「學習」呢個概念展現咗認知科學上嘅先天定後天(nature versus nurture)爭論:一方面,人有好多行為都係天生嘅,多數嘅人格特徵同智商等嘅個體差異都經已證實咗起碼局部係天生嘅[31];另一方面,人又好明顯具有學習嘅能力,曉按照自己經歷過嘅嘢改變自己嘅行為[26]。例如係根據研究,五大性格特質(Big Five personality traits)當中嘅外向度(extraversion;定義上外向嘅人鍾意講嘢同交際)就有成 54% 係受遺傳因素影響嘅-簡單啲講,有啲人天生就外向,又有啲人係後天學到咁外向嘅,更多人身處呢兩個極端之間[32];先天定後天嘅爭論喺認知語言學當中詏得特別犀利:有學者主張,遺傳因子當中帶有某啲有關普遍文法(universal grammar)嘅資訊,而呢啲基因會左右個腦嘅發育,令到人普遍傾向以某啲方式看待世界同埋組句子[33]。到咗廿一世紀,主流科學界都認同行為係同時受到先天同後天因素影響嘅,但仲係會對「呢個行為係先天因素多定後天因素多」有所爭論[31]。
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