Ukraine
Ukraine(烏 克 蘭 )[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
![Flag of Ukraine](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/220px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Europe-Ukraine.svg/220px-Europe-Ukraine.svg.png)
Takaray Sowal:[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Ukolan ( Ukolan sowal:Україна,Roma tilid:Ukrayina; Kuwaping sowal:
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg/220px-Ilja_Jefimowitsch_Repin_-_Reply_of_the_Zaporozhian_Cossacks_-_Yorck.jpg)
I saka 9 sici o tatapangan takay no Ukolan o Kiyif hananay ko pahiceraan, o litengan ho a Slaf Finacadan patireng to sa’ayaway a finacadan kitakit Kiyif-Rosu, away ko ikakaay ko ‘icel to no kitakit, tahira to i 12 sici matekop a malaklak.Nani sifo’an no 14 sici, madado’edo’ a makowan no Cincahan kitakit(Monko sowal:Алтан Орд,Altan Ord;Ikiris asowal:Kipchak Khanate; Kuwaping sowal:欽察
I 1700~ 1721 miheca a Ni’amisan Lalood(Rosiya sowal:Северная война,Loytin sowal:Stora nordiska kriget),malowid no Rosiya ko Loytin, ikor to i, mapapecihpech no icowacowaay a kitakit ko Ukolan. I 19sici o Hontian Rosiya Kitakit ko mipolongay a mikowan to Ukolan, o ’osaw to a pala i, o Awsiyong Hontian Kitakit ko mikowanay. Itira to i Sakacecay Lalood no Hekal matatanga to Sapifelihaw to sifo a rawraw ko Rosiya, ora saka pacalcal a misiiked ko Ukolan.
I 1922 miheca o cecay no mikapotay a patireng to Solin ko Ukolan, i kaherekan no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal, oya mikowanan no Polan a Saka’etioay Ukolan mapatateko i Sowiay Ukolan.
1945 miheca mikapot i Linhoko.[2] 1954 miheca oya kakeridan no Kiyosanto no Solin ci Ninita Helosyefo ko milengatay a mikerid to Sakakay
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Nikita_Khruchchev_Colour.jpg/220px-Nikita_Khruchchev_Colour.jpg)
no Solin, o pikining to Katateko’an no Rosiya ato Ukolan a romi’ad a mipecih a pafelien ko Ukolan to Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal(Rosiya sowal:Кры́мский полуо́стров,Roma tilid: Krymskiy poluostrov; Kuwaping sowal:
I 1991 miheca yo matekop ko Solin i, alasiikeiked sa koya 15 a mikapotat to Solin a kitakit, itira to a misiiked ko Ukolan malasiikeday kitakit, mikapot a patireng to Siikeday Kitakit a Lekatep. Misiiked to ko Ukolan rocoken ningra ko paranaan no sofitay no itiyay ho no Solin, malamido’edo’an to Rosiya o sakatosa a ci’icelay a kitakit itini i Yoropa. I 2014 miheca ma’eco no Rosiya ko Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal ora sa ka tangsolsol sa miliyas ko Ukolan to Siikeday Kitakit a Lekatep.
Yo misiiked ko Ukolan midemak to nipaliwalay to dafong a sapili’etan a kicay,caho ka citaneng to matiniay a cicay, orasaka 10 ko mihecaan ko kanglilos no ’orip no tamtamdaw.[3] Nikawrira, anini sato i, o sakatola a saadihayay ko nipasadakan a kakaenen i hekal.[4]
I 2022 miheca saka2 folad saka 21 romi;ad milekal ko Rosiya to pisiiked no isakawaliay no Ukolan a sakowan o misiikedan a kitakit ko nini saan toTonnicuko Kitakit(Rosiya sowal:Донецкая народная республика;Roma tilid:Donetskaya narodnaya respublika; Kuwaping sowal:
Tatapangan no ngangan(
Itiya ho i 13sici, sahetoay to mi’aroan to no Konko tamdaw ko Ukolan, nikawrira, oya i la’edan no Ukolan ato Polan a Kalisiy Sawra’an Etal ato i sak’amisay no saka’etip no Ukolan a Wolonsi Sakowan cowa ka ’eco no Monko a tamdaw, ono tosa a Sakowan no Sawara’an itiraay i katimol no
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/220px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg)
aro’ ningra. O nanicowaay kona Ukolan a sowal awaay ko kacipinangan, nikawrira, ona Ukolan oni patatekoan a tosaay tilid, o 「U」sanay i, ono「no mita, no itiniay」sanay ko imi nira, o「kolan」sanay i, ono「no mita kitakit/o i salawacan a la’eday pala」sanay ko imi nonini, ’eminen a somowal i, o「I salawacanay a kitakit」sanay. Oya maro’ay itini a tamdaw o「Ukolan tamdaw」hananay to a mitahidang, o i「salawacanay tamdaw」ko pangangan, o nano ngangan no finacadan ko sapangangan to kitakit tora Ukolan.[5]
Rikisi(
O pikakinkiw no mikakarkaray to katelang nalacolan,ira makera ko i’ayaway no 2 ofad ~3 ofad a notelangan ho nikunisan i ’ongcoy a cuka.
