蒙 古 人種
2019
“蒙 古 人種 ”概念的 由来 和 演 变[编辑]
起源 [编辑]
「Mongolians」、「Mongoloid」
「
1795
十 九 世紀 [编辑]
「
而
二 十 世 纪[编辑]
1909
現代 遺傳 學 [编辑]
認知 科學 [编辑]
另有
唐 氏 綜合 症 患者 的 代名詞 [编辑]
分類 [编辑]
参 见[编辑]
参考 文献 [编辑]
- ^ Meyers Enzyklopädisches Lexikon in 25 Bänden. Neunte, völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage zum 150jährigen Bestehen des Verlages. Anthropologie 2: 308 (
德 语).flaches Gesicht mit niedriger Nasenwurzel, betonte Jochbogen, flachliegende Lidspalte (die oft schräggestellt ist), dickes, straffes, dunkles Haar, dunkle Augen, gelbbräunl. Haut, in der Regel kurzer, untersetzter Wuchs
- ^ "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists. 2019-03-27 [2021-06-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-01-25). - ^ 3.0 3.1 Jablonski. The Evolution of Human Skin Color (PDF). : 600 [2019-10-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2018-08-24). - ^ Michael Keevak.
為 什麼 我 們會被 稱 為 「黃 種 人 」? 一段東亞人由白變黃的歷史.故事 StoryStudio. [2020-06-22]. (原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-16). - ^ Skoglund, Pontus; Mathieson, Iain. Ancient Genomics of Modern Humans: The First Decade. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics. 2018-08-31, 19 (1): 381–404. ISSN 1527-8204. PMID 29709204. doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-083117-021749.
- ^ Nell Irvin Painter, Nell Irvin. Why White People are Called Caucasian? (PDF). Yale University. 2003 [2007-09-27]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2013-10-20). - ^ Bhopal R. The beautiful skull and Blumenbach's errors: the birth of the scientific concept of race. BMJ. December 2007, 335 (7633): 1308–9. PMC 2151154 . PMID 18156242. doi:10.1136/bmj.39413.463958.80.
Blumenbach's name has been associated with scientific racism, but his arguments actually undermined racism. Blumenbach could not have foreseen the coming abuse of his ideas and classification in the 19th and (first half of the) 20th centuries.
- ^ German: "sehr willkürlich": Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. 1797: 61 [2020-05-24]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-21).Alle diese Verschiedenheiten fließen aber durch so mancherley Abstufungen und Uebergänge so unvermerkt zusammen, daß sich keine andre, als sehr willkürliche Grenzen zwischen ihnen festsetzen lassen.
- ^ Johann Friedrich Blumenbach. Handbuch der Naturgeschichte. 1797: 61–62 [2020-05-24]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-21). - ^ Huxley, T. H. On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) (1870) Journal of the Ethnological Society of London. Huxley indicates that he has omitted certain areas with complex ethnic compositions that do not fit into his racial paradigm, including much of the Indian subcontinent and Horn of Africa. (Huxley, Thomas (1873). Critiques and Addresses by Thomas Henry Huxley, LL.D., F.R.S. Macmillan and Company. p. 153.) By the late nineteenth century, his Xanthochroi group had been redefined as the Nordic race, whereas his Melanochroi became the Mediterranean race. As such, Huxley's Melanochroi eventually also comprised various other dark Caucasoid populations, including the Hamites and Moors. (Gregory, John Walter (1931). Race as a Political Factor. Watts & Company. p. 19. Retrieved 8 May 2016.) - ^ Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning. The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America, New York: Nation Books 2016. ISBN 978-1-5685-8464-5, chapters 4, 7–12, 14, 16 passim.
- ^ Huxley, Thomas. Collected Essays of Thomas Huxley: Man's Place in Nature and Other Kessinger Publishing: Montana, 2005. p.247. ISBN 1-4179-7462-1
- ^ Warren, D.M. (1856). A System of Physical Geography. Philadelphia: H. Cowperthwait & Co. p. 77.
