保加 利 亚
Република България( | |
---|---|
暨最 | |
(2011 | |
单一 | |
• 总统 | 魯門· |
• 总理 | |
• | 681 |
• | 1185 |
1908 | |
• | 2007 |
• 总计 | 110,910 |
• | 2.16[1]% |
• 2022 | ▼ 6,447,710( |
• | 63/ |
GDP(PPP) | 2022 |
• 总计 | 1,953.99 |
• | 28,593 |
GDP( | 2022 |
• 总计 | 895.33 |
• | 13,101 |
▼ 0.4[3](2022 | |
▼ 0.795[4](2021 | |
货币 | |
时区 | UTC+2( |
• | UTC+3( |
电话 | +359 |
ISO 3166码 | BG |
互联网顶级域 | .bg |
历史
编辑现在
第 一 帝国
编辑
斯拉
第 二 帝国
编辑
鄂圖曼统治
编辑
保加 利 亞 王国 时期
编辑
现代历史
编辑近代 政權 列 表
编辑
|
1878 |
|||||
|
1908 |
|||||
|
1946 |
|||||
|
1990 |
政治
编辑
行政 区 划
编辑
地理
编辑
军事與 外交
编辑
经济
编辑2003
交通
编辑
人口
编辑
2018
主要 城市
编辑
|
| ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 1,190,256 | 11 | 佩爾 |
佩爾 |
66,991 | ||||
2 | 321,824 | 12 | 哈斯 |
哈斯 |
64,564 | ||||
3 | 311,093 | 13 | 62,810 | ||||||
4 | 188,242 | 14 | 60,641 | ||||||
5 | 魯塞 | 魯塞 |
123,134 | 15 | 59,166 | ||||
6 | 121,582 | 16 | 帕扎 |
帕扎 |
55,220 | ||||
7 | 90,209 | 17 | 49,569 | ||||||
8 | 斯利 |
斯利 |
79,362 | 18 | 45,474 | ||||
9 | 71,947 | 19 | 44,786 | ||||||
10 | 舒門 | 舒門 |
67,300 | 20 | 卡贊勒克 | 41,768 |
文化
编辑
10
體育 運動
编辑
-
保加 利 亚民俗 舞 -
身 着 保加 利 亚民族 服装 的 少女
飲食
编辑
节假日
编辑
说明 | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 |
Нова година | ||
3月3 |
Ден на Освобождението на България от османско иго | 纪念1878 | |
复活节 | Великден | ||
5月1 |
Ден на труда | ||
5月6 |
Гергьовден, Ден на храбростта и Българската армия | ||
5月24 |
Ден на българската просвета и култура и на славянската писменост | ||
9月6 |
Ден на Съединението на България | 纪念1885 | |
9月22 |
Ден на Независимостта на България | 1908 | |
11月1 |
Ден на народните будители - неприсъствен за всички учебни заведения | ||
12月24 |
圣诞 |
Бъдни вечер | |
12月25、26 |
圣诞节 | Коледа, Рождество Христово |
參考 文獻
编辑
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原始 内容 存 档于2021-01-09). - ^ Comparative price levels. ec.europa.eu/eurostat. Eurostat. [2020-06-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-12-18). - ^ Bulgaria. International Monetary Fund. [2017-03-12]. (
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原始 内容 存 档于2019-11-17). - ^ Shadow Economy (PDF). Eurostat. 2012 [2012-12-20]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2012-11-14). - ^ Курсове на българския лев към еврото и към валутите на държавите, приели еврото [Exchange rates of the lev to the euro and Eurozone currencies replaced by the euro]. Bulgarian National Bank. [2018-10-16]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-06-05) (保加 利 亚语). - ^ Bulgaria: GDP growth (annual %). The World Bank. [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-12). - ^ Bulgaria: Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate). The World Bank. 2018 [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10). - ^ Harizanova, Tanya. Inter-company debt – one of Bulgarian economy's serious problems. Bulgarian National Radio. 2010-06-17 [2012-07-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-11-01). - ^ Бизнесът очерта уникална диспропорция в България [Business points to a major disproportion in Bulgaria]. Dir.bg. 2013-01-14 [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-12) (保加 利 亚语). - ^ ITUC Frontlines Report 2012: Section on Bulgaria. Novinite. 2012-10-10 [2012-10-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-20). - ^ Corruption Perceptions Index: Transparency International. Transparency International. 2017 [2018-07-16]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-05-11). - ^ Rankin, Jennifer. Cloud of corruption hangs over Bulgaria as it takes up EU presidency. The Guardian. 2017-12-28 [2018-07-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-25). - ^ Bulgarian corruption at 15-year high . The Telegraph. 2014-12-12 [2018-07-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-01-10). - ^ Bulgarian border officers suspended over airport security lapse. Reuters. 2018-03-24 [2018-07-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-16). - ^ Macdonald, Alastair. Bulgaria savors EU embrace despite critics. Reuters. 2018-01-11 [2018-07-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-30). - ^ Krasimirov, Angel. Bulgaria's government faces no-confidence vote over corruption. Reuters. 