O rikisi no Ukolan i, o Wiking tamdaw ko patirengay to Kifros i saka 9 sici, latek i 10 sici, o Sa’etipay Selafu Finacadan matateko mala To’asan Rosu Finacadan,patireng to Kifros Kitakit. Yo mikowan ci Sey Fracimil Swiyatoslawici(Rosiya sowal:Св.Влади́мир Святосла́вич; Kuwaling sowal:
Ingataay a mihecahecaan(近 現代 史 )[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
I 13sici tahira i 14 sici mitoker to picowat no Monko tamdaw, Rerman tamdaw ato Torki tamdaw.Latek nani 14sici satapang a miliyas to katelang Kifros malacitekeday tono niyah a sowal, punka ato pinangan no ’orip, laheci malamisiikeday a finacadan. I 1569 miheca, komoden ni Lupolin ko Polan Hontian kitakit ato Litawan Sawara’an kitakit patireng to Polan-Litawan Matatekoay Kitakit. To ikor to pinapina so’ot a mihecaan o Mosko Sawara’an Kitakit ko mipatatekoay mapapolong to ka’amis no sakawaliay pala, mala Rosiya Hontian Kitakita(Safang).
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Catherine_II_by_Alexey_Antropov_%2818th_c%2C_Tver_gallery%29.jpg/220px-Catherine_II_by_Alexey_Antropov_%2818th_c%2C_Tver_gallery%29.jpg)
O roma sato, o itiraay i katimol no saka’etip a pala o Polan-Litawan Matatekoay Kitakit ko mikowanay to aniniay Pirarosi ato aniniay Ukolan. Ano sahecien a somowal i, o aniniay a Ukolan itiraay i 17sici tahira i 14sici a malacecay a finacadan, italiyokan no Nipo’alo, o Kifu, Potawa ato Cinikof ko kahiceraan.
I 17sici, mapapolong ko Ukolan ato Sa’etipay So’elinay Kyokay mi toker to Tinsikyo no Polan a mafodfod. 1654 miheca, o kakeridan no Kosako no Ukolan ci Pokotan Hominiceci(Ukolan sowal: Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький;Polan sowal:Bohdan Zenobi Chmielnicki; Rosiya sowal:Богдан Хмельницкий; Kuwaping sowal:
Yo mamalepon ko 18 sici, o fafahiyan hongti no Rosiya ci Yiekacilina II(Rosiya sowal: Екатерина Алексеевна; Ikiris sowal: Catherine II; Kuwaping sowal:
Solin a mihecahecaan(蘇 聯 時期 )[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
I 1917 miheca mapalolol ko kitakit, mafelih ko Rosiya Hontian Kitakit, ira ko padama no Toic Hontian Kitakit ta mapatireng ko siikeday Ukolan Kapolongan Kitakit. 1918 miheca matatilid ko Rosiya ato Malekatepay-Kitakit to《Pelisto-Litawan kakaketonan》(Rosiya a sowal:Брестский мир; Toic a sowal: Friedensvertrag von Brest-Litowsk; Kuwaping a sowal:
Yo sakaira no Sakatosa Lalood no Hekal, malapecih ko Solin ato Toic to Polan, oya i saka’etipay a Ukolan mapateko i Solin.1941 miheca saka 6 folad saka 22 romi’ad malalood ko Solin ato Toic i Ukolan a pala, oya itiraay i Kifo a lslood 70 ofad ko mapatayay sofitay no Solin, o itiraay i Awtosa a lalood malowid no Romaniya ko sofitay no Solin, laheci han to no Toic a mipolong a mi’eco ko Ukolan.1943 miheca saka11 folad matepek no Solin ko sofitay no Toic,patikor heca ko Solin taira i Ukolan. Itini tona sakatosa a lalood itiniay i Ukolan ko kalaloodan, orasaka, tada mapadesay kona kitakit.
