鋯鈦酸さん鉛なまり

鋯鈦酸さん鉛なまり
IUPAC名めい 鋯鈦酸さん鉛なまり
别名	鈦鋯酸さん鉛なまり
识别
CAS号ごう	12626-81-2  Y
PubChem	159452
SMILES	[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Ti+4].[Zr+4].[Pb+2]
性せい质
化学かがく式しき	Pb[Zr xTi 1-x]O 3 (0≤x≤1)
摩ま尔质量りょう	303.065 ~ 346.4222 g/mol g·mol⁻¹
危险性せい
GHS危险性せい符号ふごう
GHS提示ていじ词	危险
H-术语	H302, H332, H360, H373, H410
P-术语	P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P281, P301+312, P304+312, P304+340, P308+313, P312
若わか非ひ注ちゅう明あかり，所有しょゆう数すう据すえ均ひとし出自しゅつじ标准状じょう态（25 ℃，100 kPa）下した。

鋯鈦酸さん鉛なまり，是ぜ一いち種しゅ無機むき化合かごう物ぶつ，化學かがく式しきPb[Zr
xTi
1-x]O
3（0≤x≤1），通常つうじょう縮寫しゅくしゃ為ためPZT（Lead Zirconium Titanate），是ぜ一いち種しゅ白色はくしょく至いたり灰白色かいはくしょく固體こたい。鋯鈦酸さん鉛なまり是ぜ一いち種しゅ有明ありあけ顯あらわ壓あつ電でん效こう應おう的てき陶すえ瓷鈣鈦礦材料ざいりょう，這意味あじ著ちょ當とう施ほどこせ加か電場でんじょう時じ該化合かごう物ぶつ會かい改變かいへん形狀けいじょう，被ひ用よう於超ちょう聲こえ波は換かわ能のう器き、諧振器き等ひとし。

鋯鈦酸さん鉛なまり於1952年ねん東京工業大學とうきょうこうぎょうだいがく發現はつげん。與あずか先せん前ぜん發現はつげん有明ありあけ顯あらわ壓あつ電でん效こう應おう的てき鈦酸鋇相そう比ひ，鋯鈦酸さん鉛なまり表現ひょうげん出で更さら高だか靈れい敏さと度たび並なみ具ぐ更さら好このみ（較高）的てき工作こうさく溫度おんど。陶すえ瓷鋯鈦酸鉛なまり因いん其物理ぶつり強度きょうど、化學かがく惰性だせい、相對そうたい較低的てき製造せいぞう成本なりもと而廣泛應用おうよう。陶すえ瓷鋯鈦酸鉛なまり是ぜ最さい常用じょうよう的てき壓あつ電でん陶すえ瓷。最近さいきん幾いく年ねん，許多きょた國家こっか立法りっぽう限げん制せい商業しょうぎょう產品さんぴん使用しよう鉛なまり，因いん此不少しょう人ひと尋ひろ找鋯鈦酸鉛なまり的てき替がえ代品だいひん。

電でん陶すえ瓷特性せい

已やめ隱かくれ藏ぞう部分ぶぶん未み翻譯ほんやく内容ないよう，歡迎かんげい參與さんよ翻譯ほんやく。

Being piezoelectric, lead zirconate titanate develops a voltage (or potential difference) across two of its faces when compressed (useful for sensor applications), and physically changes shape when an external electric field is applied (useful for actuator applications). The relative permittivity of lead zirconate titanate can range from 300 to 20000, depending upon orientation and doping.

Being pyroelectric, this material develops a voltage difference across two of its faces under changing temperature conditions; consequently, lead zirconate titanate can be used as a heat sensor. Lead zirconate titanate is also ferroelectric, which means that it has a spontaneous electric polarization (electric dipole) that can be reversed in the presence of an electric field.

The material features an extremely large relative permittivity at the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) near x = 0.52.

Some formulations are ohmic until at least 7007250000000000000♠250 kV/cm (7007250000000000000♠25 MV/米べい), after which current grows exponentially with field strength before reaching avalanche breakdown; but lead zirconate titanate exhibits time-dependent dielectric breakdown — breakdown may occur under constant-voltage stress after minutes or hours, depending on voltage and temperature, so its dielectric strength depends on the time scale over which it is measured. Other formulations have dielectric strengths measured in the 7006800000000000000♠8–16 MV/米べい range.

Uses

Lead zirconate titanate ultrasound transducer

Lead zirconate titanate-based materials are components of ceramic capacitors and STM/AFM actuators (tubes).

Lead zirconate titanate is used to make ultrasound transducers and other sensors and actuators, as well as high-value ceramic capacitors and FRAM chips. Lead zirconate titanate is also used in the manufacture of ceramic resonators for reference timing in electronic circuitry. In 1975 Sandia National Laboratories created anti-flash goggles featuring PLZT to protect aircrew from burns and blindness in case of a nuclear explosion. The PLZT lenses could turn opaque in less than 150 microseconds.

Commercially, it is usually not used in its pure form, rather it is doped with either acceptors, which create oxygen (anion) vacancies, or donors, which create metal (cation) vacancies and facilitate domain wall motion in the material. In general, acceptor doping creates hard lead zirconate titanate, while donor doping creates soft lead zirconate titanate. Hard and soft lead zirconate titanate generally differ in their piezoelectric constants. Piezoelectric constants are proportional to the polarization or to the electrical field generated per unit of mechanical stress, or alternatively is the mechanical strain produced by per unit of electric field applied. In general, soft lead zirconate titanate has a higher piezoelectric constant, but larger losses in the material due to internal friction. In hard lead zirconate titanate, domain wall motion is pinned by the impurities, thereby lowering the losses in the material, but at the expense of a reduced piezoelectric constant.

Varieties

One of the commonly studied chemical composition is PbZr
0.52Ti
0.48O
3. The increased piezoelectric response and poling efficiency near to x = 0.52 is due to the increased number of allowable domain states at the MPB. At this boundary, the 6 possible domain states from the tetragonal phase ⟨100⟩ and the 8 possible domain states from the rhombohedral phase ⟨111⟩ are equally favorable energetically, thereby allowing a maximum 14 possible domain states.

Like structurally similar lead scandium tantalate and barium strontium titanate, lead zirconate titanate can be used for manufacture of uncooled staring array infrared imaging sensors for thermographic cameras. Both thin film (usually obtained by chemical vapor deposition) and bulk structures are used. The formula of the material used usually approaches Pb
1.1(Zr
0.3Ti
0.7)O
3 (called lead zirconate titanate 30/70). Its properties may be modified by doping it with lanthanum, resulting in lanthanum-doped lead zirconium titanate (lead zirconate titanate, also called lead lanthanum zirconium titanate), with formula Pb
0.83La
0.17(Zr
0.3Ti
0.7)
0.9575O
3 (Lead zirconate titanate 17/30/70).

另見

• 鈮酸鋰
• 聚偏氟乙烯（PVDF）

外部がいぶ鏈接

• zirconate titanate-5A 鋯鈦酸さん鉛なまり材料ざいりょう特性とくせい （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）