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義和團 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书 跳とべ转到内容ないよう

義和よしかず團だん

维基百科ひゃっか，自由じゆう的てき百科ひゃっか全ぜん书
（重定しげさだ向こう自じ义和团）
  「义和拳けん」重定しげさだ向むかい至いたる此。关于该组织所引发的てき运动，请见「义和团运动」。关于美国びくに华人的てき左派さは组织，请见「义和拳けん (美国びくに)」。
义和团
别名
  • “梅花ばいか拳けん”（1898年ねん）
  • “義和よしかず團だん”（1899年ねん）
  • “義和よしかず拳こぶし”（1899年ねん–1901年ねん）
主要しゅよう首くび领之一いち曹福田ふくだ
主要しゅよう首くび领之二に张德成なり
活躍かつやく期き1890年代ねんだい–1901年ねん9月がつ
国家こっか 中国ちゅうごく
意識いしき形態けいたい
口くち号ごう“扶清灭洋”[1]
人數にんずう50,000人にん–100,000人にん
戰役せんえき、戰爭せんそう义和团运动
義和よしかず團だん
繁体字はんたいじ 義和よしかず團だん
简化字じ 义和团
义民会かい
繁体字はんたいじ 義民ぎみん會かい
简化字じ 义民会かい
梅花ばいか拳けん
汉语梅花ばいか拳けん
义和拳けん
繁体字はんたいじ 義和よしかず拳こぶし
简化字じ 义和拳けん
义和团拳民みん，摄于天津てんしん的てき义和团运动期き间（1901年ねん）

义和团，又また称たたえ“义和拳けん”、“义民会かい”、“梅花ばいか拳けん”等とう，是ぜ一个兴起于中国ちゅうごく北部ほくぶ的てき秘密ひみつ结社[2][3]。该组织曾于1899年ねん至いたり1901年ねん期き间于清朝せいちょう各地かくち发起义和团运动[4]。

义和团起初はつ由ゆかり当とう时中国ちゅうごく北方ほっぽう各地かくち的てき独立どくりつ村むら庄しょう组织形成けいせい，由ゆかり于是秘密ひみつ结社因いん此许多た成なり员的身み份不得とく而知，故こ而难以精确估计参与さんよ者しゃ的てき总数，但ただし可能かのう多た达数十じゅう万まん人にん。义和团在运动初期しょき主要しゅよう攻おさむ击清きよし廷[5]，但ただし很快便びん转而呼よび吁“扶清灭洋”，在ざい支持しじ清しん政府せいふ的てき同どう时抵制せい外国がいこく势力[6][7]。

自じ1900年ねん夏なつ起おこり，义和团成员开始はじめ大だい规模破やぶ坏当时在华外国がいこく人じん所しょ拥有的てき财产，如铁路ろ和わ电报等とう现代设施，同どう时成批抓捕と并杀害がい基督教きりすときょう传教士し与あずか中国ちゅうごく基督きりすと徒と[8]。此后义和团开始はじめ拥护慈禧太ふとし后きさき，并在之の后きさき参与さんよ抵抗ていこう由よし此引发的联军入いれ侵おかせ，而后者しゃ近きん乎完全ぜん毁灭了りょう义和团并最さい终结束たば了りょう该运动，但ただし其部分ぶぶん成なり员事后きさき继续参与さんよ了りょう中国ちゅうごく各地かくち的てき其他秘密ひみつ团体活かつ动[9][10]。

名称めいしょう

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在ざい英えい语世界かい里さと，义和团因其成员大多た练习中国ちゅうごく武たけ术（当とう时被称しょう为“中国ちゅうごく拳けん击”，即そく“Chinese boxing”）而被通称つうしょう为“拳こぶし民みん”（Boxers）[11][12]。尽つき管かん该组织及其前身ぜんしん自じ19世せい纪80年代ねんだい中期ちゅうき起おこり便びん已やめ普遍ふへん存在そんざい于民间，但ただし其首次じ被ひ外界がいかい称しょう为“义民会かい”是ぜ在ざい1899年ねん清朝せいちょう为解决山やま东和わ直ちょく隶两省的てき动乱而提交的一いち份报告つげ中ちゅう[13]。这一称呼在后续的报告中被证明是一个错误，其实际名称めいしょう应为“义和团”[14]。

义和团曾于1898年ねん期き间被称しょう为“梅花ばいか拳けん”，但ただし该名称めいしょう于在1899年ねん以后几乎不ふ再さい使用しよう[15]。

起源きげん

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清朝せいちょう年ねん间的一些秘密结社组织，如大刀たち会かい和わ白しろ莲教等ひとし，往往おうおう具有ぐゆう重大じゅうだい的てき力量りきりょう与あずか影かげ响力。这些组织经常通どおり过其武装ぶそう成なり员，利用りよう当とう时中国ちゅうごく许多地区ちく缺乏けつぼう秩序ちつじょ以及腐败猖獗しょうけつ等とう现象来らい对广大だい偏へん远甚至いたり中心ちゅうしん地区ちく施ほどこせ加か控ひかえ制せい并传播影响[16]。