1985 miheca yo mala Sakakaay no kyosanto no Solin ci Kopacifo (Rosiya asowal:Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв; Roma a tilid:Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev; Kuwaping a sowal:
Iikor na misiiked (烏 克 蘭 獨立 後 )[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
1990 miheca saka 7 folad saka16 romi’ad, matalahekal no pikaykian no Ukolan kitakit ko《Tatapangan Salongoc no Ukolan a Pilekal》. 1991 miheca saka8 folad saka24 romi’ad, matekop ko Solin Patatekoan Kitakit, oya mikapotay i Solin a 15 kitakit alasiikeiked sato, o pikaykian no Ukolan kitakit tangsolsol sa a milekal to《Ukolan misiiked a lekal》. Tona miheca saka 12 folad saka 1 romi’ad, mihai ko tamdaw no Ukolan nami kapolongan pitopa, laheci sato miliyas to Solin misiiked, falicen ko ngangan no kitakit to Ukolan Kapolongan Kitakit, 337 ko mihecaan ta malaheci ko kapisiiked, tona romi’ad tomireng malacongton ci Liangnito ( Ukolan a sowal:Леонід Макарович Кравчук; Kuwaping a sowal:
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Volodymyr_Zelensky_Official_portrait_%28cropped%29.jpg)
1996 miheca matongko ko fa’elohay a kimpo, o Tatapangan Salongoc, Misiiked ato nikafinawlan a kitakit sa ko pisetek i tilid, falicen ho ko ngangan no kitakit to Ukolan.2004 miheca, misinkiw to congtong ci Yusinko(Ukolan a sowal:Віктор Андрійович Ющенко;Kuwaping a sowal:維克
Faco no sici(政治 制度 )[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O Ukolan a kitakit midamakay to Toloay ko Kasasiiked no Sakowan 'Icel, oranan i, o misanga’ay to rikec, misawkitay ato matayalay kona toloay kasasiked no ’icel a matayal. O kimpo ko pado’edoan no kalosakowan to tayal, nilalangan ko micowatay to demak no roma a sakowan.
O congtong ko Sakakaay Kakeridan no kitakit, Sakakaay Lata o misanga’ay to rikec,[11] citodongay to tayal no kitakit o Sakakaay Sifo, mitengil to sowal no congtong. Cecayay ko Pikaykian no Kitakit, o Sakakaay Lata konini, o miketonay a misang’ to rikec no kitakit, o mihaian no rikec ira ko 450 ko tamdaw no kiing, o kalotamdaw ko mitopaay a misinkiw, sepat miheca ko kalakiingan.
O sinkiw no congtong o kalotamdaw misimedan ko ngangan a mitopa, 5 miheca ko katayalan no congtong, milalangan to cilafas to tosa riyad a malacongtong(10 miheca).o kakeridan no sifo o congtong ko panganganay, mahai no Lata nga’ manga’ay malacongli.[12]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Viktor_Yanukovych_%2801910428%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Viktor_Yanukovych_%2801910428%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
O Ukolan mihaian no rikec ko adihayay a centang, o mipanganganay i pisawkitan ira ko 349 ko kasasiromaroma a kasarekarekad.
