資本しほん主義しゅぎ

資本しほん主義しゅぎ係かかり一いち種しゅ喺生產せいさん資料しりょう私有しゆう制せい基礎きそ上じょう，並なみ且攞呢啲生產せいさん資料しりょう嚟賺錢嘅經濟けいざい制度せいど。^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]資本しほん主義しゅぎ嘅核心こころ特とく點てん包括ほうかつ資本しほん累積るいせき、市場いちば競爭きょうそう、價格かかく體系たいけい、私わたし有產ゆうさん權けん、產さん權けん界さかい定じょう、自じ願ねがい交換こうかん同どう僱傭勞ろう動どう。資本しほん主義しゅぎ市場いちば經濟けいざい裏うら便びん嘅決策さく同どう投資とうし，係かかり由よし資本しほん同どう金融きんゆう市場いちば當とう中ちゅう嘅擁有ゆう財ざい富とみ、財產ざいさん嘅人，亦また或ある啲擁有ゆう控ひかえ制せい資本しほん或ある生產せいさん能力のうりょく嘅能力りょく嘅人所しょ掌握しょうあく嘅；而商品しょうひん同どう服務ふくむ嘅價錢ぜに同どう分配ぶんぱい，主要しゅよう就交畀商品しょうひん同どう服務ふくむ市場いちば嘅競爭そう嚟決定けってい。^[5]

經濟けいざい學がく家か、史學しがく家か、政治せいじ經濟けいざい學がく家か同どう社會しゃかい學がく家いえ睇資本ほん主義しゅぎ會かい有ゆう唔一いち樣よう嘅睇法ほう，並なみ且佢哋認識到現實げんじつ中ちゅう資本しほん主義しゅぎ有ゆう好こう多た唔同嘅形式しき，譬たとえ如自由じゆう放任ほうにん或ある自由じゆう市場いちば資本しほん主義しゅぎ、國家こっか資本しほん主義しゅぎ同どう福利ふくり資本しほん主義しゅぎ。唔同類型るいけい嘅資本ほん主義しゅぎ，佢哋嘅自由じゆう市場いちば、公有こうゆう制せい^[6]、對たい自由じゆう競爭きょうそう嘅阻礙同埋うめ國家こっか嘅社會かい政策せいさく都と唔一樣さま。市場いちば競爭きょうそう嘅程度ていど、干ひ預あずか同どう監かん管かん嘅作用よう，同どう埋うめ國有こくゆう制せい嘅範圍はんい，根據こんきょ資本しほん主義しゅぎ嘅形式しき唔同，可能かのう都と唔一樣さま。^[7]市場いちば有ゆう幾いく自由じゆう、點てん樣さま界かい定てい私有しゆう財產ざいさん嘅規則きそく，都と係がかり政治せいじ同どう政策せいさく嘅問題もんだい。家いえ下か大だい多數たすう嘅資本ほん主義しゅぎ經濟けいざい體たい都と係がかり混合こんごう經濟けいざい，佢哋有ゆう自由じゆう市場いちば嘅要素ようそ，亦また都みやこ有ゆう國家こっか干ひ預あずか，有ゆう啲甚至いたり經濟けいざい計けい劃都有ゆう埋うめ。^[8]

市場いちば經濟けいざい喺好多た唔同形式けいしき嘅政府せいふ同好どうこう多た不同ふどう的てき時代じだい、地點ちてん同どう文化ぶんか中なか都と出現しゅつげん過か。家いえ下か嘅資本ほん主義しゅぎ社會しゃかい初頭しょとう係がかり喺一いち個こ導しるべ致工業こうぎょう革命かくめい嘅過程ほど當とう中なか，喺西歐せいおう發展はってん起おこり身み嘅。之これ後ご，資本しほん主義しゅぎ制度せいど喺西方せいほう世界せかい佔咗主導しゅどう地位ちい並なみ繼續けいぞく擴張かくちょう，但ただし係かかり佢哋政府せいふ直接ちょくせつ干ひ預あずか嘅程度ていど有ゆう所しょ唔同。經濟けいざい增長ぞうちょう係かかり資本しほん主義しゅぎ經濟けいざい當とう中ちゅう好こう有ゆう特とく點てん嘅一いち個こ趨勢すうせい。^[9]