2018-01-17 [2018-07-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-12). - ^ US State Dept criticises Bulgaria on prisons, judiciary, corruption, people-trafficking and violence against minorities. The Sofia Globe. 2018-04-21 [2018-07-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-06). - ^ 10 млрд. лв. годишно се харчат с обществени поръчки [10 bln. leva are spent on public procurement every year]. 24 Chasa. 2016-02-21 [2018-07-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-12) (保加 利 亚语). - ^ Stanchev, Ivaylo. Рекорд при обществените поръчки: открити са търгове за почти 14 млрд. лв. [A record in public procurement: tenders worth nearly 14 billion lv unveiled]. Kapital Daily. 2017-12-29 [2018-07-16]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10) (保加 利 亚语). - ^ Stefanov, Ruslan. The Bulgarian Public Procurement Market: Corruption Risks and Dynamics in the Construction Sector (PDF). Government Favouritism in Europe: The Anticorruption Report 3. 2015, (3/2015): 35 [2018-08-06]. doi:10.2307/j.ctvdf0g12.6. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-06-14). - ^ Public procurement in Bulgaria (PDF). European Commission. 2015 [2018-07-16]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2022-05-10). - ^ Field listing: Labor force. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2019-12-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-03-07). - ^ Field listing: Labor force by occupation. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2019-12-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-04-20). - ^ Bell, John D. Bulgaria – Manufacturing. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10). - ^ Field listing: Industries. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2019-12-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-12-18). - ^ Bulgaria: Selling off steel. Oxford Business Group. 2011-08-31 [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-19). - ^ Mining Industry Accounts for 5% of Bulgaria's GDP – Energy Minister. Novinite. 2015-08-29 [2018-07-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-19). - ^ Bulgaria's ore exports rise 10% in H1 2011 – industry group. The Sofia Echo. 2011-08-18 [2011-12-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-03-16). - ^ Total Primary Coal Production (Thousand Short Tons). U.S. Energy Information Administration. [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-04-27). - ^ Trade In Goods of Bulgaria With Third Countries In the Period January – October 2019 (Preliminary Data) (PDF). National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria: 7, 8. November 2019 [2019-12-15]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2022-04-16). - ^ Agricultural Policies in non-OECD countries: Monitoring and Evaluation (PDF). OECD. 2007 [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2017-10-14). - ^ Bulgaria – Natural conditions, farming traditions and agricultural structures. Food and Agriculture Organization. [2011-11-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-03-28). - ^ Bulgaria – Economic Summary, UNData, United Nations. United Nations. [2011-12-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-22). - ^ Experts: Bumper Year for Wheat Producers in Dobrich Region. Bulgarian Telegraph Agency. 2017-08-04 [2018-07-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-01-21). - ^ Bell, John D. Bulgaria – Agriculture. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10). - ^ Ivanova, Miglena. Bulgarian rose oil keeps its top place on world market. Bulgarian National Radio. 2017-05-31 [2018-07-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-16). - ^ Bulgaria is Again the World's First Producer of Lavender Oil. Novinite. 2017-11-30 [2018-07-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-30). - ^ Bulgaria tops lavender oil production, outpacing France. Fox News. 2014-07-16 [2018-09-12]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2018-09-12). - ^ Europe (without the euro). The Guardian. 2009-04-20 [2011-12-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-10-31). - ^ Bell, John D. Bulgaria – Tourism. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10). - ^ Посещения на чужденци в България по месеци и по страни [Arrivals of foreigners in 2017 by month and country of origin]. National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2019-02-15 [2019-12-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-06-05) (保加 利 亚语). - ^ Country comparison: Total road length. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2018-06-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-09-07). - ^ Trains in Bulgaria. EuRail. [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-12). - ^ NSI Census data 2011,
