注意 力不足 過 動 症
此條 |
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder | |
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6 - 12 | |
类型 | |
遗传 | |
患病 | 5,110 |
ICD-11 | 6A05 |
ICD-10 | F90.0 |
OMIM | 143465、608903、608904、608905、608906、612311、612312 |
DiseasesDB | 6158 |
MedlinePlus | willem |
eMedicine | 289350、912633 |
「ADHD」 | |
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𦇒 |
儘管此病
18
名稱
编辑
症狀 及體徵
编辑
ADHD | |
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子 類型
编辑
- ADHD
注意 力不足 為 主 型 (ADHD-PI或 ADHD-I) - ADHD
過 動 為 主 型 (ADHD-PH或 ADHD-HI) 混合 型 (ADHD-C)
容易 分 心 、粗 心 、忘記事情 、且經常 從 一件事情切換至另一件事情。- 很難
持續 專 注 在 同 一 件 事情 上 。 除 非 進行 自身 有 興趣 的 事務 ,不 然 進行 幾分 鐘 後 就覺得 無聊 。難 以對組織 (規 劃)事情 、完成 一 個 任務 保持 專 注 。- 很難
完成 回 家 作業 ,或 是 如期繳交,常會 遺失 一些要完成作業或是其他活動需要的東西(例 如鉛筆 、玩具 、作業 等 )* 當 別人 在 和 患者 說話 時 ,似 乎沒有 在 聽對方 說話 。作 白日 夢 、很感到 困惑 、動作 緩慢 。不 容易 像 其他非 注意 力不足 過 動 症 患者 一 樣 ,快速 且準確 的 處理 資 訊。難 以遵從 指示 不 容易 認知 細 節 ,常 忽 略 細 節 。
常常 煩 躁及坐 立 不安 不 停 地 講話 - 四處東奔西跑、碰觸
或 玩弄 視野 內的任 一 或 每 一 個 物體 。 難 以在上 課 時間 、吃 飯 時間 、做功課 的 時間 乖乖坐 好 。不 停 的 動 來 動 去 。不 容易 進行 安靜 的 活動 或 是 工作 。沒 有 耐 心 脫 口說 出 不 恰當的 話 語 、毫無掩飾地 流露 內心的 想 法 ,且行 事 不 顧後果 。難 耐 在 遊戲 中 因 輪 流 所產 生 的 等 待 時間 。經常 打 斷 他人 的 對話 或 活動 。
ADHD
可能 有 關 的 疾病
编辑
- 癫痫[55]
- 妥瑞
症 [55] 自閉症 光 譜 (ASD):此疾病 會 影響 社交 技巧 、溝 通 能力 ,也會出現 固定 興趣 和 重複 行為 [55]。在 注意 力不足 過 動 症 患者 中 ,較常出 現有 焦 虑症的 情 形 [56]。間歇 性 暴怒症 [12]在 注意 力不足 過 動 症 的 兒童 中 ,有 20%至 30%有 學習 障礙 的 情 形 。學習 障礙 可能 包括 發展 障礙 、語 言 障礙 以及學習 技巧 的 障礙 [57]。注意 力不足 過 動 症 本身 不 是 一 種 學習 障礙 ,不 過 常常 會 造成 其他學業 上 的 困難 [57]。强迫 症 (OCD)常和 注意 力不足 過 動 症 一 起 出現 ,其中也有 許多 相 同 的 特徵 [58]。智能 障礙 [12]反應 性 依 附 疾患 [12]物質 使用 疾患 。注意 力不足 過 動 症 的 兒童 及成人 在 物質 濫用 上 的 風 險 較高[23]。最 常見 的 是 酒 或 是 大麻 [23]。物質 使用 疾患 的 原因 可能 和 注意 力不足 過 動 症 造成 的 大腦 回 饋酬賞 迴路改變 有 關 [23]。若 注意 力不足 過 動 症 和 物質 使用 疾患 一 起 出現 ,這會讓 注意 力不足 過 動 症 的 評 估及治療 更 加 困難 。如果ADHD合併 「嚴重 的 」物質 濫用 問題 ,基 於往後 衍生的 風 險 大小 之 考量 ,會 優先 治療 物質 濫用 問題 [59][60]。睡眠 障碍 常和 ADHD一 起 出現 。這也可能 是 治療 ADHD的 副作用 。對 於注意力 不足 過 動 症 的 兒童 而言,失 眠 是 最 常見 的 睡眠 障碍 ,一般會用行為療法來進行治療[61][62]。 ADHD患者 常 伴 隨 著 不 容易 入 睡 的 問題 ,而他們也會 睡 的 比較 熟 ,因 此早上 不 容易 起床 [63],有 時 會 針 對 不 容易 入 睡 的 兒童 用 褪黑素 治療 [64]。- ADHD
的 患者 約 有 50%有 對立 反抗 症 (ODD),有 20%有 行為 規範 障礙 (CD)[65],其特性 是 反 社會 的 行為 ,例 如心態 固執 、有 攻擊 性 、常常 鬧脾氣 、說 謊和偷竊等 [58]。若 有 對立 反抗 症 或 行為 規範 障礙 的 ADHD患者 ,長大 成人 後 出現 反 社会 人格 障碍 的 機 率 約 有 一半 [66]。根據 腦 部 造影 ,可 確認 ADHD和 行為 規範 障礙 是 兩 種 不同 的 疾病 [67]。 有 關 注意 力 的 原發 型 疾病 ,其症狀 是 注意 力 不 佳 ,不 容易 專 注 ,也不容易 維持 清 醒。這類兒童 常會 坐 立 不安 、打 呵 欠 及伸展 身體 ,這些動作 看 似 過 動 ,但 其實是 為 了 讓 自己 維持 警覺以及有 活力 的 狀態 [68]。遲緩 的 認知 速 率 (SCT)是 許多 症狀 的 總稱 ,其中不 少 症狀 可能 也包括 了 注意 力 不足 的 問題 。在 ADHD的 個 案 中 ,不 論 其子類型 如何 ,有 30%至 50%符合 這些症狀 [69]。刻 板 的 慣性 動作 症 [12]情感 障礙 (特別 是 躁鬱 症 及重度 抑 郁 症 )。診斷 患有混合 子 類型 ADHD的 男 孩較容易 有情 感 障礙 [56]。有 ADHD的 成人 有 時 也會有 躁鬱 症 ,需要 很仔細 的 評 估來診斷 及治療 這兩種 疾病 [70]。注意 力不足 過 動 症 的 患者 較常有 不 寧 腿 綜合 症 ,一般 是 因 為 缺 鐵 性 貧血 所 造成 [71][72]。不 過 不 寧 腿 綜合 症 也可能 是 注意 力不足 過 動 症 症狀 的 一部 份,因 此需要 進行 詳細 的 診斷 ,區分 不 寧 腿 綜合 症 和 注意 力不足 過 動 症 [73]。注意 力不足 過 動 症 的 患者 出現 夜 遺尿 的 風 險 較高[74]。
智力
编辑
診斷
编辑
ADHD
病因 學
编辑
基 因 遺傳
编辑
環境 因 素
编辑
截至2018
社會
编辑
ADHD
病理 生理學
编辑
而
截至2019
治療
编辑
行為 治療
编辑
藥物
编辑
飲食
编辑
2017
流行 病 學
编辑
歷史
编辑
1798
1937
預 後
编辑
孩童
ADHD
社會 與 文化
编辑
一些家庭對過度活躍症認識不深,
治療 方式 的 爭議
编辑
中國 大陸 、香港
编辑
備註
编辑参考 文献
编辑
參考 資料
编辑
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原始 内容 存 档于2016-07-23). - ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Symptoms and Diagnosis. Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Division of Human Development, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014-09-29 [2014-11-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-11-07). - ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Dulcan MK, Lake M. Axis I Disorders Usually First Diagnosed in Infancy, Childhood or Adolescence: Attention-Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Concise Guide to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 4th illustrated. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2011: 34. ISBN 978-1-58562-416-4 –
通 过Google Books. - ^ Ferri, Fred F. Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. 2010: Chapter A. ISBN 0323076998.
- ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 CDC. ADHD Symptoms and Diagnosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2017-08-31 [2018-07-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-11-07).Deciding if a child has ADHD is a several-step process. This page gives you an overview of how ADHD is diagnosed. There is no single test to diagnose ADHD, and many other problems, like sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, and certain types of learning disabilities, can have similar symptoms.
- ^ Coghill DR, Banaschewski T, Soutullo C, Cottingham MG, Zuddas A. Systematic review of quality of life and functional outcomes in randomized placebo-controlled studies of medications for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2017-11, 26 (11): 1283–1307. ISSN 1018-8827. PMC 5656703 . PMID 28429134. doi:10.1007/s00787-017-0986-y.
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原始 内容 存 档于2017-04-09). - ^ Emond V, Joyal C, Poissant H. [Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] [Structural and functional neuroanatomy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)]. L'Encephale. 2009-04, 35 (2): 107–14. PMID 19393378. doi:10.1016/j.encep.2008.01.005 (
法 语). - ^ 22.0 22.1 Singh I. Beyond polemics: science and ethics of ADHD. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience. 2008-12, 9 (12): 957–64. PMID 19020513. doi:10.1038/nrn2514.
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Reports indicate that ADHD affects 2.5%–5% of adults in the general population,5–8 compared with 5%–7% of children.9,10 ... However, fewer than 20% of adults with ADHD are currently diagnosed and/or treated by psychiatrists.7,15,16
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原始 内容 存 档于2016-01-13) –通 过NCBI Bookshelf. - ^ 28.0 28.1 Canadian ADHD Practice Guidelines (PDF). Canadian ADHD Alliance. [2011-02-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-01-21). - ^ 29.0 29.1 Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Recommendations. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2015-06-24 [2015-07-13]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-07-07). - ^ NIMH » The Multimodal Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study (MTA):Questions and Answers. NIMH » Home. [2019-01-01]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-01-30).Why were the MTA medication treatments more effective than community treatments that also usually included medication? Answer: There were substantial differences in quality and intensity between the study-provided medication treatments and those provided in the community care group.
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原始 内容 存 档于2020-12-22). - ^ Lange KW, Reichl S, Lange KM, Tucha L, Tucha O. The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 2010-12, 2 (4): 241–55. PMC 3000907 . PMID 21258430. doi:10.1007/s12402-010-0045-8.
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原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2015-09-24). - ^ Silver LB. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 3rd. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2004: 4–7. ISBN 978-1-58562-131-6.
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原始 内容 存 档于2016-04-20). - ^
陳 錦 宏 .台灣 心 動 家族 兒童 青少年 關 懷 協會 理事 長 陳 錦 宏 醫師 敬 上 . Tc-adhd.com. 2015-04-18 [2016-12-09]. (原始 内容 存 档于2018-02-24) (中 文 (臺灣 )).理事 長 的 話 :在 這場演 講 ,協會 提出 第 一 個 主張 ,我 們主張 將 ADHD原本 「過 動 兒 」的中 文 稱呼 改 為 「心 動 兒 」,因 為 ADHD包含 沒 有 過 動 症狀 的 不 專心 兒童 ,「過 動 兒 」常 令 人 混淆 ,另外過 動 兒 文字 本身 即 包含 負 面 意 涵,而心動 兒 無 此字義 上 的 問題 。 - ^
陳 錦 宏 .過 動 兒 現象 如何 避免被 以偏概 全 .康 健 雜誌 . 2017-01-25 [2018-04-14]. (原始 内容 存 档于2017-09-24) (中 文 ). - ^ ADHD: Symptoms and Diagnosis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017). 2017-08-31. (
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原始 内容 存 档于2013-03-01). - ^ 46.0 46.1 CDC, Facts About ADHD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016-01-06 [2016-03-20], (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-22) - ^ 47.0 47.1 Ramsay JR. Cognitive behavioral therapy for adult ADHD. Routledge. 2007: 4, 25–26. ISBN 978-0-415-95501-0.
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原始 内容 存 档于2013-01-19). - ^ Gershon J. A meta-analytic review of gender differences in ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2002-01, 5 (3): 143–54. PMID 11911007. doi:10.1177/108705470200500302.
- ^ Coleman WL. Social competence and friendship formation in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Adolescent Medicine. 2008-08, 19 (2): 278–99, x. PMID 18822833.
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原始 内容 存 档于2013-11-05). - ^ Racine MB, Majnemer A, Shevell M, Snider L. Handwriting performance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Journal of Child Neurology. 2008-04, 23 (4): 399–406. PMID 18401033. doi:10.1177/0883073807309244.
- ^ F90 Hyperkinetic disorders, International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision, World Health Organisation, 2010 [2014-11-02], (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-11-02) - ^ Bellani M, Moretti A, Perlini C, Brambilla P. Language disturbances in ADHD. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 2011-12, 20 (4): 311–5. PMID 22201208. doi:10.1017/S2045796011000527.
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原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-01). - ^ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Wilens TE, Spencer TJ. Understanding attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder from childhood to adulthood. Postgraduate Medicine. 2010-09, 122 (5): 97–109. PMC 3724232 . PMID 20861593. doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.09.2206.
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原始 内容 存 档于2017-02-07). - ^ 76.0 76.1 Ertürk E, Wouters S, Imeraj L, Lampo A. Association of ADHD and Celiac Disease: What Is the Evidence? A Systematic Review of the Literature. Journal of Attention Disorders (Review). 2016-01: 108705471561149. PMID 26825336. doi:10.1177/1087054715611493.
