蟾蜍ひきがえる科か

蟾蜍ひきがえる科か
	金きむ蟾蜍ひきがえる Bufo periglenes
科学かがく分ぶん类
界さかい：	动物界かい Animalia
门：	脊索せきさく动物门 Chordata
纲：	两栖纲 Amphibia
目め：	无尾目め Anura
亚目：	新しん蛙かえる亚目 Neobatrachia
总科：	雨蛙あまがえる总科 Hyloidea
科か：	蟾蜍ひきがえる科か Bufonidae; J. E. Gray, 1825
模も式しき属ぞく
	蟾蜍ひきがえる属ぞく; Bufo; Laurenti, 1768
属ぞく
	（约有38个属）
	蟾蜍ひきがえる科か分布ぶんぷ

蟾蜍ひきがえる科か（学名がくめい：Bufonidae）是ぜ多種たしゅ分布ぶんぷ於世界かい各地かくち（除じょ了りょう澳大利おおとし亞あ、馬うま達いたる加か斯加與あずか南極なんきょく洲しゅう以外いがい）的てき蛙かえる類るい。

眼睛がんせい後方こうほう有ゆう耳下腺じかせん，可か分泌ぶんぴつ蟾蜍ひきがえる毒素どくそ。皮膚ひふ粗そ糙。頭部とうぶ有ゆう骨質こっしつ棱脊。無む齒は。頭部とうぶ骨質こっしつ化か。水平すいへい瞳孔どうこう。大部たいぶ份陸棲りくせい性せい。未成年みせいねん的てき雄ゆう性せい蟾蜍ひきがえる睪丸前方ぜんぽう有ゆう畢德氏し器き，是ぜ退化たいか的てき卵巢らんそう，成年せいねん後ご消失しょうしつ。