已やめ隱かくれ藏ぞう部分ぶぶん未み翻譯ほんやく内容ないよう，歡迎かんげい參與さんよ翻譯ほんやく。

Yi-he boxing, as it was later practised by the Fists of Harmony and Justice, long predated the movement. In 1779, the Qing government already investigated rumours according to which a man named Yang practised this martial arts style in Guan County, Shandong, though state authorities were unable to confirm this at the time.[17]

Though the Boxer movement would originate in Shandong and Hebei intent on lessening governmental influence throughout China by means of violence, the group would quickly include its directive to attempt to eliminate all foreign influence also, which was considered at the time to have already penetrated the imperial government. The group at this time was deeply associated with other secret societies in their efforts to eliminate Christians, as can be seen in the 4 July 1896 with attacks on German missionaries in the regions of Western Shandong that later were controlled by the Boxers.[15]

The movement first began in these areas in the mid-1880s as various group with similar aims, led by local influences such as Zhang Decheng in Hebei, and Zhu Hongdeng in Shandong, both leading small but devoted groups directly under their personal control. These small groups served as local enforcers of the Boxers' efforts to control the populace, to curtail the influence of both the Qing government and that of foreigners, particularly Christians.

During 1898, the previously separate Boxer groups in Shandong and Hebei would fall under much more direct leadership, with the establishment of structure into the group in the form of ranks. This would also involve the renaming of the group into the "Plum Blossom Fists". However, the name-change was not used past 1898, with the name "Fists of Harmony and Justice" used instead.[15]

On 23 May 1898, an investigation was made by the Guangxu Emperor into disturbances in the Shandong-Zhili border region by a supposed "National Righteousness Group", with the possibility of 10,000 Boxer soldiers being under group command in this region. A representative of the monarchy, Zhang Rumei, would be sent along with an army to put down any unrest in the region. The result of the meeting was not negative, with Zhang reporting that there was no trouble in the region, along with more accurate reports on the group's smaller numbers.

The movement was primarily composed of peasants, to which were added idle youth, ruined artisans, and laid-off workers.[18] Some Boxer recruits were disbanded imperial soldiers and local militiamen.[19]

冲突

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主しゅ条目じょうもく：义和团运动
已やめ隱かくれ藏ぞう部分ぶぶん未み翻譯ほんやく内容ないよう，歡迎かんげい參與さんよ翻譯ほんやく。

In March 1898, the Boxers started to agitate the population in the streets with the slogan "Uphold the Qing, destroy foreigners!". Their main leader was Cao Futian.[11] Other leaders in Zhili Province were Liu Chengxiang, and Zhang Decheng.

After a battle with the Imperial troops in October 1899, the Boxers focused mainly on missionaries and Christian activities, as they were considered "tainting the purity of the Chinese culture". The Qing government was divided towards how to react to the Boxer's activities. The conservative element of the court was in favour of them. Prince Duan, a fervent supporter of their cause, arranged a meeting between Cao and Empress Dowager Ci Xi.[20] At the meeting, the crown prince even wore a Boxer uniform to show support.[21]

At the beginning of June 1900, about 450 men of the Eight-Nation Alliance arrived in Beijing to protect the foreign legations under siege by the Boxers and Imperial Army, in what was the Siege of the International Legations. The Boxers were at their peak, now supported by some elements of the Imperial Army. They changed their slogan to "Support the Qing, destroy foreigners!".[22]

The Boxers multiplied their murderous actions against foreigners and Chinese Christians. In Beijing, the Boxers were officially placed under command of members of the Court, such as Prince Duan. During the Rebellion, the Boxers, fighting troops of the Eight-Nation Alliance with close combat weapons or even their own hands, were decimated. After the conflict, The Empress Dowager Ci Xi ordered the repression of the remaining Boxers, in an attempt to calm the foreign nations.[23]

流行りゅうこう文化ぶんか

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已やめ隱かくれ藏ぞう部分ぶぶん未み翻譯ほんやく内容ないよう，歡迎かんげい參與さんよ翻譯ほんやく。

The Boxer Rebellion is depicted in the film 55 Days at Peking, by Nicholas Ray (1963).

The Boxers are portrayed in Boxers and Saints, a comic series by Gene Luen Yang. The main character of Boxers, Lee Bao, becomes a leader of the Boxer Rebellion.

The Boxer Rebellion is graphically depicted in the Shaw Brothers production of Boxer Rebellion, a 1976 film directed by Chang Cheh. This film was distributed in the United States as The Bloody Avengers by World Northal Corporation in 1980. The Boxers are also featured in the films Legendary Weapons of China (1981) and Shanghai Knights (2003). The Red Lanterns, an all-female group affiliated to the Boxers, are depicted in the film Once Upon a Time in China IV (1993). The Netflix series The Brothers Sun (2024) uses their name and parts of their ideology in its plot for a major protagonist group.