Up till now, there is no conclusive evidence for a relationship between ADHD and CD. Therefore, it is not advised to perform routine screening of CD when assessing ADHD (and vice versa) or to implement GFD as a standard treatment in ADHD. Nevertheless, the possibility of untreated CD predisposing to ADHD-like behavior should be kept in mind. ... It is possible that in untreated patients with CD, neurologic symptoms such as chronic fatigue, inattention, pain, and headache could predispose patients to ADHD-like behavior (mainly symptoms of inattentive type), which may be alleviated after GFD treatment. (CD: celiac disease; GFD: gluten-free diet)
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原始 内容 存 档于2020-09-23). - ^ Hyperactivity: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. 2018-07-09 [2018-07-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-07-15).Hyperactivity is often considered more of a problem for schools and parents than it is for the child. But many hyperactive children are unhappy, or even depressed. Hyperactive behavior may make a child a target for bullying, or make it harder to connect with other children. Schoolwork may be more difficult. Kids who are hyperactive are frequently punished for their behavior. Excessive movement (hyperkinetic behavior) often decreases as the child grows older. It may disappear entirely by adolescence.
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引用 错误:没 有 为名为NIMH_ADHD_basic
的 参考 文献 提供 内容 - ^
陳 錦 宏 .心 動 家族 :注意 力不足 過 動 症 ADHD的 第 三 條 路 .台灣 心 動 家族 兒童 青少年 關 懷 協會 . Tc-adhd.com. 2016-12-13 [2017-02]. (原始 内容 存 档于2018-02-24) (中 文 (臺灣 )). - ^ Wiener JM, Dulcan MK. Textbook Of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry illustrated. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2004 [2014-11-02]. ISBN 978-1-58562-057-9. (
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- ^ Maturation of the brain, as reflected in the age at which a cortex area attains peak thickness, in ADHD (above) and normal development (below). Lighter areas are thinner, darker areas thicker. Light blue in the ADHD sequence corresponds to the same thickness as light purple in the normal development sequence. The darkest areas in the lower part of the brain, which are not associated with ADHD, had either already peaked in thickness by the start of the study, or, for statistical reasons, were not amenable to defining an age of peak cortex thickness. Movie of same data below. Source: NIMH Child Psychiatry Branch
- ^ Brain Matures a Few Years Late in ADHD, But Follows Normal Pattern. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2015-10-06 [2018-12-29]. (
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原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-09).Despite being the most studied disorder in child psychiatry, the pathophysiology of ADHD remains elusive.
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高 淑 芬.家 有 過 動 兒 :幫助ADHD孩子快樂 成長 .台北 :心靈 工 坊 . 2013-08-28. ISBN 9789866112805. - ^ 98.0 98.1 Millichap, J. Gordon. Chapter 2: Causative Factors. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD 2nd. New York, NY: Springer Science. 2010: 26 [2021-02-06]. ISBN 978-1-4419-1396-8. LCCN 2009938108. doi:10.1007/978-104419-1397-5. (
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原始 内容 存 档于2017-02-01).Although there is little direct evidence, changes in trace amines, in particular PE, have been identified as a possible factor for the onset of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). … Further, amphetamines, which have clinical utility in ADHD, are good ligands at trace amine receptors. Of possible relevance in this aspect is modafanil, which has shown beneficial effects in ADHD patients and has been reported to enhance the activity of PE at TAAR1. Conversely, methylphenidate, …showed poor efficacy at the TAAR1 receptor. In this respect it is worth noting that the enhancement of functioning at TAAR1 seen with modafanil was not a result of a direct interaction with TAAR1.
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Free fatty acid supplementation and artificial food color exclusions appear to have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, although the effect of the former are small and those of the latter may be limited to ADHD patients with food sensitivities...
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an elimination diet produces a small aggregate effect but may have greater benefit among some children. Very few studies enable proper evaluation of the likelihood of response in children with ADHD who are not already preselected based on prior diet response.
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通 过Google Books.Mental diseases are invented and then given a name, for example attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
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Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.
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NOTE: DA: dopamine, LC: locus coeruleus, VTA: ventral tegmental area, 5HT: serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) - ^ Castellanos FX, Proal E. Large-scale brain systems in ADHD: beyond the prefrontal-striatal model. Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.). 2012-01, 16 (1): 17–26. PMC 3272832 . PMID 22169776. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.11.007.
Recent conceptualizations of ADHD have taken seriously the distributed nature of neuronal processing [10,11,35,36]. Most of the candidate networks have focused on prefrontal-striatal-cerebellar circuits, although other posterior regions are also being proposed [10].
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- ^ Dresel, S; Krause, J; Krause, KH; LaFougere, C; Brinkbäumer, K; Kung, HF; Hahn, K; Tatsch, K. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: binding of [99mTc]TRODAT-1 to the dopamine transporter before and after methylphenidate treatment.. European journal of nuclear medicine. 2000, 27 (10): 1518–24. ISSN 0340-6997. PMID 11083541.
- ^ Krause, KH; Dresel, SH; Krause, J; la Fougere, C; Ackenheil, M. The dopamine transporter and neuroimaging in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews. 2003, 27 (7): 605–13. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 14624805.
- ^ Bymaster, F. Atomoxetine Increases Extracellular Levels of Norepinephrine and Dopamine in Prefrontal Cortex of Rat A Potential Mechanism for Efficacy in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology (Springer Nature). 2002, 27 (5): 699–711 [2017-02-17]. doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(02)00346-9.
The selective norepinephrine (NE) transporter inhibitor atomoxetine (formerly called tomoxetine or LY139603) has been shown to alleviate symptoms in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
- ^ Faraone, Stephen V. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews (Elsevier BV). 2018, 87: 255–270. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 29428394. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001.
Although a substantial amount of research has focused on dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE), ADHD has also been linked to dysfunction in serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]), acetylcholine (ACH), opioid, and glutamate (GLU) pathways (Cortese, 2012; Maltezos et al., 2014; Blum et al., 2008; Potter et al., 2014; Elia et al., 2011). The alterations in these neurotransmitter systems affect the function of brain structures that moderate executive function, working memory, emotional regulation, and reward processing (Fig. 1) (Faraone et al., 2015).
- ^ Cortese S. The neurobiology and genetics of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): what every clinician should know. European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 2012-09, 16 (5): 422–33. PMID 22306277. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2012.01.009.
- ^ Lesch KP, Merker S, Reif A, Novak M. Dances with black widow spiders: dysregulation of glutamate signalling enters centre stage in ADHD. European Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013-06, 23 (6): 479–91. PMID 22939004. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.07.013.
- ^ Shaw M, Hodgkins P, Caci H, Young S, Kahle J, Woods AG, Arnold LE. A systematic review and analysis of long-term outcomes in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of treatment and non-treatment. BMC Medicine. 2012-09, 10: 99. PMC 3520745 . PMID 22947230. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-99.
- ^ Bidwell LC, McClernon FJ, Kollins SH. Cognitive enhancers for the treatment of ADHD. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior. 2011-08, 99 (2): 262–74. PMC 3353150 . PMID 21596055. doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.002.
- ^ 154.0 154.1 Modesto-Lowe V, Chaplin M, Soovajian V, Meyer A. Are motivation deficits underestimated in patients with ADHD? A review of the literature. Postgraduate Medicine. 2013-07, 125 (4): 47–52. PMID 23933893. doi:10.3810/pgm.2013.07.2677.
