socio-economic context" (PDF). p. 9. http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/vam/wfp073961.pdf. Diakses pada 2007-05-09 Archived 2006-10-15 di Wayback Machine
- ↑ "Country profile: Nicaragua". BBC News. 2009-09-02. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/1225218.stm#leaders. Diakses pada 2010-05-20 Archived 2010-06-03 di Wayback Machine
Bacaan salajengna
[édit | édit sumber]- Asleson, Vern. (2004) Nicaragua: Those Passed By. Galde Press ISBN 1-931942-16-1
- Babb, FE (2001). After revolution: mapping gender and cultural politics in neoliberal Nicaragua. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70900-5.
- Bayard de Volo, L (2001). Mothers of heroes and martyrs: gender identity politics in Nicaragua, 1979–1999. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6764-9.
- Belli, G. The Country Under My Skin : A Memoir of Love and War. Garden City, N.Y: Anchor. ISBN 1-4000-3216-4.
- Bermann, K (1986). Under the big stick: Nicaragua and the United States since 1848. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-323-3.
- Bermúdez, E (Summer 1988). The Contras' Valley Forge: How I View the Nicaraguan Crisis. Policy Review magazine (The Heritage Foundation).
- Borge, T (1992). The patient impatience: from boyhood to guerilla: a personal narrative of Nicaragua's struggle for liberation. Willimantic, Connecticut: Curbstone Press. ISBN 0-915306-97-2.
- Brown, TX (2001). The real Contra War: highlander peasant resistance in Nicaragua. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3252-3.
- Brunnegger, S (2007). From Conflict to Autonomy in Nicaragua: Lessons Learnt. London: Minority Rights Group International. ISBN 1904584616.
- Bugajski, J (1990). Sandinista communism and rural Nicaragua. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93536-1.
- Charlip, JA. Cultivating Coffee: The Farmers of Carazo, Nicaragua, 1880–1930 (Ohio RIS Latin America Series). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-89680-227-2.
- Chomsky, Noam; Herman, Edward S. (2002). Manufacturing consent: the political economy of the mass media. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-71449-9.
- Christian, S (1986). Nicaragua, revolution in the family. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-394-74457-8.
- Clark, GC (2001). With the Old Corps in Nicaragua. Novato, California: Presidio Press. ISBN 0-89141-737-0.
- Colburn, FD (1991). My car in Managua. Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-75124-9.
- Cox, Jack; Somoza, A; Earle, P (1980). Nicaragua Betrayed. Boston: Western Islands. ISBN 0-88279-235-0.
- Field, LW (1999). The grimace of Macho Ratón: artisans, identity, and nation in late-twentieth century western Nicaragua. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2288-9.
- Gilbert, DL. Sandinistas: The Party And The Revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. ISBN 1-55786-006-8.
- Gobat, M. Confronting the American Dream: Nicaragua under U.S. Imperial Rule (American Encounters/Global Interactions). Durham, N.C: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3634-0.
- Gordon, EW (1998). Disparate diasporas: identity and politics in an African Nicaraguan community. Austin, Tex: University of Texas Press, Austin, Institute of Latin American Studies. ISBN 0-292-72819-0.
- Gould, JL (1998). To die in this way: Nicaraguan Indians and the myth of mestizaje, 1880–1965. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2098-3.
- Hale, CR. Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894–1987. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2800-3.
- Heyck, DLD (1990). Life stories of the Nicaraguan revolution. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-90211-8.
- Horton, L. Peasants In Arms: War & Peace in the Mountains of Nicaragua, 1979–1994 (Ohio RIS Latin America Series). Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. ISBN 0-89680-204-3.
- Kagan, RA (1996). A twilight struggle: American power and Nicaragua, 1977–1990. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-02-874057-2.
- Kinzer, S (1991). Blood of Brothers: Life and War in Nicaragua. New York: Putnam. ISBN 0-399-13594-4.
- Kinzer, S. Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-7861-4.
- Kruckewitt, J. The Death of Ben Linder: The Story of a North American in Sandinista Nicaragua. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-58322-068-2.
- Lancaster, RN (1992). Life is hard: machismo, danger, and the intimacy of power in Nicaragua. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08929-4.
- Macaulay, N. The Sandino Affair. Wacahoota Pr. ISBN 0-9653864-4-9.
- Morley, MH. Washington, Somoza and the Sandinistas: State and Regime in US Policy toward Nicaragua 1969–1981. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-52335-4.
- Pardo-Maurer, R (1990). The Contras, 1980–1989: a special kind of politics. New York: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-93818-2.
- Plunkett, H. In Focus Nicaragua a Guide to the People, Politics and Culture (In Focus Guides). Interlink Publishing Group. ISBN 1-56656-438-7.
- Randall, M (1995). Sandino's daughters: testimonies of Nicaraguan women in struggle. New Brunswick, N.J: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-2214-5.
- Ratliff, William E.; Miranda, Roger. Civil War in Nicaragua: Inside the Sandinistas. New Brunswick, N.J., U.S.A: Transaction Publishers. ISBN 1-56000-761-3.
- Rushdie, S. The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey. Clearwater, Fla: Owl Books. ISBN 0-8050-5311-5.
- Sabia, D (1997). Contradiction and conflict: the popular church in Nicaragua. University: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-0873-3.
- Sirias, S. Bernardo and the Virgin: A Novel. Evanston, Ill: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0-8101-2427-0.
- Sklar, H (1988). Washington's war on Nicaragua. Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0-89608-295-4.
- Taber, Michael; Bishop, Maurice; Marcus, Bruce (1983). Maurice Bishop speaks: the Grenada Revolution, 1979–83. New York: Pathfinder Press. ISBN 0-87348-619-6.
- United Nations Development Programme (2010) Regional Human Development Report for Latin America and the Caribbean 2010: Acting on the future: breaking the intergenerational transmission of inequality . New York: United Nations. (Report). Archived 2012-03-18 di Wayback Machine
- Walker, TG. Nicaragua, 4th Edition. Boulder, Colo: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-3882-4.
- Walker, WJ (1985). The war in Nicaragua. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. ISBN 0-8165-0882-8.
- Webb, G. Dark Alliance : The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 1-888363-68-1.
- Zimmermann, M (2000). Sandinista: Carlos Fonseca and the Nicaraguan revolution. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2595-0.
Tumbu kaluar
[édit | édit sumber] Tempo ogé Nikaragua di Wikivoyage
- Nikaragua di citypictures.org
- [1] Archived 2013-01-16 di Wayback Machine Visit Nicaragua
- Informasi umum
- Éntri Nicaragua di CIA World Factbook
- Nicaragua Archived 2008-06-07 di Wayback Machine ti UCB Libraries GovPubs
- Nikaragua di Open Directory Project
Atlas Nicaragua Wikimedia, ngandung peta ngeunaan Nicaragua.
- Peta ti WorldAtlas.com
Koordinat: 13°N 85°W / 13°N 85°W
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