- ^ Huxley, Thomas, On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind. 1870. August 14, 2006. Aleph0.clarku.edu. [2013-12-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-12-12). - ^ Winchell, A. (1881). Preadamites; or A Demonstration of the Existence of Men Before Adam; (3rd ed.). Chicago: S.C. Griggs and Company; London: Trubner & Co. pp. 57, 66.
- ^ Deniker, Joseph. The Races of Man: An Outline of Anthropology and Ethnography C. Scribner's Sons: New York, 1900, p.282 ISBN 0-8369-5932-9
- ^ Gobineau, Arthur. The Inequality of Human Races. Putnam. 1915: 146 [2007-10-18]. ISBN 978-0-86527-430-3.
- ^ DiPiero, Thomas. White Men Aren't gid/s work Duke University Press, 2002, p.8 ISBN 0-8223-2961-1
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Blue, Gregory. Gobineau on China: Race Theory, the "Yellow Peril" and the Critique of Modernity". Journal of World History. 1999, 10 (1): 93–139. JSTOR 20078751. S2CID 143762514. doi:10.1353/jwh.2005.0003.
- ^ Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition, 1885–90.
- ^ Robb, Peter. The Concept of Race in South Asia. Oxford University Press. 1997-04-21 [2021-06-09]. ISBN 978-0-19-564268-1. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-05-20) –通 过Google Books. - ^
存 档副本 (PDF). [2021-06-09]. (原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-07-16). - ^ von Eickstedt, Egon Frhr. Die Indien-Expedition des Staatlichen Forschungsinstituts für Völkerkunde in Leipzig. 1. Anthropologischer Bericht. Anthropologischer Anzeiger. 2018-04-21, 4 (3): 208–219. JSTOR 29535004.
- ^ Eickstedt, Egon von. Rassenkunde und Rassengeschichte der Menschheit. F. Enke. 2018-04-21 [2021-06-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-21) –通 过Google Books. - ^ 25.0 25.1 "The Race Question" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆), UNESCO, 1950, 11pp - ^ 26.0 26.1 Jackson Jr., John. "In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races. Journal of the History of Biology. June 2001, 34 (2): 247–285. JSTOR 4331661. S2CID 86739986. doi:10.1023/A:1010366015968.
- ^ Cited according to Jackson Jr., John. "In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races. Journal of the History of Biology. June 2001, 34 (2): 248. JSTOR 4331661. S2CID 86739986. doi:10.1023/A:1010366015968. The reference given there is to "Coon, Origin of the [sic] Races, 1963 [sic], p. 657".
- ^ For a criticism of Coon's relying on typology alone, see also: Gill, George W. Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective. Pbs.org. 2000 [2021-06-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-11-04). - ^ Vivian Chou. How Science and Genetics are Reshaping the Race Debate of the 21st Century. Harvard University. [2021-06-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-12-14). - ^ 30.0 30.1 Lieberman, L. Race" 1997 and 2001: A Race Odyssey (PDF). 1997 [2021-06-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-01-10). - ^ "Indeed, if a species has sufficient gene flow, there can be no evolutionary tree of populations, because there are no population splits...", Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (p. 355). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26.
- ^ Ancient DNA indicates human population shifts and admixture in northern and southern China. 2020-05-14 [2023-08-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-05-23) (英 语). - ^ Zhang, Ming; Fu, Qiaomei. Human evolutionary history in Eastern Eurasia using insights from ancient DNA. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Genetics of Human Origin. 2020-06-01, 62: 78–84. ISSN 0959-437X. PMID 32688244. S2CID 220671047. doi:10.1016/j.gde.2020.06.009 (
英 语). - ^ Vallini, Leonardo; Pagani, Luca. The future of the Eurasian past: highlighting plotholes and pillars of human population movements in the Late Pleistocene. Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2022, 100 (100): 231–241. ISSN 1827-4765. PMID 36565457. doi:10.4436/JASS.10013.
- ^ Nägele, Kathrin; Rivollat, Maite; Yu, He; Wang, Ke. Ancient genomic research - From broad strokes to nuanced reconstructions of the past. Journal of Anthropological Sciences. 2022, 100 (100): 193–230. PMID 36576953. doi:10.4436/jass.10017.