Behavioral studies show altered processing of reinforcement and incentives in children with ADHD. These children respond more impulsively to rewards and choose small, immediate rewards over larger, delayed incentives. Interestingly, a high intensity of reinforcement is effective in improving task performance in children with ADHD. Pharmacotherapy may also improve task persistence in these children. ... Previous studies suggest that a clinical approach using interventions to improve motivational processes in patients with ADHD may improve outcomes as children with ADHD transition into adolescence and adulthood.
- ^ Fabiano GA, Pelham WE, Coles EK, Gnagy EM, Chronis-Tuscano A, O'Connor BC. A meta-analysis of behavioral treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Psychology Review. 2009-03, 29 (2): 129–40. PMID 19131150. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.11.001.
- ^ Kratochvil CJ, Vaughan BS, Barker A, Corr L, Wheeler A, Madaan V. Review of pediatric attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder for the general psychiatrist. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2009-03, 32 (1): 39–56. PMID 19248915. doi:10.1016/j.psc.2008.10.001.
- ^ Evans SW, Owens JS, Bunford N. Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2014, 43 (4): 527–51. PMC 4025987 . PMID 24245813. doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.850700.
- ^ Daley D, Van Der Oord S, Ferrin M, Cortese S, Danckaerts M, Doepfner M, Van den Hoofdakker BJ, Coghill D, Thompson M, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Buitelaar J, Dittmann RW, Hollis C, Holtmann M, Konofal E, Lecendreux M, Rothenberger A, Santosh P, Simonoff E, Soutullo C, Steinhausen HC, Stringaris A, Taylor E, Wong IC, Zuddas A, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Practitioner Review: Current best practice in the use of parent training and other behavioural interventions in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (PDF). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines. 2017-10, 59 (9): 932–947 [2019-11-21]. PMID 29083042. doi:10.1111/jcpp.12825. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2019-04-04). - ^ Arns M, de Ridder S, Strehl U, Breteler M, Coenen A. Efficacy of neurofeedback treatment in ADHD: the effects on inattention, impulsivity and hyperactivity: a meta-analysis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience. 2009-07, 40 (3): 180–9. PMID 19715181. doi:10.1177/155005940904000311.
- ^ Cortese S, Ferrin M, Brandeis D, Holtmann M, Aggensteiner P, Daley D, Santosh P, Simonoff E, Stevenson J, Stringaris A, Sonuga-Barke EJ. Neurofeedback for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Neuropsychological Outcomes From Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2016-06, 55 (6): 444–55. PMID 27238063. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.03.007. hdl:1854/LU-8123796.
- ^ Bjornstad G, Montgomery P. Bjornstad GJ , 编. Family therapy for attention-deficit disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2005-04, (2): CD005042. PMID 15846741. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005042.pub2.
- ^ Turkington, Carol; Harris, Joseph. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The Encyclopedia of the Brain and Brain Disorders. Infobase Publishing: 47. 2009. ISBN 978-1-4381-2703-3 –
通 过Google Books. - ^ Mikami AY. The importance of friendship for youth with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review. 2010-06, 13 (2): 181–98. PMC 2921569 . PMID 20490677. doi:10.1007/s10567-010-0067-y.
- ^ 164.0 164.1 164.2 164.3 164.4 Den Heijer AE, Groen Y, Tucha L, Fuermaier AB, Koerts J, Lange KW, Thome J, Tucha O. Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. Journal of Neural Transmission. 2017-02, 124 (Suppl 1): 3–26. PMC 5281644 . PMID 27400928. doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7.
Beneficial chronic effects of cardio exercise were found on various functions as well, including executive functions, attention and behavior.
- ^ 165.0 165.1 Kamp CF, Sperlich B, Holmberg HC. Exercise reduces the symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and improves social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters. Acta Paediatrica. 2014-07, 103 (7): 709–14. PMID 24612421. doi:10.1111/apa.12628.
We may conclude that all different types of exercise ... attenuate the characteristic symptoms of ADHD and improve social behaviour, motor skills, strength and neuropsychological parameters without any undesirable side effects. Available reports do not reveal which type, intensity, duration and frequency of exercise is most effective
- ^ 166.0 166.1 Rommel AS, Halperin JM, Mill J, Asherson P, Kuntsi J. Protection from genetic diathesis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: possible complementary roles of exercise. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2013-09, 52 (9): 900–10. PMC 4257065 . PMID 23972692. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.05.018.
The findings from these studies provide some support for the notion that exercise has the potential to act as a protective factor for ADHD.
- ^ 167.0 167.1 167.2 Wigal SB. Efficacy and safety limitations of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder pharmacotherapy in children and adults. CNS Drugs. 2009,. 23 Suppl 1: 21–31. PMID 19621975. doi:10.2165/00023210-200923000-00004.
- ^ 168.0 168.1 Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, Nogueira M, Casas M. Castells X , 编. Amphetamines for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011-06, (6): CD007813. PMID 21678370. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007813.pub2.
- ^ Parker J, Wales G, Chalhoub N, Harpin V. The long-term outcomes of interventions for the management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Psychology Research and Behavior Management. 2013-09, 6: 87–99. PMC 3785407 . PMID 24082796. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S49114.
Results suggest there is moderate-to-high-level evidence that combined pharmacological and behavioral interventions, and pharmacological interventions alone can be effective in managing the core ADHD symptoms and academic performance at 14 months. However, the effect size may decrease beyond this period. ... There is high level evidence suggesting that pharmacological treatment can have a major beneficial effect on the core symptoms of ADHD (hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity) in approximately 80% of cases compared with placebo controls, in the short term.22
- ^ Storebø OJ, Ramstad E, Krogh HB, Nilausen TD, Skoog M, Holmskov M, et al. Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015-11, 11 (11): CD009885. PMID 26599576. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD009885.pub2.
- ^ 171.0 171.1 Ruiz-Goikoetxea M, Cortese S, Aznarez-Sanado M, Magallón S, Alvarez Zallo N, Luis EO, de Castro-Manglano P, Soutullo C, Arrondo G. Risk of unintentional injuries in children and adolescents with ADHD and the impact of ADHD medications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews. 2018-01, 84: 63–71. PMID 29162520. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.007.
- ^ Childress AC, Sallee FR. Revisiting clonidine: an innovative add-on option for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Drugs of Today. 2012-03, 48 (3): 207–17. PMID 22462040. doi:10.1358/dot.2012.48.3.1750904.
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原始 内容 存 档于2016-08-31). - ^ Prasad V, Brogan E, Mulvaney C, Grainge M, Stanton W, Sayal K. How effective are drug treatments for children with ADHD at improving on-task behaviour and academic achievement in the school classroom? A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2013-04, 22 (4): 203–16. PMID 23179416. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0346-x.
- ^ 175.0 175.1 Kiely B, Adesman A. What we do not know about ADHD… yet. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2015-06, 27 (3): 395–404. PMID 25888152. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000229.
In addition, a consensus has not been reached on the optimal diagnostic criteria for ADHD. Moreover, the benefits and long-term effects of medical and complementary therapies for this disorder continue to be debated. These gaps in knowledge hinder the ability of clinicians to effectively recognize and treat ADHD.