下しも级分类

本科ほんか包括ほうかつ以下いか属ぞく：

阿おもね登とう诺蟾属ぞく Adenomus Cope, 1861
巴ともえ爾なんじ胎生たいせい蟾蜍ひきがえる屬ぞく Altiphrynoides Dubois, 1987
Andinophryne
Hoogmoed, 1985
- Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985^[1]，为Rhaebo olallai (Hoogmoed, 1985)的てき异名
涧蟾属ぞく Ansonia Stoliczka, 1870
斑むら蟾屬 Atelophryniscus McCranie, Wilson and Williams, 1989，为Rhinella Fitzinger, 1826的てき异名
斑むら足あし蟾屬 Atelopus Duméril and Bibron, 1841
蟾蜍ひきがえる屬ぞく Bufo Laurenti, 1768
Bufoides
Pillai & Yazdani, 1973
- 'Bufoides bhupathyi Naveen, Tapley, Chandramouli, Jervis, Babu, Meetei & Karunakaran, 2023^[2]
- Bufoides kempi (Boulenger, 1919)
- Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda, 1971)
漠ばく蟾属 Bufotes Rafinesque, 1815
Capensibufo
Grandison, 1980
- Capensibufo deceptus Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017
- Capensibufo magistratus Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017^[3]
- Capensibufo rosei (Hewitt, 1926)
- Capensibufo selenophos Channing, Measey, De Villiers, Turner & Tolley, 2017
- Capensibufo tradouwi (Hewitt, 1926)
Churamiti
Channing & Stanley, 2002
- Churamiti maridadi Channing & Stanley, 2002
扁ひらた蟾屬 Crepidophryne Cope, 1889
小しょう叢くさむら蟾屬 Dendrophryniscus Jiménez de la Espada, 1871
碩せき足あし蛙かえる屬ぞく Didynamipus Andersson, 1903
头棱蟾属 Duttaphrynus
Frostius
Cannatella, 1986
- Frostius erythrophthalmus Pimenta & Caramaschi, 2007
- Frostius pernambucensis (Bokermann, 1962)
棱顶蟾属 Ingerophrynus Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan et al., 2006
Kenyaphrynoides
Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023
- Kenyaphrynoides vulcani Liedtke, Malonza, Wasonga, Müller & Loader, 2023^[4]
勞ろう蟾屬 Laurentophryne Tihen, 1960
平滑へいかつ蟾屬 Leptophryne Fitzinger, 1843
黑くろ昧蟾屬ぞく Melanophryniscus Gallardo, 1961
默だま蟾屬 Mertensophryne Tihen, 1960
Metaphryniscus
Señaris, Ayarzagüena and Gorzula, 1994
- Metaphryniscus sosai Señaris, Ayarzagüena & Gorzula, 1994
游ゆう蟾屬 Nectophryne Buchholz and Peters in Peters, 1875
胎生たいせい蟾屬 Nectophrynoides Noble, 1926
利り比ひ里さと亞あ胎生たいせい蟾蜍ひきがえる屬ぞく Nimbaphrynoides Dubois, 1987
對たい趾蟾屬ぞく Oreophrynella Boulenger, 1895
奥おく索さく蟾屬 Osornophryne Ruiz-Carranza and Hernández-Camacho, 1976
小しょう蟾属 Parapelophryne Fei, Ye and Jiang, 2003
漿蟾屬ぞく Pedostibes
Günther, 1876
- Pedostibes tuberculosus Günther, 1876^[5]
厚あつ蹼みずかき蟾屬 Pelophryne Barbour, 1938
Poyntonophrynus
Frost, Grant, Faivovich, Bain, Haas, Haddad, de Sá, Channing, Wilkinson, Donnellan et al., 2006
- Poyntonophrynus beiranus (Loveridge, 1932)
- Poyntonophrynus damaranus (Mertens, 1954)
- Poyntonophrynus dombensis (Bocage, 1895)
- Poyntonophrynus fernandae Baptista, Vaz Pinto, Keates, Lobón-Rovira, Edwards & Rödel, 2023^[6]
- Poyntonophrynus fenoulheti (Hewitt & Methuen, 1912)
- Poyntonophrynus grandisonae (Poynton & Haacke, 1993)
- Poyntonophrynus hoeschi (Ahl, 1934)
- Poyntonophrynus kavangensis (Poynton & Broadley, 1988)
- Poyntonophrynus lughensis (Loveridge, 1932)
- Poyntonophrynus pachnodes Ceríaco, Marques, Bandeira, Agarwal, Stanley, Bauer, Heinicke & Blackburn, 2018
- Poyntonophrynus parkeri (Loveridge, 1932)
- Poyntonophrynus vertebralis (Smith, 1848)
水みず蟾屬 Pseudobufo Tschudi, 1838
Rhaebo
Cope, 1862
- Rhaebo andinophrynoides Mueses-Cisneros, 2009^[7]
- Rhaebo atelopoides (Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1981)
- Rhaebo blombergi (Myers & Funkhouser, 1951)
- Rhaebo caeruleostictus (Günther, 1859)
- Rhaebo colomai (Hoogmoed, 1985)
- Rhaebo ecuadorensis Mueses-Cisneros, Cisneros-Heredia & McDiarmid, 2012^[8]
- Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günther, 1869)^[8]
- Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799)^[9]^[8]
- Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope, 1862)^[7]
- Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger, 1913)^[7]
- Rhaebo lynchi Mueses-Cisneros, 2007^[10]
- Rhaebo nasicus (Werner, 1903)
- Rhaebo olallai (Hoogmoed, 1985)
鉤かぎ吻蟾屬ぞく Rhamphophryne Trueb, 1971
思おもえ齐蟾属ぞく Schismaderma Smith, 1849
埃ほこり塞ふさが俄にわか比ひ亞あ胎生たいせい蟾蜍ひきがえる屬ぞく Spinophrynoides Dubois, 1987
Stephopaedes Channing, 1979
花はな蟾属 Strauchbufo
Truebella Graybeal and Cannatella, 1995
前ぜん舌した蟾屬 Werneria Poche, 1903
沃蟾屬ぞく Wolterstorffina Mertens, 1939

參考さんこう

Bufonidae. ITIS.