參考さんこう

↑ Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (October 1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).
↑ Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.
↑ Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit." London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi. Sage. p. 383.
↑ Gilpin, Robert (5 June 2018). The Challenge of Global Capitalism : The World Economy in the 21st Century. ISBN 978-0-691-18647-4. OCLC 1076397003.
↑ Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the factors of production. Decision making is decentralized and rests with the owners of the factors of production. Their decision making is coordinated by the market, which provides the necessary information. Material incentives are used to motivate participants.
↑ Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (28 February 2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. Real-world capitalist systems are mixed, some having higher shares of public ownership than others. The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs. Privatization is when property that had been state-owned is transferred to private owners. Nationalization occurs when privately owned property becomes publicly owned.
↑ Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.
↑ Stilwell, Frank. "Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas". First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.
↑ Michael Joff (2011). "The root cause of economic growth under capitalism". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 35 (5): 873–896. doi:10.1093/cje/beq054. The tendency for capitalist economies to grow is one of their most characteristic properties.

睇埋

[1] Zimbalist, Sherman and Brown, Andrew, Howard J. and Stuart (October 1988). Comparing Economic Systems: A Political-Economic Approach. Harcourt College Pub. pp. 6–7. ISBN 978-0-15-512403-5. Pure capitalism is defined as a system wherein all of the means of production (physical capital) are privately owned and run by the capitalist class for a profit, while most other people are workers who work for a salary or wage (and who do not own the capital or the product).

[2] Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser, J Barkley (23 July 2003). Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy. MIT Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-262-18234-8. In capitalist economies, land and produced means of production (the capital stock) are owned by private individuals or groups of private individuals organized as firms.

[3] Chris Jenks. Core Sociological Dichotomies. "Capitalism, as a mode of production, is an economic system of manufacture and exchange which is geared toward the production and sale of commodities within a market for profit, where the manufacture of commodities consists of the use of the formally free labor of workers in exchange for a wage to create commodities in which the manufacturer extracts surplus value from the labor of the workers in terms of the difference between the wages paid to the worker and the value of the commodity produced by him/her to generate that profit." London; Thousand Oaks, CA; New Delhi. Sage. p. 383.

[4] Gilpin, Robert (5 June 2018). The Challenge of Global Capitalism : The World Economy in the 21st Century. ISBN 978-0-691-18647-4. OCLC 1076397003.

[5] Gregory, Paul; Stuart, Robert (2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. Capitalism is characterized by private ownership of the factors of production. Decision making is decentralized and rests with the owners of the factors of production. Their decision making is coordinated by the market, which provides the necessary information. Material incentives are used to motivate participants.

[gregorystuart-6] Gregory and Stuart, Paul and Robert (28 February 2013). The Global Economy and its Economic Systems. South-Western College Pub. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-285-05535-0. Real-world capitalist systems are mixed, some having higher shares of public ownership than others. The mix changes when privatization or nationalization occurs. Privatization is when property that had been state-owned is transferred to private owners. Nationalization occurs when privately owned property becomes publicly owned.

[Modern_Economics_1986,_p._54-7] Macmillan Dictionary of Modern Economics, 3rd Ed., 1986, p. 54.

[Stilwell-8] Stilwell, Frank. "Political Economy: the Contest of Economic Ideas". First Edition. Oxford University Press. Melbourne, Australia. 2002.

[joff-9] Michael Joff (2011). "The root cause of economic growth under capitalism". Cambridge Journal of Economics. 35 (5): 873–896. doi:10.1093/cje/beq054. The tendency for capitalist economies to grow is one of their most characteristic properties.

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