- ^ Hazell P. The challenges to demonstrating long-term effects of psychostimulant treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 2011-07, 24 (4): 286–90. PMID 21519262. doi:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32834742db.
- ^ Hart H, Radua J, Nakao T, Mataix-Cols D, Rubia K. Meta-analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of inhibition and attention in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: exploring task-specific, stimulant medication, and age effects. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013-02, 70 (2): 185–98. PMID 23247506. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.277.
- ^ Spencer TJ, Brown A, Seidman LJ, Valera EM, Makris N, Lomedico A, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Effect of psychostimulants on brain structure and function in ADHD: a qualitative literature review of magnetic resonance imaging-based neuroimaging studies. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 2013-09, 74 (9): 902–17. PMC 3801446 . PMID 24107764. doi:10.4088/JCP.12r08287.
- ^ Frodl T, Skokauskas N. Meta-analysis of structural MRI studies in children and adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder indicates treatment effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 2012-02, 125 (2): 114–26. PMID 22118249. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01786.x.
Basal ganglia regions like the right globus pallidus, the right putamen, and the nucleus caudatus are structurally affected in children with ADHD. These changes and alterations in limbic regions like ACC and amygdala are more pronounced in non-treated populations and seem to diminish over time from child to adulthood. Treatment seems to have positive effects on brain structure.
- ^ Cortese, Samuele; Adamo, Nicoletta; Del Giovane, Cinzia; Mohr-Jensen, Christina; Hayes, Adrian J; Carucci, Sara; Atkinson, Lauren Z; Tessari, Luca; Banaschewski, Tobias; Coghill, David; Hollis, Chris; Simonoff, Emily; Zuddas, Alessandro; Barbui, Corrado; Purgato, Marianna; Steinhausen, Hans-Christoph; Shokraneh, Farhad; Xia, Jun; Cipriani, Andrea. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of medications for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents, and adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry. 2018-09, 5 (9): 727–738. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30269-4.
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- ^ Young, Joel L. Individualizing Treatment for Adult ADHD: An Evidence-Based Guideline. Medscape. 2010 [2016-06-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2015-05-08). - ^ Biederman, Joseph. New-Generation Long-Acting Stimulants for the Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Medscape. 2003 [2016-06-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2003-12-07).As most treatment guidelines and prescribing information for stimulant medications relate to experience in school-aged children, prescribed doses for older patients are lacking. Emerging evidence for both methylphenidate and Adderall indicate that when weight-corrected daily doses, equipotent with those used in the treatment of younger patients, are used to treat adults with ADHD, these patients show a very robust clinical response consistent with that observed in pediatric studies. These data suggest that older patients may require a more aggressive approach in terms of dosing, based on the same target dosage ranges that have already been established – for methylphenidate, 1–1.5–2 mg/kg/day, and for D,L-amphetamine, 0.5–0.75–1 mg/kg/day....
In particular, adolescents and adults are vulnerable to underdosing, and are thus at potential risk of failing to receive adequate dosage levels. As with all therapeutic agents, the efficacy and safety of stimulant medications should always guide prescribing behavior: careful dosage titration of the selected stimulant product should help to ensure that each patient with ADHD receives an adequate dose, so that the clinical benefits of therapy can be fully attained. - ^ Kessler S. Drug therapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Southern Medical Journal. 1996-01, 89 (1): 33–8. PMID 8545689. doi:10.1097/00007611-199601000-00005.
- ^ 186.0 186.1 Storebø OJ, Pedersen N, Ramstad E, Kielsholm ML, Nielsen SS, Krogh HB, Moreira-Maia CR, Magnusson FL, Holmskov M, Gerner T, Skoog M, Rosendal S, Groth C, Gillies D, Buch Rasmussen K, Gauci D, Zwi M, Kirubakaran R, Håkonsen SJ, Aagaard L, Simonsen E, Gluud C. Methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents – assessment of adverse events in non-randomised studies. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2018-05, 5: CD012069. PMID 29744873. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD012069.pub2.
- ^ 187.0 187.1 187.2 Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W. Shoptaw SJ, Ali R , 编. Treatment for amphetamine psychosis. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2009-01, (1): CD003026. PMID 19160215. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3.
A minority of individuals who use amphetamines develop full-blown psychosis requiring care at emergency departments or psychiatric hospitals. In such cases, symptoms of amphetamine psychosis commonly include paranoid and persecutory delusions as well as auditory and visual hallucinations in the presence of extreme agitation. More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not require high-intensity intervention ...
About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983) ...
Findings from one trial indicate use of antipsychotic medications effectively resolves symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis. - ^ Adderall XR Prescribing Information (PDF). United States Food and Drug Administration. Shire US Inc. 2013-12 [2013-12-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2013-12-30).Treatment-emergent psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g., hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in children and adolescents without prior history of psychotic illness or mania can be caused by stimulants at usual doses. ... In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo controlled studies, such symptoms occurred in about 0.1% (4 patients with events out of 3482 exposed to methylphenidate or amphetamine for several weeks at usual doses) of stimulant-treated patients compared to 0 in placebo-treated patients.
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supervised use of stimulants at therapeutic doses may decrease risk of experimentation with drugs to self-medicate symptoms. Second, untreated ADHD may lead to school failure, peer rejection, and subsequent association with deviant peer groups that encourage drug misuse. ... amphetamines and methylphenidate are used in low doses to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in higher doses to treat narcolepsy (Chapter 12). Despite their clinical uses, these drugs are strongly reinforcing, and their long-term use at high doses is linked with potential addiction
- ^ Oregon Health & Science University. Black box warnings of ADHD drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Portland, Oregon: United States National Library of Medicine. 2009 [2014-01-17]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-09-08). - ^ Ashton H, Gallagher P, Moore B. The adult psychiatrist's dilemma: psychostimulant use in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Psychopharmacology. 2006-09, 20 (5): 602–10 [2019-11-21]. PMID 16478756. doi:10.1177/0269881106061710. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-08-15). - ^ Nigg JT, Lewis K, Edinger T, Falk M. Meta-analysis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, restriction diet, and synthetic food color additives. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2012-01, 51 (1): 86–97.e8. PMC 4321798 . PMID 22176942. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.015.
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- ^ Bloch MH, Mulqueen J. Nutritional supplements for the treatment of ADHD. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 2014-10, 23 (4): 883–97. PMC 4170184 . PMID 25220092. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2014.05.002.
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Zinc binds at ... extracellular sites of the DAT [103], serving as a DAT inhibitor. In this context, controlled double-blind studies in children are of interest, which showed positive effects of zinc [supplementation] on symptoms of ADHD [105,106]. It should be stated that at this time [supplementation] with zinc is not integrated in any ADHD treatment algorithm.
- ^ Bloch MH, Qawasmi A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for the treatment of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology: systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2011-10, 50 (10): 991–1000. PMC 3625948 . PMID 21961774. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.06.008.