第 3頁 . - ^ NSI Census data 2011,
第 4頁 . - ^ Census results: population by residence, ethnic group and age. National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. 2011 [2018-07-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-06-02). - ^ Population and Demographic Processes in 2018. Nsi.bg. [2020-05-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-07-15). - ^ Max Roser, Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries, Our World In Data, Gapminder Foundation, 2014 [2022-01-21], (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10) - ^ World Factbook EUROPE : BULGARIA, The World Factbook, 2018-07-12 [2022-01-21], (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-01-09)本文 含有 此來源 中 屬 於公有 领域的 内容 。 - ^ World Bank: The demographic crisis is Bulgaria's most serious problem. Klassa. 2012-11-15 [2013-04-08]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-05-07). - ^ Demographic crisis in Bulgaria deepening. Bulgarian National Radio. 2012-03-12 [2013-04-08]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-11-05). - ^ Will EU Entry Shrink Bulgaria's Population Even More?. Deutsche Welle. 2006-12-26 [2016-04-11]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10). - ^ Roth, Klaus; Lauth Bacas, Jutta. Migration In, From, and to Southeastern Europe. The British Library. 2004: 188 [2022-01-21]. ISBN 978-3643108968. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-01-15). - ^ Eurostat – Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table. Eurostat. 2013-10-17 [2014-02-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-10-06). - ^ Country Comparison: Population growth rate. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2011-12-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-03-10). - ^ Country Comparison: Birth rate. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. [2013-04-08]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-06-15). - ^
存 档副本 . [2024-02-25]. (原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-24). - ^ Creed, Gerald W. Masquerade and Postsocialism: Ritual and Cultural Dispossession in Bulgaria. Indiana University Press. 2011: 2 [2022-01-21]. ISBN 978-0-253-22261-9. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-01-15). - ^ Bulgaria – Profile. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. [2011-12-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-04-15). - ^ Brisby, Liliana. Bulgarian Literature. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2018-07-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-30). - ^ Giatzidis, Emil. An Introduction to post-Communist Bulgaria: Political, Economic and Social Transformation. Manchester University Press. 2002: 11 [2022-01-21]. ISBN 978-0-7190-6094-6. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-01-15).Thus, with its early emphasis on Christian Orthodox scholarship, Bulgaria became the first major centre of Slavic culture
- ^ Riha, Thomas. Readings in Russian Civilization. University of Chicago Press. 1964: 214 [2022-01-21]. ISBN 978-0719060946. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-01-15).And it was mainly from Bulgaria that a rich supply of literary monuments was transferred to Kiev and other centres.
- ^ McNeill, William Hardy. The Rise of the West. University of Chicago Press. 1963: 49 [2022-01-21]. ISBN 978-1112695315. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-01-15).Accordingly, when Bulgaria was converted to Christianity (after 865), bringing massive Slavic-speaking populations within the pale of Christendom, a new literary language, Old Church Slavonic, directly based upon Bulgarian speech, developed for their use.
