缅甸语
语言
缅甸语 ,简称缅语(
缅甸语 | |
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မြန်မာဘာသာ myanma bhatha | |
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3320 | |
缅文 | |
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缅甸语委员会 | |
ISO 639-1 | my |
ISO 639-2 | bur (B) mya (T) |
ISO 639-3 | mya |
缅甸
历史演 变
编辑
缅甸
音 系
编辑
声 调
编辑
第一声 :低 平 调334(在 开音节中 ,用 短 元 音符 号 表示 ,在 闭音节中 ,在 基本 辅音之 下 加 一 个点)第 二 声 :高平 调554(在 音 节后加 双 空 心 点 符号 )第 三 声 :高 降 调53(在 开音节中 ,用 长元音符 号 表示 ,在 闭音节中 ,没 有 特殊 的 符号 )
(a |
( |
||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
နိမ့်သံ | [aː˧˧˦] | à | 慣常 | ||
တက်သံ | [aː˥˥˦] | á | |||
သက်သံ | [aˀ˥˧] | a̰ | 緊喉 |
||
တိုင်သံ | [ăʔ˥˧] | aʔ |
韻 尾
编辑
辅音
编辑齿音 | 齿龈 |
无发音 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pʰ p b | tʰ t d | tʃʰ tʃ dʒ | kʰ k g | ʔ | |||
m̥ m | n̥ n | ɲ̥ ɲ | ŋ̊ ŋ | ~ ( | |||
sʰ s z | ʃ | h | |||||
(r) | j | (ʍ) w | |||||
边音 | l̥ l |
引用
编辑
- ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- ^ Burmese于《
民族 语》的 链接(第 15版 ,2005年 ) - ^ Sagart et al. (2019),
第 10319–10320頁 .
參考 文獻
编辑
- Julie D. Allen; et al (编). 11. Southeast Asian Scripts. The Unicode Standard Version 6.1 – Core Specification (PDF). Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. April 2012: 368–373 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-936213-02-3. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2019-10-26). - Aung-Thwin, Michael. The Mists of Rāmañña: The Legend that was Lower Burma illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.
- Aung Bala. Contemporary Burmese literature. Contributions to Asian Studies. 1981, 16.
- Barron, Sandy; Okell, John; Yin, Saw Myat; VanBik, Kenneth; Swain, Arthur; Larkin, Emma; Allott, Anna J.; Ewers, Kirsten. Refugees from Burma: Their Backgrounds and Refugee Experiences (PDF) (报告). Center for Applied Linguistics. 2007 [2010-08-20]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2011-04-27). - Benedict, Paul K. Tonal Systems in Southeast Asia. Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society). Oct–Dec 1948, 68 (4). JSTOR 595942. doi:10.2307/595942.
- Bradley, David. Pronouns in Burmese–Lolo (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman area (Melbourne: La Trobe University). Spring 1993, 16 (1) [2016-10-17]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-03-07). - Bradley, David. Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill , 编. Sociolinguistics / Soziolinguistik 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.
- Bradley, David. Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas 1. Walter de Gruyter. 1996. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9.
- Bradley, David. Uncles and Aunts: Burmese Kinship and Gender (PDF). South-east Asian Linguisitics: Essays in Honour of Eugénie J.A. Henderson (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London). 1989: 147–162 [2016-10-17]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2017-10-11). - Bradley, David. 9. Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. Martin J. Ball (编). The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World (PDF). Routledge. 2010: 98–99. ISBN 978-0-415-42278-9. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2016-07-16). - Bradley, David. Reflexives in Burmese (PDF). Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 13: studies in Burmese languages (Australian National University). 1995, (A-83): 139–172 [2016-10-17]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-03-13). - Bradley, David. Changes in Burmese Phonology and Orthography. SEALS Conference. Kasetsart University. May 2011 [19 October 2013]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-04-14). - Bradley, David. The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman. Language and Linguistics. 2012, 13 (1): 171–192 [2016-10-17]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-08-03). - Chang, Charles Bond. “High-Interest Loans”: The Phonology of English Loanword Adaptation in Burmese (B.A.论文). Harvard University. 2003 [2011-05-24]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-05-27). - Chang, Charles B. English loanword adaptation in Burmese (PDF). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2009, 1: 77–94 [2016-10-17]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-03-13). - Harvey, G. E. History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.
- Herbert, Patricia M.; Milner, Anthony. South-East Asia Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
- Hill, Nathan W. Evolution of the Burmese Vowel System (PDF). Transactions of the Philological Society. 2012, 110 (1): 64–79 [2016-10-17]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968x.2011.01282.x. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-03-13). - Hnin Tun, San San. Burmese Phrasebook. Vicky Bowman. Lonely Planet. 2001. ISBN 978-1-74059-048-8.
- Houtman, Gustaaf. Traditions of Buddhist Practice in Burma. Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 1990.
- Jones, Robert. McCoy, John; Light, Timothy , 编. Pitch register languages. Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (E. J. Brill). 1986.