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- ^ Approximate Prevalence Distribution of the Subtypes of ADHD as cited by Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adult ADHD. New York, NY: Routledge. 2008.
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common developmental disorder of childhood, affecting approximately 3–9% of schoolchildren [1,2].
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7.2% (95% confidence interval: 6.7 to 7.8)
- ^ Kessler, Ronald C.; Adler, Lenard; Barkley, Russell; Biederman, Joseph; Conners, C. Keith; Demler, Olga; Faraone, Stephen V.; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Howes, Mary J.; Secnik, Kristina; Spencer, Thomas; Ustun, T. Bedirhan; Walters, Ellen E.; Zaslavsky, Alan M. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The American journal of psychiatry. 1963-06-08, 163 (4) [2018-09-26]. PMID 16585449. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.716. (
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- ^ Polanczyk, Guilherme; de Lima, Maurício Silva; Horta, Bernardo Lessa; Biederman, Joseph; Rohde, Luis Augusto. The Worldwide Prevalence of ADHD: A Systematic Review and Metaregression Analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry (American Psychiatric Publishing). 2007, 164 (6): 942–948. ISSN 0002-953X. doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942.
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- ^ Jones, edited by Ming Tsuang, Mauricio Tohen, Peter B. Textbook of psychiatric epidemiology 3rd. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. : 450 [2018-09-16]. ISBN 9780470977408. (
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全 民 健康 保險 研究 資料 庫 National Health Insurance Research Database. Taiwan, Republic of China. . [2017-03-17]. (原始 内容 存 档于2017-02-15). - ^
注意 力不足 過 動 症 ADHD的 第 三 條 路 :心 動 家族 .康 健 雜誌 . 2016-10-04 [2017-06-21]. (原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-25) (中 文 ).「
台灣 對 這個疾病 的 知識 不足 ,網 路 民間 常 流竄 1-20年 前 過 時 的 資料 ,而真正 接受 過 此疾病 診斷 及整合 式 治療 訓練 的 專 科 醫師 如兒心 科 醫師 又 少 之 又 少 。」、「ADHD全 世界 平均 盛行 率 為 7.2%,台灣 社 區 研究 為 7.5%,而台灣 健保 資料 庫 研究 顯示 只 有 2.3%接受 診斷 ,1.6%用 藥 ,1%的 人 接受 足 夠時間 完 整 的 治療 ,所以 可 了解 有 許多 人 求 助 無 門 因 而情況 日 益 惡化 。 」 - ^ Domenic Greco, PhD. Is Prevalence of ADD/ADHD the Same in the U.S., Europe, and Japan?. 2012-09-10 [2017-04-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-07-03).Japan reports a 7% of school-aged children have ADD/ADHD.
- ^
Park, Subin; Cho, Maeng Je; Chang, Sung Man; Jeon, Hong Jin; Cho, Seong-Jin; Kim, Byung-Soo; Bae, Jae Nam; Wang, Hee-Ryung; Ahn, Joon Ho; Hong, Jin Pyo. Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidities of adult ADHD symptoms in Korea: Results of the Korean epidemiologic catchment area study. Psychiatry Research (Elsevier BV). 2011, 186 (2-3): 378–383 [2017-04-21]. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.047.
In the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, 4.4% of 3199 subjects aged 18 to 44 years met the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD (Kessler et al., 2006). The acceptance of ADHD symptoms in adults, because the prevalence rates of ADHD in Korean school-age children are similar to the rates reported in Western countries (Kim, 2002).
- ^ Pham, Hoai Danh; Nguyen, Huu Bao Han; Tran, Diep Tuan. Prevalence of ADHD in primary school children in Vinh Long, Vietnam. Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society (Wiley). 2015-08-19, 57 (5): 856–859. ISSN 1328-8067. PMID 25864909. doi:10.1111/ped.12656.
- ^ Wang, Tingting; Liu, Kaihua; Li, Zhanzhan; Xu, Yang; Liu, Yuan; Shi, Wenpei; Chen, Lizhang. Prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder among children and adolescents in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry (systematic review, meta-analysis (secondary source)). 2017, 17 (1). ISSN 1471-244X. doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1187-9.
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陳 國 齡 . Child with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)認識 注意 力 不足 /過度 活躍 症 (PDF).中華人民共和國 香港 特別 行政 區 政府 教育 局 The government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of People's Republic of China. [2017-04-22]. (原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2017-03-29). - ^ Davis, J. Mark; Lao, Ian Leong. Comparison of the Level and Prevalence of ADHD Symptoms in Macao (China) and U.S. University Students. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology (Informa UK Limited). 2013, 1 (4): 269–277 [2017-04-21]. doi:10.1080/21683603.2013.804469.
- ^ 224.0 224.1 224.2 224.3 224.4 ADHD Throughout the Years (PDF). Center For Disease Control and Prevention. [2013-08-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2013-08-07). - ^ National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. CG72 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): full guideline (PDF). NHS. 2008-09-24 [2018-12-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2014-02-25). - ^ Dalsgaard, S. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).. European child & adolescent psychiatry. 2013-02,. 22 Suppl 1: S43–8. PMID 23202886. doi:10.1007/s00787-012-0360-z.
- ^ Palmer ED, Finger S. An early description of ADHD (inattentive subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and 'Mental restlessness' (1798). Child and Adolescent Mental Health. 2001-05, 6 (2): 66–73. doi:10.1111/1475-3588.00324.
- ^ Crichton A. An inquiry into the nature and origin of mental derangement: comprehending a concise system of the physiology and pathology of the human mind and a history of the passions and their effects. United Kingdom: AMS Press. 1798: 271 [2014-01-17]. ISBN 9780404082123. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-12-22). - ^ An Early Description of ADHD (Inattentive Subtype): Dr Alexander Crichton and `Mental Restlessness'(1798)Child and Adolescent Mental Health[dead link],Volume 6, Number 2, May 2001 , pp. 66–73 (8)
- ^ Millichap, J. Gordon. Chapter 1: Definition and History of ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Handbook: A Physician's Guide to ADHD 2nd. Springer Science. 2010: 2–3 [2021-02-06]. ISBN 978-1-4419-1396-8. LCCN 2009938108. doi:10.1007/978-104419-1397-5. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-12-22). - ^ Weiss M. ADHD in Adulthood: A Guide to Current Theory, Diagnosis, and Treatment. JHU Press. 2010 [2014-01-17]. ISBN 9781421401317. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-09-06). - ^ Patrick KS, Straughn AB, Perkins JS, González MA. Evolution of stimulants to treat ADHD: transdermal methylphenidate. Human Psychopharmacology. 2009-02, 24 (1): 1–17. PMC 2629554 . PMID 19051222. doi:10.1002/hup.992.
- ^ Rasmussen N. Making the first anti-depressant: amphetamine in American medicine, 1929–1950. J . Hist. Med. Allied Sci. 2006-07, 61 (3): 288–323. PMID 16492800. doi:10.1093/jhmas/jrj039.