- ^ Zhang, Fan. The genomic origins of the Bronze Age Tarim Basin mummies. Nature. November 2021, 599 (7884): 256–261. Bibcode:2021Natur.599..256Z. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 8580821 . PMID 34707286. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04052-7 (
英 语). - ^ Richard Lynn. The Intelligence of East Asians: A Thirty-Year Controversy and its Resolution. Research Gate. [2006].
- ^ Quarterly, Mankind. Mankind Quarterly – About. mankindquarterly.org. [2016-02-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-10-28). - ^ Joe L. Kincheloe, et. al, Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined, Palgrave Macmillan, 1997, p. 39
- ^ Ibrahim G. Aoudé, The ethnic studies story: politics and social movements in Hawaiʻi, University of Hawaii Press, 1999, pg. 111
- ^ Kenneth Leech, Race, Church Publishing, Inc., 2005, pg. 14
- ^ William H. Tucker, The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund, University of Illinois Press, 2002, pg. 2
- ^ Challenging Race Sensitive Admission Policies. Public Broadcasting System. [2019-11-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-06-11). - ^ Kanazawa, Satoshi. The evolution of general intelligence. Personality and Individual Differences. 2012-07-01, 53 (2): 90–93. ISSN 0191-8869. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.015 (
英 语). - ^ Flynn, James R. Are we getting smarter?: Rising IQ in the twenty-first century. Cambridge University Press, 2012, pp. 33-35.
- ^
平均 107港 人 IQ全 球 居 首 . [2017-12-21]. (原始 内容 存 档于2017-12-22). - ^
前 四名亞洲包辦!台灣 人 平均 智 商 104名 列 全 球 第 3名 . [2018-04-08]. (原始 内容 存 档于2018-04-19). - ^ Ward, Connor O. John Langdon. Down the man and the message. Down-syndrome.info. 2006 [2013-12-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2006-09-02). - ^ "The importance of this anomaly among Europeans and their descendants is not related to the segregation of genes derived from Asians; its appearance among members of Asian populations suggests such ambiguous designations as 'Mongol Mongoloid'; increasing participation of Chinese and Japanese in investigation of the condition imposes on them the use of an embarrassing term. We urge, therefore, that the expressions which imply a racial aspect of the condition be no longer used. Some of the undersigned are inclined to replace the term Mongolism by such designations as 'Langdon Down Anomaly', or 'Down's Syndrome or Anomaly', or 'Congenital Acromicria'. Several of us believe that this is an appropriate time to introduce the term 'Trisomy 21 Anomaly', which would include cases of simple Trisomy as well as translocations. It is hoped that agreement on a specific phrase will soon crystallise once the term 'Mongolism' has been abandoned." Allen, G. Benda C.J. et al (1961). Lancet corr. 1, 775.
- ^ Clark, Nicola. Ricky Gervais, please stop using the word 'mong'. London: The Guardian. 2011-10-19 [2012-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-21). - ^ Rodríguez-Hernández, M. Luisa; Montoya, Eladio. Fifty years of evolution of the term Down's syndrome. Lancet. 2011-07-30, 378 (9789): 402. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 21803206. S2CID 8541289. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61212-9.
- ^ Smay, Diana; Armelagos, George. Galileo Wept: A Critical Assessment of the Use of Race in Forensic Anthropology (PDF). Emory University. [2018-07-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2018-08-18). - ^ Lieberman, Leonard. Out of Our Skulls: Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid?. Anthropology News. 1997, 38 (9): 56. doi:10.1111/an.1997.38.9.56.
- ^ Templeton, Alan R. Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective (PDF). Washington University. Realfuture.org. [2018-07-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2017-08-09). - ^ Keevak, Michael. "Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking". Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-691-14031-5.
- ^ Ward, O Conor. John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message. Down Syndrome Research and Practice. 1999, 6 (1): 19–24 [2021-06-09]. ISSN 0968-7912. PMID 10890244. doi:10.3104/perspectives.94 . (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-03-12). - ^ Ward, O Conor. John Langdon Down: The Man and the Message. 1999 [2021-06-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-03-12). - ^ Howard-Jones, Norman. On the diagnostic term "Down's disease". Medical History. 1979, 23 (1): 102–04. PMC 1082401 . PMID 153994. doi:10.1017/s0025727300051048.