The Kitans 契ちぎり丹に

The Kitans (Chinese: Qidan 契ちぎり丹に) were a federation of non-Chinese tribes that dominated northern China from the late 9th century on. A tribal chieftain united the Kitans in a federation and founded the Liao dynasty 遼りょう (907-1125) that ruled northern China for more than two centuries before it was destroyed by the Jurchens.

The ethnic and linguistic affiliation of the Kitans is still not clear. Some scholars call them proto-Mongols. Traditional Chinese scholars did not much care about such matters and just called them offsprings of the Xianbei 鮮卑, a proto-Türkic federation that had ruled the northern steppe in the 3rd and 4th centuries.

The Kitans have created an own script, based on the Chinese script, in order to write in their own language (see Kitan script).

The Kitans are first mentioned in the Korean history Samguk sagi 三さん國史こくし記き and shortly later appear in the Chinese history Weishu 魏ぎ書しょ where they are described in a separate "biography" (契ちぎり丹に传 Qidan zhuan). The Beishi 北きた史し, Suishu 隋ずい書しょ, the two Tangshu 唐とう書しょ and the two Wudaishi 五代ごだい史ふみ all have separate accounts on the Kitans. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties period 南北なんぼく朝あさ (300~600) they roamed the steppe between the Liao River 遼りょう河かわ and the Šira Mören River (in Chinese known as Xilamulun 西にし拉ひしげ木き倫りん河かわ). The Chinese histories report that it was custom among them not to weep at the death of the parents because this would be an expression of weekness. The corpses were laid on a rack for three years. After that period the remains were burnt in a special ceremony.

There were eight tribes, namely the Xiwandan 悉萬まん丹に, Hedahe 何なん大だい何なに, Fufuyu 伏ふく弗どる郁いく, Yuling 羽はね陵りょう, Rilian 日連ひづれ, Piqie 匹ひき挈, Li 黎はじむ and Tuliuhan 吐六干ひ (or Tuliuyu 吐六ろく于), all in Chinese transcription. The Kitan federation first presented tributes to the Northern Yan dynasty 北きた燕つばめ (409-436), which on her part invested the qagan ("khan") as Prince Guishan 歸き善ぜん王おう. During the Northern Wei period 北きた魏たかし (386-534) the Kitans regularly presented tributed to the Wei court in the shape of horses and animal skins. There was a regular border trade in Helong 和かず龍りゅう (modern Chaoyang 朝陽あさひ) and Miyun 密雲みつうん. In 553 the Kitans were heavily defeated by the armies of the Northern Qi empire 北きた齊ひとし (550-577) and lost a large part of their population, and also many cattle. In 584 they declared their submission to the Sui dynasty 隋ずい (581-618). During the early years of the 7th century the family Dahe 大賀たいが wielded great power among the chieftains and unified the Kitan tribes in a federation that was able to raise 34,000 males as troops. During war all eight tribes joined together, yet for civilian activities like hunting, the tribes acted on their own.

In 619 the Tang dynasty 唐とう (618-907) court set up the prefecture of Liaozhou 遼りょう州しゅう which was to be indirectly administered by the Tang through the Kitan chieftains as quasi-state officials of the Tang. In 648 the area command (dudufu 都と督とく府ふ) of Songmo 松まつ漠ばく was established, with 10 prefectures. Kuge Qagan 窟くつ哥, highest leader of the Kitan federation, was appointed commander-in-chief (dudu 都みやこ督ただし) and was allowed to bare the imperial surname Li 李り. he was furthermore given the title of District Baron of Wuji 無む極きょく縣けん男おとこ. His descendant Li Jinzhong 李り盡忠じんちゅう joined with a powerful chieftain, Sun Wangrong 孫まご歲さい榮さかえ, in rebellion against the Tang in 696. After his first victory at Yingzhou 營州 he adopted the title of Supreme Qagan 無上むじょう可か汗あせ. His sudden death and the takover by Sun Wanrong ended this short period of dominance. The Tang sought for support by the Türks and defeated the Kitans. The Kitans thereupon submitted to the Later Türkic empire for a decade or so, but in 716 again, the highest leader Li Shihuo 李り失しつ活かつ declared his submission to the Tang. He was appointed commander-in-chief of Songmu and given the title of Commandery Prince of Songmo 松まつ漠ばく郡ぐん王おう and granted the title of great general of the insignia of the imperial encampment (xingzai jinwu da jiangjun 行くだり在ざい金吾きんご大将たいしょう军. He was also given a Chinese princess to his wife. His successor Li Guozhe 李り過か折おり was killed in 735 by a certain Nili 泥どろ禮れい, and this was the end of the domination of the family Dahe.

For defense measures the Chinese court set up the military commands of Fanyang 范陽 and Pinglu 平ひら盧の. Yet instead of protecting Tang China against the Kitans, the military commissioner An Lushan 安やす禄ろく山やま used these garrisons as a base for his rebellion against the Tang dynasty. After the rebellion was ended, the Kitans again submitted to the Tang and presented tributes for a while, before the Kitans came under the sway of the Uighur federation 回かい鹘 that dominated the western part of the steppe in the late 8th century. In the mid-9th century the Uighurs were defeated, and the Kitans again became subject to the Tang dynasty. The federation was during that time led by the family Nian 輦 until 907 when the khaganship was taken over by Abaoji 阿保あぼ機き from the Yelü family 耶律. In 916 he united all Kitan tribes, proclaimed himself not only qagan, but also emperor (as Liao Taizu 遼りょう太ふとし祖そ, r. 907-927), of the empire of the Qidan (Qidan guo 契ちぎり丹に國こく).

Abaoji had created an own script for the Kitan language, modeled on the Chinese script. He also had imitated the administrative structure of the Chinese empires, established a capital and adopted a reign title. After the destruction of the empire of Bohai 渤海 in the east, he also adopted the dynastic name of Liao, according to the river in the heart of his empire. The Liao empire dominated the weak dynasties in China's north during the first half of the 10th century and was a match for the Song dynasty 宋そう (960-1279), founded in 960. The most famous incidents proving the power of the Liao empire was the forced cession of sixteen prefectures (shiliu zhou 十じゅう六ろく州しゅう) by the Later Jin dynasty 後こう晉すすむ (936-946) in 936, and the treaty of Chanyuan 澶淵 concluded in 1004 by which the Liao empire forced the Song to present annual tributes and to accept the Liao ruler as the "older brother". The empire of the Kitans was the first in a long series to be ruled by foreign dynasties that the Chinese could not simply do away with as barbarians. The cultural prevalence of the many Chinese subjects in the Liao empire caused Emperor Shengzong 遼りょう聖ひじり宗はじめ (r. 982-1030) to rename his country in Kitan. Only in 1066 the name Liao was again adopted as the official name of the realm, at least in Chinese documents.

In 1125 the Liao empire was crushed, yet by another foreign dynasty, the Jurchen Jin dynasty 金きむ (1115-1234). Shortly before the final blow to the Liao empire, Prince Yelü Dashi 耶律大石おおいし (emperor Dezong 西にし遼りょう德とく宗むね, r. 1124-1143) left with a few thousands of Kitans for the west where he founded the Western Liao empire 西にし遼りょう, by the Uighurs called Kara Kitan "Black Kitans". This empire lasted until 1218 when it was destroyed by the Mongols. Their rulers had adopted the Christian faith. In its last months the Western Liao empire was reigned by a Naiman ruler.

The Kitans were so prevalent in northern China and into Central Asia that mediaeval Western travelers called China “Cathay” or "Kitai", a designation still used in Russia today.