- ^ Barkley, Russell A; Fischer, Mariellen; Smallish, Lori; Fletcher, Kenneth. Young Adult Outcome of Hyperactive Children: Adaptive Functioning in Major Life Activities. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2006, 45 (2): 192–202. ISSN 0890-8567. PMID 16429090. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000189134.97436.e2.
- ^ BIEDERMAN, JOSEPH; MONUTEAUX, MICHAEL C.; MICK, ERIC; SPENCER, THOMAS; WILENS, TIMOTHY E.; SILVA, JULIE M.; SNYDER, LINDSEY E.; FARAONE, STEPHEN V. Young adult outcome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a controlled 10-year follow-up study. Psychological medicine (Cambridge University Press (CUP)). 2006-01-18, 36 (02): 167. ISSN 0033-2917. PMID 16420713. doi:10.1017/s0033291705006410.
- ^ Mannuzza, Salvatore; Klein, Rachel G.; Bessler, Abrah; Malloy, Patricia; LaPadula, Maria. Adult Psychiatric Status of Hyperactive Boys Grown Up. The American journal of psychiatry (American Psychiatric Publishing). 1998, 155 (4): 493–498. ISSN 0002-953X. PMID 9545994. doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.493.
- ^ Biederman, Joseph; Mick, Eric; Fried, Ronna; Wilner, Nicole; Spencer, Thomas J.; Faraone, Stephen V. Are stimulants effective in the treatment of executive function deficits? Results from a randomized double blind study of OROS-methylphenidate in adults with ADHD. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology (Elsevier BV). 2011, 21 (7): 508–515. ISSN 0924-977X. PMID 21303732. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.11.005.
- ^ Faraone SV, Asherson P, Banaschewski T, Biederman J, Buitelaar JK, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rohde LA, Sonuga-Barke EJ, Tannock R, Franke B. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (PDF). Nature Reviews. Disease Primers (Review). 2015-08, 1: 15020 [2018-12-31]. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.497.1346 . PMID 27189265. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.20. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2020-07-28). - ^ Storebø, Ole Jakob; Ramstad, Erica; Krogh, Helle B.; Nilausen, Trine Danvad; Skoog, Maria; Holmskov, Mathilde; Rosendal, Susanne; Groth, Camilla; Magnusson, Frederik L; Moreira-Maia, Carlos R; Gillies, Donna; Buch Rasmussen, Kirsten; Gauci, Dorothy; Zwi, Morris; Kirubakaran, Richard; Forsbøl, Bente; Simonsen, Erik; Gluud, Christian, Storebø, Ole Jakob , 编, Methylphenidate for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), The Cochrane database of systematic reviews (systematic review) (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd), 2015-11-25, (11), PMID 26599576, doi:10.1002/14651858.cd009885.pub2
- ^ Mannuzza, S; Klein, RG. Long-term prognosis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America. 2000, 9 (3): 711–26. ISSN 1056-4993. PMID 10944664.
- ^ Molina, Brooke S.G.; Hinshaw, Stephen P.; Swanson, James M.; Arnold, L. Eugene; Vitiello, Benedetto; Jensen, Peter S.; Epstein, Jeffery N.; Hoza, Betsy; Hechtman, Lily; Abikoff, Howard B.; Elliott, Glen R.; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Newcorn, Jeffrey H.; Wells, Karen C.; Wigal, Timothy; Gibbons, Robert D.; Hur, Kwan; Houck, Patricia R. The MTA at 8 Years: Prospective Follow-up of Children Treated for Combined-Type ADHD in a Multisite Study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2009, 48 (5): 484–500. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 3063150 . PMID 19318991. doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819c23d0.
- ^ Hechtman, Lily; Swanson, James M.; Sibley, Margaret H.; Stehli, Annamarie; Owens, Elizabeth B.; Mitchell, John T.; Arnold, L. Eugene; Molina, Brooke S.G.; Hinshaw, Stephen P.; Jensen, Peter S.; Abikoff, Howard B.; Perez Algorta, Guillermo; Howard, Andrea L.; Hoza, Betsy; Etcovitch, Joy; Houssais, Sylviane; Lakes, Kimberley D.; Nichols, J. Quyen; Vitiello, Benedetto; Severe, Joanne B.; Jensen, Peter S.; Arnold, L. Eugene; Hoagwood, Kimberly; Richters, John; Vereen, Donald; Hinshaw, Stephen P.; Elliott, Glen R.; Wells, Karen C.; Epstein, Jeffery N.; Murray, Desiree W.; Conners, C. Keith; March, John; Swanson, James; Wigal, Timothy; Cantwell, Dennis P.; Abikoff, Howard B.; Hechtman, Lily; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Newcorn, Jeffrey H.; Molina, Brooke; Hoza, Betsy; Pelham, William E.; Gibbons, Robert D.; Marcus, Sue; Hur, Kwan; Kraemer, Helena C.; Hanley, Thomas; Stern, Karen. Functional Adult Outcomes 16 Years After Childhood Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: MTA Results. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2016, 55 (11): 945–952.e2. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 5113724 . PMID 27806862. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.774.
- ^ Roy, Arunima; Hechtman, Lily; Arnold, L. Eugene; Swanson, James M.; Molina, Brooke S.G.; Sibley, Margaret H.; Howard, Andrea L.; Vitiello, Benedetto; Severe, Joanne B.; Jensen, Peter S.; Arnold, L. Eugene; Hoagwood, Kimberly; Richters, John; Vereen, Donald; Hinshaw, Stephen P.; Elliott, Glen R.; Wells, Karen C.; Epstein, Jeffery N.; Murray, Desiree W.; Conners, C. Keith; March, John; Swanson, James; Wigal, Timothy; Cantwell, Dennis P.; Abikoff, Howard B.; Hechtman, Lily; Greenhill, Laurence L.; Newcorn, Jeffrey H.; Molina, Brooke; Hoza, Betsy; Pelham, William E.; Gibbons, Robert D.; Marcus, Sue; Hur, Kwan; Kraemer, Helena C.; Hanley, Thomas; Stern, Karen. Childhood Predictors of Adult Functional Outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA). Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 2017, 56 (8): 687–695.e7. ISSN 0890-8567. PMC 5555165 . PMID 28735698. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.05.020.
- ^ RICHTERS, JOHN E.; ARNOLD, L. EUGENE; JENSEN, PETER S.; ABIKOFF, HOWARD; CONNERS, C. KEITH; GREENHILL, LAURENCE L.; HECHTMAN, LILY; HINSHAW, STEPHEN P.; PELHAM, WILLIAM E.; SWANSON, JAMES M. NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD: I. Background and Rationale. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Elsevier BV). 1995, 34 (8): 987–1000. ISSN 0890-8567. PMID 7665456. doi:10.1097/00004583-199508000-00008.
- ^ CELEBRATION: Love & Bliss FLOW WITH ME..! 4/14/14. Eliza Dushku's official website. [2016-10-15].
