This is a list of monarchs of Korea, arranged by dynasty. Names are romanized according to the South Korean Revised Romanization of Korean. McCune–Reischauer romanizations may be found at the articles about the individual monarchs.
Monarchs of Korea | |
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Details | |
First monarch | Dangun (legendary) |
Last monarch | Sunjong |
Formation | 2333 BC (legendary) |
Abolition | 29 August 1910 |
Residence | Varies according to dynasty, most recently Gyeongbok Palace in Seoul |
Gojoseon
editGojoseon (2333 BC – 108 BC) was the first Korean kingdom. According to legend, it was founded by Dangun in 2333 BC.[1]
Bronze Age archaeological evidence of Gojoseon culture is found in northern Korea and Liaoning. By the 9th to 4th century BC, various historical and archaeological evidence shows Gojoseon was a flourishing state and a self-declared kingdom.
Both Dangun and Gija are believed to be mythological figures, but recent findings suggest and theorize that since Gojoseon was a kingdom with artifacts dating back to the 4th millennium BC, Dangun and Gija may have been royal or imperial titles used for the monarchs of Gojoseon, hence the use of Dangun for 1900 years.[2]
Earliest mythological rulers
editDangun Joseon | ||||
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# | Portrait | Name | Period of reign | |
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Dangun Wanggeom | 단군왕검 ( |
2333(?) – ? BC | |
Gija Joseon | ||||
# | Portrait | Name | Period of reign | |
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Gija | 기자 ( |
1122(?) – ? BC |
Historical rulers
editGojoseon | ||||
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# | Portrait | Name | Period of reign | |
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
? | Unknown ruler | Unknown | 4th century BC | |
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? | King Bu | 부왕 ( |
232–220 BC | |
? | King Jun | 준왕 ( |
220–195 BC | |
Wiman Joseon | ||||
# | Portrait | Name | Period of reign | |
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Wi Man | 위만 ( |
194–? BC | |
2 | Unknown (Son of Wi Man) | Unknown | ?–? | |
3 | King Ugeo | 우거왕 ( |
?–108 BC |
Buyeo
editBuyeo (c. 2nd century BC – 494 AD) ruled in modern-day Northeast China. Although records are sparse and contradictory, it is speculated that in the 1st century BC, Eastern Buyeo branched out, after which the original Buyeo is sometimes referred to as Northern Buyeo. Its remnants were absorbed by the neighboring and brotherhood kingdom of Goguryeo in 494.
Early Eastern Buyeo
edit# | Portrait | Personal names | Period of reign | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanhan | |||
1 | Hae Buru | 해부루 ( |
?–? BC | |
2 | Hae Geumwa | 해금와 ( |
48–20 BC | |
3 | Hae Daeso | 해대소 ( |
20 BC – 22 AD |
# | Portrait | Name | Period of reign | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Founder of Galsa | 갈사왕 (曷思 |
21–? | |
? | Hae Dodu | 해도두 ( |
?–68 |
Later Northern Buyeo
edit# | Portrait | Name | Period of reign | Comment | |
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Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | ||||
? | Butae | 부태왕 ( |
?–?, 2nd century | He invaded Xuantu Commandery,but was defeated with a huge loss.[3] | |
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? | Wigutae | 위구태왕 (慰仇 |