^ Ryan L. Lynch, Sebastian Kohn, Fernando Ayala-Varela, Paul S. Hamilton, and Santiago R. Ron. 2014. Rediscovery of Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Anura, Bufonidae), an enigmatic and endangered Andean toad. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation. 8(1) [Special Section]: 1–7 (e75). doi: dx.doi.org/10.1514/journal.arc.0000075
^ Naveen R.S., Tapley B., Chandramouli S.R., Jervis P.A., Babu S., Meetei A.B. and Karunakaran P.V. 2023. A New Species of Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani 1973 (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Mizoram (India) and the Delimitation of the Distribution Range of Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda 1971) to the Khasi hills, Meghalaya (India). BIODIVERSITAS. 24(9); 4617-4627.
^ A. Channing, G.J. Measey, A.L. de Villiers, A.A. Turner and, K.A. Tolley. 2017. Taxonomy of the Capensibufo rosei Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from South Africa. Zootaxa. 4232(2); 282–292. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.11
^ H Christoph Liedtke, Patrick K Malonza, Domnick V Wasonga, Hendrik Müller and Simon P Loader. 2023. A New Genus and Species of Toad from Mount Kenya illuminates East African Montane Biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlad160. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad160
^ S.R. Chandramouli and A.A. Thasun Amarasinghe. 2016. Taxonomic Reassessment of the Arboreal Toad Genus Pedostibes Günther 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae) and Some Allied Oriental Bufonid Genera. Herpetologica. 72(2): 137-147. DOI 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-15-00053
^ Ninda L. Baptista, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Chad Keates, Javier Lobón-Rovira, Shelley Edwards and Mark-Oliver Rödel. 2023. Two New Poyntonophrynus Species (Anura: Bufonidae) highlight the importance of Angolan Centers of Endemism. Vertebrate Zoology. 73: 991-1031. DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e103935
^ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. 2008. Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope 1862): un complejo de especies. Con redescripción de Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger 1913) y descripción de una nueva especie. Herpetotropicos. 5: 29-47.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., McDiarmid, R.W. 2012. A new Amazonian species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günrhwe, 1869) and Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799). Zootaxa. 3447:22-40.
^ 2011. The Amazonian toad Rhaebo guttatus is able to voluntarily squirt poison from the paratoid macroglands. Amphibia-Reptilia. 32 (2011): 546-549
^ Mueses-Cisneros, A.A. 2007. A new species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Zootaxa. 1662:53-59.

[1] Ryan L. Lynch, Sebastian Kohn, Fernando Ayala-Varela, Paul S. Hamilton, and Santiago R. Ron. 2014. Rediscovery of Andinophryne olallai Hoogmoed, 1985 (Anura, Bufonidae), an enigmatic and endangered Andean toad. Amphibian & Reptile Conservation. 8(1) [Special Section]: 1–7 (e75). doi: dx.doi.org/10.1514/journal.arc.0000075

[2] Naveen R.S., Tapley B., Chandramouli S.R., Jervis P.A., Babu S., Meetei A.B. and Karunakaran P.V. 2023. A New Species of Bufoides Pillai & Yazdani 1973 (Amphibia: Bufonidae) from Mizoram (India) and the Delimitation of the Distribution Range of Bufoides meghalayanus (Yazdani & Chanda 1971) to the Khasi hills, Meghalaya (India). BIODIVERSITAS. 24(9); 4617-4627.