- ^
林 瑩真.過 動 男 童 遭霸凌 一 年 半 學校 上 吊 輕 生 「妹 目睹 崩潰 痛哭 」. TVBS. 2018-09-26 [2018-09-28]. (原始 内容 存 档于2018-09-29) (中 文 ). - ^
紅 豆 Q粉 粿.放 學 前 先 遮 傷口 !過 動 症 男 孩瞞著 父母 獨 忍 霸凌自殺 當 天 微笑 上 學 .鍵盤 大 檸檬 . 2018-09-14 [2018-09-28]. (原始 内容 存 档于2018-09-29) (中 文 ). - ^ 'Bullied' schoolboy, 14, was found hanged in school toilet by his sister as dad calls for headteacher's resignation. The Sun. 2018-09-20 [2018-09-29]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2018-09-29). - ^ Chen, Vincent Chin-Hung; Chan, Hsiang-Lin; Wu, Shu-I; Lee, Meng; Lu, Mong-Liang; Liang, Hsin-Yi; Dewey, Michael E.; Stewart, Robert; Lee, Charles Tzu-Chi. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Mortality Risk in Taiwan. JAMA network open (American Medical Association (AMA)). 2019-08-07, 2 (8): e198714. ISSN 2574-3805. PMID 31390039. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.8714.
- ^
呂 苡榕.健保 給付 制度 造成 醫療 資源 分配 傾斜 . Taiwan:端 傳 媒 . 2017-04-25 [2017-04-25]. (原始 内容 存 档于2017-05-01).健保 給付 制度 困 境 令 孩童就醫難 \除 了 診斷 的 時間 受到侷限,行為 治療 、親 職 教育 等 資源 更 是 少 得 可憐 。醫院 的 親子 團體 治療 每 一期排隊至少要排上四個月到半年才有可能有名額...... - ^ 251.0 251.1
專 注 不足 /過度 活 耀協會 . 《立法 是 否 保障 特殊 教育 需要 學生 的 出路 ?》論壇 . Hong Kong, China. 2015-03-29 [2017-03-15]. (原始 内容 存 档于2017-03-05). - ^ 252.0 252.1 Guidelines May Have Helped Curb ADHD Diagnoses in Preschoolers. MedlinePlus.gov. HealthDay. 2016-11-15 [2017-01-01]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-12-25).Still, too few with disorder receive behavior therapy, child psychologist says.
- ^ NIH awards nearly $100 million for Autism Centers of Excellence program. National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2017-09-06 [2017-11-08]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2017-11-09).Duke University, Durham, North Carolina – Understanding and potentially treating ASD-ADHD combination.
An estimated 40 to 60 percent of people with ASD have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which encompasses such symptoms as difficulty paying attention, problems controlling behavior and hyperactivity. Co-investigators Geraldine Dawson, Ph.D., and Scott Kollins, Ph.D., aim to learn how ADHD may influence the diagnosis and treatment of autism and plan to observe children who have ASD alone, ASD and ADHD, and ADHD alone and compare them to typically developing children. They will also test whether the stimulant medication used to treat ADHD will help children with both conditions. - ^ WHO. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
世界 衛生 組織 Wolrd Health Organization. [2017-02-22]. (原始 内容 存 档于2017-01-08) (美国 英 语). - ^
世界 卫生组织.注意 缺陷 多 动障碍 儿童的 药物和 非 药物介入 /干 预.世界 卫生组织. [2017-02-22]. (原始 内容 存 档于2016-11-29) (中 文 (简体)). - ^
亞 洲 不 應 使用 西方 精神 科 對 於注意力 不足 過 動 症 (ADHD)的 診斷 ,及興奮 劑 處方 的 治療 . [2017-09-02]. (原始 内容 存 档于2017-09-02). - ^
鄭 毅 ; 刘靖. 《中国 注意 缺陷 多 动障碍防治 指南 》第 二 版 解 读.中 华精神 科 杂志. 2016, 0 (3): p.132–135 [2017-03-04]. (原始 内容 存 档于2017-03-04). - ^ 【
校 園 欺凌】產後 抑 鬱 媽媽:過度 活躍 的 七 歲兒 子 ,最 怕他自殺 .明 周 文化 . 2018-03-19 [2018-03-31]. (原始 内容 存 档于2018-03-29) (中 文 ).
書目
编辑
- Edward M. Hallowell; John J. Ratey.
分 心 不 是 我 的 錯(增 訂 版 ):正確 診療 ADD,重 建 有 計畫 的 生活 方式 Driven to Distraction.遠流 出版 . 2015-09-01. ISBN 978-957-32-7700-2. - Edward M. Hallowell, M.D.; John J. Ratey, M.D. 《
分 心 也有 好成績 》.丁 凡譯.台北 :遠流 出版 社 . 2006. ISBN 9573259311. 高 淑 芬;陳 劭芊.注意 力不足 過 動 症 .衛生 福利 部 精神 疾病 衛 教 叢書 .中華民國 衛生 福利 部 . 2015-06 [2018-02-27]. ISBN 9789860454154. (原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2017-02-19) (中 文 (繁 體 )).
台北 榮 總 兒童 青少年 精神 科 陳 映 雪 主任 、臺 大 醫院 兒童 心理 衛生 中心 高 淑 芬醫師 、嬌生股 份有限 公司 楊森大 藥 廠 .撥 冗審訂 、贊助 印 製 . ADHD家 長手 冊 (PDF). By台灣 赤子 心 過 動 症 協會 . 2012-08 [2017-04-11]. (原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2017-04-12).陳 錦 宏 ;黃 國 祐 ;王 心 怡;陳 茉莉 ;朱 倍 毅 ; 鍾麗珍 ;魚 媽. ADHD家長 教育 手 冊 .社團 法人 台灣 心 動 家族 兒童 青少年 關 懷 協會 . 2016-12 [2021-02-06]. (原始 内容 存 档于2016-03-19).陳 錦 宏 . 《ADHD注意 力不足 過 動 症 家 長手 冊 》.台灣 :台灣 兒童 青少年 精神 醫 學會 . 2016 [2018-03-13]. ISBN 9789869350907. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-14) (中 文 (繁 體 )).
外部 連結
编辑
-
本条 目 引用 的 公有 领域材料 来 自 美國 疾病 控 制 與 預 防 中心 的 文 档《Behavior therapy for young children with ADHD》。 注意 力不足 過 動 症 治療 及就醫 問 與 答 -國立 臺灣 大學 附設 醫學 院 精神 醫學部 衛生 教育 天地 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)兒童 青少年 常見 精神 疾病 衛 教 (介 紹)-台灣 兒童 青少年 精神 醫 學會 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)- Dr Hallowell (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) -愛 德 華 ·哈洛威 爾 (Edward Hallowell)醫師 的 ADD治療 機構 (英文 ) 影 片 -【轉轉 發現 愛 :家 有 過 動 兒 】 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)- Introducing ADHD-
美國 疾病 管制 局 Center for Disease Control (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) (英文 ) - MedlinePlus for ADHD, U.S National Library of medicine. ADHD
介 紹美國 官 方 國家 醫學 圖書館 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) (英文 ) - ADHD, National Institute of Mental Health, U.S
美國 衛生 署 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) (英文 )