魚 鰭
類型
编辑
鱼类
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一些可以快速遊動的魚擁有 |
鳍式
编辑- 鱼鳍
的 名字 可 以缩写 为字母 :背 鳍(D)、臀 鳍(A)、尾 鳍(C)、胸 鳍(P)和 腹 鳍(V) 用 罗马数字 表示 鳍棘和 硬 刺 ,用 阿 拉 伯 数表示 不 分 枝 鳍条和 分 枝 鳍条- 鳍棘为单
根 鳍条,硬 刺 又 称 为假棘 ,由 2根 鳍条组成;鳍棘和 硬 刺 都 不 分 节不分 枝 - 鳍条
由 2根 组成,分 节。
- 鳍棘为单
棘 与 软条的 数量 范围用 “~”表示 ,棘 与 软条相 连时用 “一 ”连接,分 离时用 “,”表示 ,不同 鱼鳍用 “;”分 隔 。也有 文献 以“-”表示 棘 与 软条的 数量 范围,此时用 “/”表示 棘 与 软条相 连,“,”表示 棘 与 软条分 离。
硬骨魚
编辑
肉 鳍鱼
编辑
輻 鰭 魚
编辑
軟骨 魚
编辑
產 生 推力
编辑
控 制動 作
编辑
其他用途
编辑
慈鯛
鰭 的 進化
编辑
2009
2011
機械 魚 鰭
编辑
1990
2005
2004
參考 資料
编辑
引用
编辑
- ^ Standen EM (2009) "Muscle activity and hydrodynamic function of pelvic fins in trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) The Journal of Experimental Biology, 213: 831–841.doi:10.1242/jeb.033084
- ^ THE MYSTERIOUS LITTLE FATTY FIN. [2013-02-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-07-26). - ^ Removal of trout, salmon fin touches a nerve 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2011-07-20. - ^ von Zittel KA, Woodward AS and Schlosser M (1932) Text-book of Paleontology Volume 2, Macmillan and Company. Page 13.
- ^ Clack, J. A. (2002) Gaining Ground. Indiana University
- ^ Johanson, Zerina, John A. Long, John A. Talent, Philippe Janvier, and James W. Warren (2006) "Oldest Coelacanth, from the Early Devonian of Australia" Archive.is
的 存 檔,存 档日期 2013-02-19 Biology Letters, 2 (3): 443–46. - ^ Forey 1998.
- ^ Fricke, Hans, Olaf Reinicke, Heribert Hofer, and Werner Nachtigall. "Locomotion of the Coelacanth Latimeria Chalumnae in Its Natural Environment." Nature 329.6137 (1987): 331–33. Print.
- ^ Hamlett 1999,
第 528頁 . - ^ Function of the heterocercal tail in sharks: quantitative wake dynamics during steady horizontal swimming and vertical maneuvering (页面
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存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Journal of Experimental Biology, 203: 2247–59. - ^ Fish FE and Lauder GV (2006) "Passive and active flow control by swimming fishes and mammals"[
永久 失效 連結 ] Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 38: 193–224. doi:10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092201 - ^ Magnuson JJ (1978) "Locomotion by scombrid fishes: Hydromechanics, morphology and behavior" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) in Fish Physiology, Volume 7: Locomotion, WS Hoar and DJ Randall (Eds) Academic Press. Page 240–308. ISBN 0000000000000. - ^ Ship's movements at sea (页面
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- ^ 22.0 22.1 Alevizon WS (1994) "Pisces Guide to Caribbean Reef Ecology" (页面
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存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Journal of Morphology, 263 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1002/jmor.10207 pdf[失效 連結 ] - ^ 24.0 24.1 Ichthyology (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Florida Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 22 November 2012. - ^ Aquatic Life of the World (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) pp. 332–333, Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2000. ISBN 9780761471707. - ^ Bertelsen E and Pietsch TW. Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. 1998: 138–139. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
- ^ Purple Flying Gurnard, Dactyloptena orientalis (Cuvier, 1829) (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Australian Museum. Updated: 15 September 2012. Retrieved: 2 November 2012. - ^ Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds.) (2012). Dactyloptena orientalis. FishBase. Version 2012-11.