Larengatan no rawraw no sici(政局 動 盪)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
2004-2005 miheca a sanokoltoay cengel a nipalolol.(橙色 革命 )[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
(Ukolan a sowal:Помаранчева революція; Kuwaping a sowal:
2013 miheca o patalaw a mikangyi(toker)to sifo ko misawidangay to Sa’etipay Kitakit, oya sato o misawidangay to Rosiya a congtong ci Yanukowici paterep han to ningra ko Kakaketonan no Paifaloco’ay Kali’aca ato Sa’etipay Kitakit, misa’icel ato Rosiya a mapapadang. Oya sato mitadipiay to Sa’etipay Kitakit a kasafelaw a tamdaw,misaopo to to finawlan a mipacoli mitoker to sifo.[13]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_%28February_2015%29_03.jpeg/220px-Normandy_format_talks_in_Minsk_%28February_2015%29_03.jpeg)
2014 miheca saka 2 folad saka 22 romi’ad,mangalef to ko larawraw sato ko ’edef no kitakit,mapalasawad to ko kamaro’an ni Yanukowici laliw sato a tara Rosiya madipot no Rosiya. Lalowadan no rawraw konini.
2014 miheca o karawrawan no Kolimiya Pecihan Kanatal(2014年 克 里 米 亞 危機 )[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
O maro’ay i Kolimiya kanatal a tamdaw i, o Rosiya ko ’alomanay ora sa ka mikiRosiyaay ko faloco’ no tamtamdaw, yo malaplap no Ukolan ko misawidangay a congtong ci Yanukowici,sowal sato ko congtong no Rosiya:「misaharateng to kita to sapipanokayaw to Kolimiya patatiko tayni i Rosiya」saan. Tona miheca saka 2 folad saka 27 romi’ad o citapodoay a sofitay mi’eco to Sakakaay Pikaykian no Kitakit, maaro’ ko tadamaanay a kaitiraan no Kolimiya, orasaka, ma’emin sato no Rosiya a mapa’eker ko Kolimiya.
Tona miheca saka 3 folad saka16 romi’ad midemak to Kapolongan Pitopa(
2022 karawraw i Ukolan[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
Itiya 2015 miheca matatilid to kakaketonan tilid ko Ukolan, Rosiya, Toic ato Fransu to Fa’elohay Kakaketona i Misko(Ikiris sowal:Minsk II;Kuwaping sowal:《
I 2022 miheca saka 2 folad saka 22 romi’ad mihai ko congtong no Rosiya ci Putin to pisiiked nani Ukolan ko ikawaliay a sakowan no Ukolan o Tonicuko(Ukolan sowal:Донецьк; Kuwaping a sowal:
Tahapinangan Tilid(註腳)[mikawit | o yin-se-ma no pisinanot]
[1] Ukraine :: History – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. [2011-10-31]. (
[2] Activities of the Member States – Ukraine. United Nations. [2011-01-17]. (
[3] Macroeconomic Indicators. National Bank of Ukraine. [2007-12-16]. (
[4] Ukraine becomes world's third biggest grain exporter in 2011 – minister. Blackseagrain.net. [2012-08-25]. (
[5] З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва "Україна". Litopys.org.ua. [2011-10-31]. (
[6] Yanukovych: The man who sparks revolution in Ukraine. Yahoo! News. Agence France-Presse. 2014-02-20 [2014-03-07]. (
[7] Damien McElroy. Ukraine revolution: live – Ukraine's president has disappeared as world awakes to the aftermath of a revolution. The Daily Telegraph. 2014-02-23 [2014-03-04]. (
[8] Ukraine conflict: Tymoshenko speech ends historic day of revolution. BBC News. 2014-02-22 [2014-03-04]. (
[9] Neil Buckley and Roman Olearchyk. Yanukovich toppled in new Ukrainian revolution. Financial Times. 2014-02-22 [2014-03-04]. (
[10] 乌克兰大选:
[11] 「
[12] General Articles about Ukraine. Government Portal. [2007-12-24]. (
[13]
[14] Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'. BBC News. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. (
[15] Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia. Reuters. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. (
[16] Crimea 'votes to rejoin Russia' after controversial poll. ITV. 2014-03-16 [2017-11-26]. (
[17] Crimea applies to be part of Russian Federation after vote to leave Ukraine. The Guardian. 2014-03-17 [2022-03-04]. (
[18] Crimea referendum: Voters 'back Russia union'. BBC News. 2014-03-16 [2022-03-04]. (
[19] Japan does not recognise Crimea vote – govt spokesman. Reuters. 2014-03-17 [2022-03-04]. (
[20] Putin orders Russian troops to Ukraine after recognising breakaway regions. [2022-02-22]. (
[21] 联大