[3] A. Channing, G.J. Measey, A.L. de Villiers, A.A. Turner and, K.A. Tolley. 2017. Taxonomy of the Capensibufo rosei Group (Anura: Bufonidae) from South Africa. Zootaxa. 4232(2); 282–292. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4232.2.11

[4] H Christoph Liedtke, Patrick K Malonza, Domnick V Wasonga, Hendrik Müller and Simon P Loader. 2023. A New Genus and Species of Toad from Mount Kenya illuminates East African Montane Biogeography. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. zlad160. DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad160

[5] S.R. Chandramouli and A.A. Thasun Amarasinghe. 2016. Taxonomic Reassessment of the Arboreal Toad Genus Pedostibes Günther 1876 (Anura: Bufonidae) and Some Allied Oriental Bufonid Genera. Herpetologica. 72(2): 137-147. DOI 10.1655/HERPETOLOGICA-D-15-00053

[6] Ninda L. Baptista, Pedro Vaz Pinto, Chad Keates, Javier Lobón-Rovira, Shelley Edwards and Mark-Oliver Rödel. 2023. Two New Poyntonophrynus Species (Anura: Bufonidae) highlight the importance of Angolan Centers of Endemism. Vertebrate Zoology. 73: 991-1031. DOI: 10.3897/vz.73.e103935

[Cisneros-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J. 2008. Rhaebo haematiticus (Cope 1862): un complejo de especies. Con redescripción de Rhaebo hypomelas (Boulenger 1913) y descripción de una nueva especie. Herpetotropicos. 5: 29-47.

[Mueses-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 Mueses-Cisneros, J.J., Cisneros-Heredia, D.F., McDiarmid, R.W. 2012. A new Amazonian species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) with comments on Rhaebo glaberrimus (Günrhwe, 1869) and Rhaebo guttatus (Schneider, 1799). Zootaxa. 3447:22-40.

[9] 2011. The Amazonian toad Rhaebo guttatus is able to voluntarily squirt poison from the paratoid macroglands. Amphibia-Reptilia. 32 (2011): 546-549

[10] Mueses-Cisneros, A.A. 2007. A new species of Rhaebo (Anura: Bufonidae) from the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia. Zootaxa. 1662:53-59.

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查论编按亚目分ぶん类的现存的てき无尾目め
界さかい动物界かいAnimalia · 门脊索せきさく动物门 Chordata · 亚门脊椎せきつい动物亚门 Chordata · 总纲四足しそく总纲 Tetrapoda · 纲两栖纲 Amphibia
始はじめ蛙かえる亚目 Archaeobatrachia	尾お蟾科 Ascaphidae · 铃蟾科か Bombinatoridae · 盘舌蟾科 Discoglossidae · 滑すべり蹠蟾科か Leiopelmatidae
中ちゅう蛙かえる亚目 Mesobatrachia	角すみ蟾科 Megophryidae · 锄足蟾科 Pelobatidae · 潜せん蟾科 Pelodytidae · 负子蟾科Pipidae · 北美きたみ锄足蟾科 Scaphiopodidae · 异舌蟾科 Rhinophrynidae
新しん蛙かえる亚目 Neobatrachia	真ま齿蛙科か Amphignathodontidae · 隱かくれ林りん蛙かえる科か Aromobatidae · 节蛙科か Arthroleptidae · 短たん头蟾科か Brachycephalidae · 蟾蜍ひきがえる科か Bufonidae · 瞻星蛙かえる科か Centrolenidae · 角すみ花はな蟾科 Ceratophryidae · Craugastoridae · 丛蛙科か Dendrobatidae · 沼ぬま蟾科 Heleophrynidae · 扩角蛙かえる科か Hemiphractidae · 肩かた蛙かえる科か Hemisotidae · 雨蛙あまがえる科か Hylidae · 芦あし蛙かえる科か Hyperoliidae · 细趾蟾科 Leptodactylidae · 曼蛙科か Mantellidae · 姬ひめ蛙かえる科か Microhylidae · 龟蟾科か Myobatrachidae · 箱はこ頭あたま蛙かえる科か Pyxicephalidae · 蛙かえる科か Ranidae · 树蛙科か Rhacophoridae · 尖とんが吻达蛙かえる科か Rhinodermatidae · 塞ふさが舌した蛙かえる科か Sooglossidae