?–?, 2nd century | Married with Gongsun clan.[4] | |
? | Ganwigeo | 간위거왕 (簡位 |
?–?, 3rd century | He only had illegitimate son Maryeo.[5] | |
? | Maryeo | 마려왕 ( |
?–?, 3rd century | Wigeo holding the post of Daesa led state affairs.Paid tribute to Wei.[6] | |
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? | Uiryeo | 의려왕 ( |
?–285 | Rose to the throne at the age of six. Committed suicide after a huge defeat after a battle with the Xianbei.[7] | |
? | Uira | 의라왕 ( |
286–? | Exiled to Okjeo. Restored old territory after getting help from Jin.[8] | |
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? | Hyeon | 현왕 ( |
?–346 | ||
? | Yeoul | 여울왕 ( |
?–384 | ||
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? | Jan | 잔 (孱) | ?–494 |
Goguryeo
editGoguryeo (37 BC – 668 AD) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo rulers may have used the title of Taewang (
# | Portrait | Personal names[a][b] | Period of reign | Posthumous name[c] | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Go Jumong Go Chumo Go Sanghae |
고주몽 ( 고추모 ( 고상해 ( |
37–19 BC | Chumoseong [d] Dongmyeong Dongmyeongseong |
추모성왕 (鄒牟 동명왕 ( 동명성왕 ( | |
2 | Hae Yuri Hae Yuryu Hae Nuri |
해유리 ( 해유류 ( 해누리 ( |
19 BC – 18 AD | Yuri[e] Yurimyeong |
유리왕 (琉璃 유리명왕 (琉璃 | |
3 | Hae Muhyul | 해무휼 ( |
18–44 | Daemusin Daehaejuryu |
대무신왕 ( 대해주류왕 ( | |
4 | Hae Saekju | 해색주 ( |
44–48 | Minjung | 민중왕 (閔中 | |
5 | Hae U Hae Aeru Hae Mangnae |
해우 ( 해애루 ( 해막래 ( |
48–53 | Mobon | 모본왕 (慕本 | |
6 | Go Gung Go Eosu |
고궁 ( 고어수 ( |
53–146[f] | Taejo [the Great] Gukjo |
태조[대]왕 ( 국조왕 ( | |
7 | Go Suseong | 고수성 ( |
146–165 | Chadae | 차대왕 ( | |
8 | Go Baekgo Go Baekgu |
고백고 ( 고백구 ( |
165–179 | Sindae | 신대왕 ( | |
9 | Go Nam-mu | 고남무 ( |
179–197 | Gogukcheon Gukyang |
고국천왕 ( 국양왕 ( | |
10 | Go Yeon-u Go Iimo |
고연우 ( 고이이모 ( |
197–227 | Sansang | 산상왕 ( | |
11 | Go Uwigeo Go Wigung Go Gyoche |
고우위거 ( 고위궁 ( 고교체 ( |
227–248 | Dongcheon Dongyang |
동천왕 ( 동양왕 ( | |
12 | Go Yeonbul | 고연불 ( |
248–270 | Jungcheon Jungyang |
중천왕 ( 중양왕 ( | |
13 | Go Yangno Go Yagu |
고약로 ( 고약우 ( |
270–292 | Seocheon Seoyang |
서천왕 ( 서양왕 ( | |
14 | Go Sangbu Go Sapsiru |
고상부 ( 고삽시루 ( |
292–300 | Bongsang Chigal |
봉상왕 (烽上 치갈왕 (雉葛 | |
15 | Go Eulbul Go Ubul |
고을불 ( 고우불 ( |
300–331 | Micheon Hoyang |
미천왕 ( 호양왕 ( | |
16 | Go Sayu Go Yu Go Soe |
고사유 ( 고유 ( 고쇠 ( |
331–371 | Gogugwon | 고국원왕 ( | |
17 | Go Gubu | 고구부 ( |
371–384 | Sosurim | 소수림왕 ( | |
18 | Go Yiryeon Go Eojiji |
고이련 ( 고어지지 ( |
384–391 | Gogugyang | 고국양왕 ( | |
19 | Go Damdeok | 고담덕 ( |
391–413 | Gwanggaeto | 광개토왕 ( | |
20 | Go Georyeon Go Yeon |
고거련 ( 고연 ( |
413–491 | Jangsu | 장수왕 ( | |
21 | Go Na-un Go Un |
고나운 ( 고운 ( |
491–519 | Munjamyeong | 문자명왕 ( | |
22 | Go Heung-an Go An |
고흥안 ( 고안 ( |
519–531 | Anjang | 안장왕 ( | |
23 | Go Boyeon Go Yeon |
고보연 ( 고연 ( |
531–545 | Anwon | 안원왕 ( | |
24 | Go Pyeongseong | 고평성 ( |
545–559 | Yangwon Yanggang |
양원왕 ( 양강왕 ( | |
25 | Go Yangseong Go Yang Go Tang |
고양성 ( 고양 ( 고탕 ( |
559–590 | Pyeongwon Pyeonggang |
평원왕 ( 평강왕( | |
26 | Go Won | 고원 ( |
590–618 | Yeongyang Pyeongyang |
영양왕 (嬰陽 평양왕 ( | |
27 | Go Geonmu Go Mu Go Seong |
고건무 ( 고무 ( 고성 ( |
618–642 | Yeongnyu | 영류왕 ( | |
28 | Go Bojang Go Jang |
고보장 ( 고장 ( |
642–668 | None | None |
Baekje
editBaekje (18 BC – 660 AD) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Temple names were the same as personal names, unless noted otherwise.