- ^ Female fish flaunt fins to attract a mate (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) ScienceDaily. 8 October 2010. - ^ Baldauf SA, TCM Bakker, F Herder, H Kullmann and T Thünken (2010) "Male mate choice scales female ornament allometry in a cichlid fish" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) BMC Evolutionary Biologr//, 10 :301. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-301 - ^ Vannuccini S. Shark utilization, marketing and trade. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper (Rome: FAO). 1999, 389. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-08-02). - ^ Evolution Of Fins And Limbs Linked With That Of Gills (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) ScienceDaily. 25 March 2009. - ^ Gillis JA, RD Dahn and NH Shubin (2009) "Shared developmental mechanisms pattern the vertebrate gill arch and paired fin skeletons" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (14): 5720–5724. - ^ Wings, legs, and fins: How do new organs arise in evolution? (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Neil Shubin, University of Chicago. - ^ Galeaspid anatomy and the origin of vertebrate paired appendages (
英 语). - ^ "Primordial Fish Had Rudimentary Fingers" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) ScienceDaily, 23 September 2008. - ^ Hall, Brian K (2007) Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0000000000000. - ^ Shubin, Neil (2009) Your inner fish: A journey into the 3.5 billion year history of the human body (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Vintage Books. ISBN 0000000000000. UCTV interview (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Clack, Jennifer A (2012) "From fins to feet" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Chapter 6, pages 187–260, in: Gaining Ground, Second Edition: The Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods, Indiana University Press. ISBN 0000000000000. - ^ Lungfish Provides Insight to Life On Land: 'Humans Are Just Modified Fish' (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) ScienceDaily, 7 October 2011. - ^ Cole NJ, Hall TE, Don EK, Berger S, Boisvert CA, et al. (2011) ([//web.archive.org/web/20141107034959/http://www.plosbiology.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001168 页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) "Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin" PLoS Biology, 9 (10): e1001168. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168 - ^ A small step for lungfish, a big step for the evolution of walking" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) ScienceDaily, 13 December 2011. - ^ King HM, NH Shubin, MI Coates and Hale ME (2011) "Behavioral evidence for the evolution of walking and bounding before terrestriality in sarcopterygian fishes" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108 (52): 21146–21151. - ^ Richard Mason. What is the market for robot fish?. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-07-04). - ^ Robotic fish powered by Gumstix PC and PIC. Human Centred Robotics Group at Essex University. [2007-10-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-08-24). - ^ Robotic fish make aquarium debut. cnn.com. CNN. 10 October 2005 [12 June 2011]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-26). - ^ Walsh, Dominic. Merlin Entertainments tops up list of London attractions with aquarium buy. thetimes.co.uk. Times of London. 3 May 2008 [12 June 2011]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-12-21). - ^ Huge Herr, D. Robert G "A Swimming Robot Actuated by Living Muscle Tissue" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 1: 6. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-1-6 - ^ How Biomechatronics Works (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) HowStuffWorks/ Retrieved 22 November 2012.
參考 書目
编辑
- Hamlett, William C. Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes 1. p 56: The Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8018-6048-5.
擴展閱讀
编辑- Hall, Brian K (2007) Fins into Limbs: Evolution, Development, and Transformation (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226313375. - Helfman G, Collette BB, Facey DE and Bowen BW (2009) "Functional morphology of locomotion and feeding" Chapter 8, pp. 101–116. In:The Diversity of Fishes: Biology, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781444311907.
- Lauder GV, EG Drucker (2004) "Morphology and experimental hydrodynamics of fish fin control surfaces" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Journal of Oceanic Engineering, 29 (3): 556–571.