- Khin Min, Maung. Old Usage Styles of Myanmar Script. Myanmar Unicode & NLP Research Center. 1987 [2008-07-29]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2006-09-23). - Lieberman, Victor B. Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland. Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
- Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis, Dated language phylogenies shed light on the history of Sino-Tibetan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116 (21): 10317–10322, PMC 6534992 , PMID 31061123, doi:10.1073/pnas.1817972116 , 简明
摘要 – ScienceDaily (May 6, 2019).
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- Nishi, Yoshio. The Development of Voicing Rules in Standard Burmese (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (
国立 民族 学 博物館 ). 30 October 1998, 23 (1): 253–260.[永久 失效 連結 ] - Nishi, Yoshio. The Orthographic Standardization of Burmese: Linguistic and Sociolinguistic Speculations (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (
国立 民族 学 博物館 ). 31 March 1998, 22: 975–999. (原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2013年 10月 22日 ). - Okell, John. Burmese By Ear or Essential Myanmar (PDF). London: The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 2002 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-86013-758-7. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-04-20). 存 档副本 . Myanmar–English Dictionary. Myanmar Language Commission. 1993 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-881265-47-4. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-02).- San San Hnin Tun. Discourse Marking in Burmese and English: A Corpus-Based Approach (PDF) (
学位 论文). University of Nottingham. 2006 [2013-10-20]. (原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2013-10-21). - Taw Sein Ko. Elementary Handbook of the Burmese Language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Taylor, L. F. On the tones of certain languages of Burma. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies (Cambridge University Press). 1920, 1 (4). JSTOR 607065. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101685.
- Wheatley, Julian; Tun, San San Hnin. Languages in contact: The case of English and Burmese. The Journal of Burma Studies. 1999, 4.
- Wheatley, Julian. 12. Burmese. Randy J. LaPolla, Graham Thurgood (编). Sino-Tibetan Languages. Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-135-79717-1.
- Aung Zaw. Tell the World the Truth. The Irrawaddy (Chiang Mai). September 2010, 18 (9). (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-09-18). - Wheatley, Julian K. Burmese. B. Comrie (ed.) (编). Handbook of the world's major languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1987: 834–54. ISBN 978-0-19-520521-3.
- Yanson, Rudolf A. Nathan Hill , 编. Aspiration in the Burmese Phonological System: A Diachronic Account. Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV. BRILL. 2012: 17–29. ISBN 978-90-04-23202-0.
- Yanson, Rudolf. Uta Gärtner, Jens Lorenz , 编. Chapter 3. Language. Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar (LIT Verlag Münster). 1994: 366–426. ISBN 978-3-8258-2186-9.
參考 資料
编辑
- Becker, Alton L. Biography of a sentence: A Burmese proverb. E. M. Bruner (ed.) (编). Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society. Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. 1984: 135–55.
- Bernot, Denise. Le prédicat en birman parlé. Paris: SELAF. 1980. ISBN 2-85297-072-4 (
法 语). - Cornyn, William Stewart. Outline of Burmese grammar. Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 1944.
- Cornyn, William Stewart; D. Haigh Roop. Beginning Burmese. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1968.
- Cooper, Lisa; Beau Cooper; Sigrid Lew. A phonetic description of Burmese obstruents. 45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics. Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2012 [2016-10-17]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-06-12). - Green, Antony D. Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese. J. Watkins (ed.) (编). Studies in Burmese linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 2005: 1–25. ISBN 0-85883-559-2.
- Okell, John. A reference grammar of colloquial Burmese. London: Oxford University Press. 1969. ISBN 0-7007-1136-8.
- Roop, D. Haigh. An introduction to the Burmese writing system. New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972. ISBN 0-300-01528-3.
- Taw Sein Ko. Elementary handbook of the Burmese language. Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Watkins, Justin W. Illustrations of the IPA: Burmese. Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2001, 31 (2): 291–95. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122.
- Patricia M Herbert, Anthony Milner (编). South East Asia Languages and Literatures: Languages and Literatures: A Select Guide. University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 0-8248-1267-0.
- Waxman, Nathan; Aung, Soe Tun. The Naturalization of Indic Loan-Words into Burmese: Adoption and Lexical Transformation. Journal of Burma Studies. 2014, 18 (2): 259–290. doi:10.1353/jbs.2014.0016.
參 見
编辑
外部 連結
编辑
维基百科提供如下语言版本:缅甸语维基 百科
- 维基导游
上 有 關 Burmese phrasebook的 旅行 指南 - Omniglot: Burmese Language (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Learn Burmese online (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Online Burmese lessons (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Burmese language resources (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) from SOAS - E-books for children with narration in Burmese. Unite for Literacy library. [2014-06-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-03). - Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center
- Myanmar 3 font and keyboard (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Burmese online dictionary (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) (Unicode) - Ayar Myanmar online dictionary (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Myanmar unicode character table (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Ka Naung Converter Engine (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)