# | Portrait | Personal names | Period of reign | Posthumous name | ||
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Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Buyeo Onjo | 부여온조 (扶餘 |
18 BC – 28 AD | Onjo | 온조왕 ( | |
2 | Buyeo Daru | 부여다루 (扶餘 |
28–77 | Daru | 다루왕 ( | |
3 | Buyeo Giru | 부여기루 (扶餘 |
77–128 | Giru | 기루왕 ( | |
4 | Buyeo Gaeru | 부여개루 (扶餘 |
128–166 | Gaeru | 개루왕 ( | |
5 | Buyeo Chogo Buyeo Sogo Buyeo Sokgo |
부여초고 (扶餘 부여소고 (扶餘 부여속고 (扶餘 |
166–214 | Chogo Sogo Sokgo |
초고왕 ( 소고왕 ( 속고왕 ( | |
6 | Buyeo Gusu Buyeo Guisu |
부여구수 (扶餘 부여귀수 (扶餘 |
214–234 | Gusu Guisu |
구수왕 ( 귀수왕 ( | |
7 | Buyeo Saban Buyeo Sabi Buyeo Sai |
부여사반 (扶餘 부여사비 (扶餘 부여사이 (扶餘 |
234 | Saban Sabi Sai |
사반왕 ( 사비왕 ( 사이왕 ( | |
8 | Buyeo Goi Buyeo Gui Buyeo Gomo |
부여고이 (扶餘 부여구이 (扶餘 부여고모 (扶餘 |
234–286 | Goi Gui Gomo |
고이왕 ( 구이왕 ( 고모왕 ( | |
9 | Buyeo Chaekgye Buyeo Cheonggye |
부여책계 (扶餘 부여청계 (扶餘 |
286–298 | Chaekgye Cheonggye |
책계왕 ( 청계왕 ( | |
10 | Buyeo Bunseo | 부여분서 (扶餘汾西) | 298–304 | Bunseo | 분서왕 (汾西 | |
11 | Buyeo Biryu | 부여비류 (扶餘 |
304–344 | Biryu | 비류왕 ( | |
12 | Buyeo Gye | 부여계 (扶餘 |
344–346 | Gye | 계왕 ( | |
13 | Buyeo Gu | 부여구 (扶餘 |
346–375 | Geunchogo Chogo Sokgo Jogo |
근초고왕 ( 초고왕 ( 속고왕 ( 조고왕 ( | |
14 | Buyeo Su | 부여수 (扶餘須) | 375–384 | Geun-gusu Geun-guisu Guisu Guiryu Guso |
근구수왕 ( 근귀수왕 ( 귀수왕 ( 귀류왕 ( 구소왕 ( | |
15 | Buyeo Chimnyu | 부여침류 (扶餘 |
384–385 | Chimnyu | 침류왕 ( | |
16 | Buyeo Jinsa Buyeo Hwi |
부여진사 (扶餘 부여휘 (扶餘 |
385–392 | Jinsa | 진사왕 ( | |
17 | Buyeo Asin Buyeo Abang Buyeo Ahwa Buyeo Ami |
부여아신 (扶餘 부여아방 (扶餘 부여아화 (扶餘 부여아미 (扶餘 |
392–405 | Asin Abang Ahwa Ami |
아신왕 ( 아방왕 ( 아화왕 ( 아미왕 ( | |
18 | Buyeo Yeong Buyeo Jeon |
부여영 (扶餘 부여전 (扶餘腆) |
405–420 | Jeonji Jikji Jinji |
전지왕 (腆支 직지왕 ( 진지왕 ( | |
19 | Unknown | Unknown | 420–427 | Gu-isin | 구이신왕 ( | |
20 | Buyeo Biyu Buyeo Bi |