- ^ Curta, Florin. Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge University Press. 2006: 221 [2022-01-21]. ISBN 9780521815390. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-01-15). - ^ Bell, John D. Bulgaria – The arts. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-12).The early impetus of Bulgarian traditions in the arts was cut short by the Ottoman occupation in the 14th century, and many early masterpieces were destroyed. ... the foundations were laid for later artists such as Vladimir Dimitrov, an extremely gifted painter specializing in the rural scenes of his native country ... At the beginning of the 21st century, the best-known contemporary Bulgarian artist was Christo, an environmental sculptor known for wrapping famous structures
- ^ Grabar, André. La Peinture Religieuse en Bulgarie [Religious Visual Arts in Bulgaria]. P. Geuthner. 1928: 95.
- ^ Kremenliev, Boris A. Bulgarian-Macedonian Folk Music. University of California Press. 1952: 52.
Bulgaria's scales are numerous, and it may be demonstrated that they are a fusion of Eastern and Western influences. ... first, Oriental scales; second, church modes: the osmoglasie ... third, the conventional scales of Western Europe. ... Among the scales which have come to the Balkans from Asia, the pentatonic is one of the most widely used in Bulgaria. Whether it came from China or Japan, as Dobri Hristov suggests
[失效 連結 ] - ^ 32nd Grammy Awards Winners. Grammy Awards. 2017-11-28 [2018-07-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-11-14). - ^ Bulgaria profile – Media. BBC News. 2015-07-13 [2014-05-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-10). - ^ Bulgaria. Reporters Without Borders. [2018-05-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-01-06). - ^ Greenslade, Roy. Why Bulgaria is the EU's lowest ranked country on press freedom index. The Guardian. 2014-09-23 [2018-05-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2018-05-20). - ^ Albala, Ken. Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. 2011: 61, 62 [2022-01-21]. ISBN 978-0-313-37626-9. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-01-15). - ^ Bruce-Gardyne, Tom. Bulgaria Bounces Back. Novinite. 2012-02-07 [2012-02-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2012-02-11). - ^ Bulgaria Ranks 22nd in World Wine Production. Novinite. 2016-10-21 [2022-01-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-07). - ^ Mihaylov, Ivaylo. Bulgaria wine production 2016. SEE News. 2017-02-14 [2022-01-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-02-14). - ^ Athens 1896. Bulgarian Olympic Committee. [2011-12-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-09-28). - ^ Bulgaria. International Olympic Committee. [2018-10-05]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-02-21). - ^ Bell, John D. Bulgaria – Sport and recreation. Encyclopædia Britannica. [2018-07-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-12).In international sports competition, Bulgarians have excelled in tennis, wrestling, boxing, and gymnastics, but the country's greatest repute may be in weight-lifting. ... Fans of football (soccer), the most popular sport in Bulgaria, were buoyed by the success of the national team in the 1994 World Cup, when it advanced to the semi-final match under the leadership of forward Hristo Stoichkov. The premier league in Bulgaria has 16 teams, of which four play in Sofia: CSKA, Levski, Slavia, and Lokomotiv.
- ^ Hristo Stoichkov. FC Barcelona. [2018-07-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2018-10-30). - ^ Hristo Stoichkov – Bulgarian League Ambassador. Professional Football Against Hunger. [2011-12-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-11-06). - ^ Ames, Nick. Plucky Ludogorets' rise to the Champions League group stage. ESPN. 2014-09-16 [2018-07-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-12). - ^ Club Coefficients. UEFA. [2018-07-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-03-18).
外部 連結
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- Official governmental site(页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - President of The Republic of Bulgaria(页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - National Assembly of the Republic of Bulgaria
- Chief of State and Cabinet Members
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存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) from the United States Library of Congress - Article Eco Friendly Bulgaria
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