参まいり见

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书目

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  • Bickers, Robert A.; R. G. Tiedemann (eds.) (2007). The Boxers, China, and the World. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5394-1.
  • Buck, David D. (1987). "Recent Studies of the Boxer Movement", Chinese Studies in History 20. Introduction to a special issue of the journal devoted to translations of recent research on the Boxers in the People's Republic.
  • Cohen, Paul A. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth需要免费注册 Revised. Columbia University Press. 1997. ISBN 9780231106511. 
  • Elliott, Jane E. Some Did It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A Revised View of the Boxer War. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press. 2002. ISBN 962-201-973-0. 
  • Esherick, Joseph W. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising需要免费注册. U of California Press. 1987. ISBN 0-520-06459-3. 
  • Preston, Diana. The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China's War on Foreigners That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900需要免费注册. New York: Walker. 2000. ISBN 0-8027-1361-0.  British title: Besieged in Peking: The Story of the 1900 Boxer Rising (London: Constable, 1999).

参考さんこう文献ぶんけん

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  1. ^ Foord, John, The Meaning of the Unrest in China, The New York Times: 23, 25 March 1900 [3 May 2024] （英えい语） 
  2. ^ 《纽约时报》. 两张照あきら片かた与あずか义和团运动. 纽约时报中ちゅう文ぶん网. 2018-05-28 [2024-08-15] （zh-cmn-hans）. 
  3. ^ 清末きよすえ最さい神秘しんぴ的てき群ぐん众运动：义和团，是ぜ怎么发展起おこり来らい的てき？_清きよし政府せいふ. www.sohu.com. [2024-08-15]. 
  4. ^ 一いち百ひゃく年ねん前まえ的てき此时，义和团运动正在ざい兴起_思想しそう文化ぶんか. www.historychina.net. [2024-08-15]. 
  5. ^ 从反清きよし复明到いた扶清灭洋，“神功しんこう护体”的てき义和团_中国ちゅうごく. www.sohu.com. [2024-08-15]. 
  6. ^ 义和团为什么要よう“扶清灭洋”？有ゆう一个重要理由令人哭笑不得_中国ちゅうごく. www.sohu.com. [2024-08-15]. 
  7. ^ 网易. 义和团本来き反はん清きよし复明，为何突然とつぜん要よう扶清灭洋？他た们是被ひ慈禧消しょう灭的吗. www.163.com. 2020-09-25 [2024-08-15]. 
  8. ^ 义和团、基督きりすと徒と和わ神しん：从宗教きょう战争角度かくど看み1900年ねん的てき义和团斗争そう. 汉语基督教きりすときょう研究けんきゅう网. 2014-11-25. 
  9. ^ 中国ちゅうごく军史：1900年ねん 义和团运动高潮しお-搜さがせ狐きつね新しん闻. news.sohu.com. [2024-08-15]. 
  10. ^ 戊つちのえ戌いぬ变法和わ义和团运动. www.gov.cn. [2024-08-15]. 
  11. ^ 11.0 11.1 Australian War Memorial. [2 December 2017]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于18 February 2011）. 
  12. ^ MacKerras, Colin. China in Transformation, 1900–1949. Pearson Longman. 2008. ISBN 9781405840583 （英えい语）. 
  13. ^ Muramatsu, Yuzi. The "boxers" in 1898–1899, the origin of the "I-Ho-Chuan" (義和よしかず拳こぶし) uprising, 1900. The Annals of the Hitotsubashi Academy. April 1953, 3 (2): 236–261. JSTOR 43751277. 
  14. ^ Google Ngram Viewer. books.google.com. [18 January 2019]. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Purcell, Victor. The Boxer Uprising: A Background Study. Cambridge University Press. 3 June 2010. ISBN 9780521148122 （英えい语）. 
  16. ^ Boxer Rebellion. Encyclopaedia Britannica. [29 February 2020]. 
  17. ^ Esherick, Joseph W. The origins of the Boxer Uprising需要免费注册. Berkeley, California; Los Angeles; London: University of California Press. 1987: 141 （英えい语）. 
  18. ^ Le movement des boxers in china (1898-1900). you-feng.com. [2 December 2017]. 
  19. ^ China, Japan, and the Ryukyu Islands. Encyclopedia Britannica. history-geography. [3 December 2017] （英えい语）. 
  20. ^ Chinese monarchs – Zaiyi (26 August 1856 – 24 November 1922) was a Manchu prince and statesman of the late Qing Dynasty. www.nouahsark.com. [2 December 2017]. 
  21. ^ Lucia. China's Confession: Episode 4. www.chinasoul.org. [2 December 2017]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于31 August 2017） （英国えいこく英えい语）. 
  22. ^ Significance, Combatants, Definition, & Facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. Boxer Rebellion. [2 December 2017] （英えい语）. 
  23. ^ La révolte des Boxeurs, un autre son de cloche. tao-yin.com. [2 December 2017]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于31 August 2011）. 
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