契ちぎり约论

契ちぎり约论（英語えいご：contractarianism^[1]），又また作つく契ちぎり约主义，^[2]是ぜ一いち种对政治せいじ权力合法ごうほう性せい的てき一种系统论证的政治哲学理论，^[3]其最基本きほん的てき论点是ぜ国家こっか的てき产生来き自じ人ひと与あずか人ひと之の间或人民じんみん与あずか统治者しゃ之の间相互そうご订立的てき契ちぎり约。^[4]

概念がいねん渊源

契ちぎり约论最早もはや源みなもと自じ于古希こき腊智者ちしゃ学派がくは，它描绘了一幅法律诞生之前的自然状态，为了走出はしりで自然しぜん状じょう态进入にゅう文明ぶんめい社会しゃかい，国家こっか和わ法律ほうりつ就诞生せい了りょう，统治的てき合法ごうほう性せい建立こんりゅう在ざい个体的てき同意どうい和わ授权之の上うえ，政府せいふ的てき权力来らい源げん于自然しぜん权利的てき让渡。然しか而，对于契ちぎり约的作用さよう，智者ちしゃ派は学者がくしゃ们观点てん各かく异甚至いたり对立，普ひろし罗泰戈ほこ拉ひしげ倾向于肯定こうてい契ちぎり约的作用さよう，安やす提ひさげ丰等とう则对契ちぎり约及其产物ぶつ——人ひと为法基本きほん上じょう采さい取と否定ひてい的てき态度。他た们对社会しゃかい契ちぎり约形成けいせい的てき论证不充分ふじゅうぶん，并且对其作用さよう的てき表ひょう述じゅつ也不够明确。

苏格拉ひしげ底そこ是ぜ欧おう洲しゅう政治せいじ思想しそう史上しじょう最早もはや提出ていしゅつ国家こっか与あずか公民こうみん之の间的关系是ぜ契ちぎり约关系けい的てき先さき驱之一いち，即そく使し被ひ民みん众无故こ判はん处死刑しけい，朋友ほうゆう劝其越えつ狱以自じ保たもて，他た却为维护法律ほうりつ契ちぎり约的权威而甘愿すなお赴死。但ただし是ぜ，古希こき腊哲学がく家か伊い壁かべ鸠鲁及其弟子でし亦また即そく伊い壁かべ鸠鲁学派がくは则是历史上じょう最早もはや从理论上深刻しんこく而系统地阐述了りょう契ちぎり约论思想しそう。

伊い壁かべ鸠鲁借用しゃくよう和わ改造かいぞう了りょう德とく谟克利り特とく的てき“原子げんし”理り论，认为国家こっか与あずか法律ほうりつ是これ契ちぎり约的てき产物，其价值在于保障ほしょう个人的てき自由じゆう和わ安全あんぜん。^[5]伊い壁かべ鸠鲁学派がくは和わ斯多葛かずら派は分ぶん别从人的じんてき特殊とくしゅ性せい和わ普遍ふへん性せい两个方面ほうめん提出ていしゅつ并论证了契ちぎり约论。^[6]

參考さんこう

社會しゃかい契約けいやく

参考さんこう文献ぶんけん

^ 陈德中ちゅう. 政治せいじ现实主ぬし义的逻辑：“自主じしゅ性せい”与あずか“封ふう闭性”缘与由ゆかり: "自主じしゅ性せい"与あずか"封ふう闭性"缘与由ゆかり. 1 January 2015: 149– [2019-01-02]. ISBN 978-7-5161-5894-4. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-10-21）.
^ 曾瑞明あかり. 參與さんよ對等たいとう與あずか全ぜん球たま正義まさよし. 聯れん經けい出版しゅっぱん事業じぎょう公司こうし. 30 April 2014: 82– [2019-01-02]. ISBN 978-957-08-4382-8. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-10-21）.
^ 蔡拓. 契ちぎり约论研究けんきゅう. 南みなみ开大学がく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. 1987 [2019-01-02]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-10-21）.
^ "For the name social contract (or original contract) often covers two different kinds of contract, and, in tracing the evolution of the theory, it is well to distinguish them. Both were current in the 17th century and both can be discovered in Greek political thought. ... [The first] generally involved some theory of the origin of the state. The second form of social contract may be more accurately called the contract of government, or the contract of submission.... Generally, it has nothing to do with the origins of society, but, presupposing a society already formed, it purports to define the terms on which that society is to be governed: the people have made a contract with their ruler which determines their relations with him. They promise him obedience, while he promises his protection and good government. While he keeps his part of the bargain, they must keep theirs, but if he misgoverns the contract is broken and allegiance is at an end." J. W. Gough, The Social Contract (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), pp. 2–3. Modern revivals of social contract theories have not been as concerned with the origin of the state.
^ 蔡磊; 蔡昌. 构建税收ぜいしゅう诚信：基もと于电子こ商しょう务行业发展てん视角. 15 July 2015: 50– [2019-01-02]. ISBN 978-7-5095-6287-1. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-10-21）.
^ 古希こき臘羅馬ば時期じき的てき"契約けいやく論ろん". 人民じんみん網もう. 2005年ねん10月がつ27日にち [2019年ねん1月がつ2日にち]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2019年ねん1月がつ2日にち）.

[陈德中2015-1] 陈德中ちゅう. 政治せいじ现实主ぬし义的逻辑：“自主じしゅ性せい”与あずか“封ふう闭性”缘与由ゆかり: "自主じしゅ性せい"与あずか"封ふう闭性"缘与由ゆかり. 1 January 2015: 149– [2019-01-02]. ISBN 978-7-5161-5894-4. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-10-21）.

[曾瑞明2014-2] 曾瑞明あかり. 參與さんよ對等たいとう與あずか全ぜん球たま正義まさよし. 聯れん經けい出版しゅっぱん事業じぎょう公司こうし. 30 April 2014: 82– [2019-01-02]. ISBN 978-957-08-4382-8. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-10-21）.

[蔡拓1987-3] 蔡拓. 契ちぎり约论研究けんきゅう. 南みなみ开大学がく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. 1987 [2019-01-02]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-10-21）.

[4] "For the name social contract (or original contract) often covers two different kinds of contract, and, in tracing the evolution of the theory, it is well to distinguish them. Both were current in the 17th century and both can be discovered in Greek political thought. ... [The first] generally involved some theory of the origin of the state. The second form of social contract may be more accurately called the contract of government, or the contract of submission.... Generally, it has nothing to do with the origins of society, but, presupposing a society already formed, it purports to define the terms on which that society is to be governed: the people have made a contract with their ruler which determines their relations with him. They promise him obedience, while he promises his protection and good government. While he keeps his part of the bargain, they must keep theirs, but if he misgoverns the contract is broken and allegiance is at an end." J. W. Gough, The Social Contract (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), pp. 2–3. Modern revivals of social contract theories have not been as concerned with the origin of the state.

[蔡磊蔡昌2015-5] 蔡磊; 蔡昌. 构建税收ぜいしゅう诚信：基もと于电子こ商しょう务行业发展てん视角. 15 July 2015: 50– [2019-01-02]. ISBN 978-7-5095-6287-1. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-10-21）.

[6] 古希こき臘羅馬ば時期じき的てき"契約けいやく論ろん". 人民じんみん網もう. 2005年ねん10月がつ27日にち [2019年ねん1月がつ2日にち]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2019年ねん1月がつ2日にち）.

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