부여비유 (扶餘毗有) 부여비 (扶餘毗) |
427–455 | Biyu Piryu |
비유왕 (毗有 피류왕 (避流 | |
21 | Buyeo Gyeong Buyeo Gyeongsa |
부여경 (扶 부여경사 (扶 |
455–475 | Gaero Geun-gaeru |
개로왕 ( 근개루왕 ( | |
22 | Buyeo Do Buyeo Modo |
부여도 (扶餘 부여모도 (扶餘牟都) |
475–477 | Munju | 문주왕 ( | |
23 | Buyeo Samgeun Buyeo Samgeol Buyeo Imgeol |
부여삼근 (扶餘 부여삼걸 (扶餘 부여임걸 (扶餘 |
477–479 | Samgeun Mun-geun |
삼근왕 ( 문근왕 ( | |
24 | Buyeo Modae Buyeo Dae Buyeo Mamo Buyeo Malda |
부여모대 (扶餘牟大) 부여대 (扶餘 부여마모 (扶餘 부여말다 (扶餘 |
479–501 | Dongseong Malda |
동성왕 ( 말다왕 ( | |
25 | Buyeo Sama Buyeo Yung |
부여사마 (扶餘斯摩) 부여융 (扶餘 |
501–523 | Muryeong Sama |
무령왕 ( 사마왕 (斯摩 | |
26 | Buyeo Myeongnong Buyeo Myeong |
부여명농 (扶餘 부여명 (扶餘 |
523–554 | Seong Myeong Seongmyeong |
성왕 ( 명왕 ( 성명왕 ( | |
27 | Buyeo Chang | 부여창 (扶餘 |
554–598 | Wideok Chang |
위덕왕 ( 창왕 ( | |
28 | Buyeo Gye | 부여계 (扶餘 |
598–599 | Hye Heon |
혜왕 ( 헌왕 ( | |
29 | Buyeo Seon Buyeo Hyosun |
부여선 (扶餘 부여효순 (扶餘 |
599–600 | Beop | 법왕 ( | |
30 | Buyeo Jang Buyeo Seodong |
부여장 (扶餘 부여서동 (扶餘 |
600–641 | Mu Mugang Mugwang |
무왕 ( 무강왕 ( 무광왕 ( | |
31 | Buyeo Uija | 부여의자 (扶餘 |
641–660 | None | None | |
(32) | Buyeo Pung Buyeo Pungjang |
부여풍 (扶餘 부여풍장 (扶餘 |
660–663 | None | None |
Silla
editSilla (57 BC – 935 AD) was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In the early years, Silla was ruled by the Pak, Seok, and Kim families. Rulers of Silla had various titles, including Isageum, Maripgan, and Daewang. Like some Baekje kings, some declared themselves emperor.
- Hyeokgeose Geoseogan 혁거세 거서간 赫居
世 居 西 干 (57 BC – 4 AD) - Namhae Chachaung 남해 차차웅
南 解 次次 雄 (4–24) - Yuri Isageum 유리이사금 儒理
尼 師 今 (24–57) (Kings Yuri to Heurhae bore the Korean title Isageum, an old word for "ruler") - Talhae Isageum 탈해이사금
脫 解 尼 師 今 (57–80) - Pasa Isageum 파사이사금
婆 娑 尼 師 今 (80–112) - Jima Isageum 지마이사금 祇摩
尼 師 今 (112–134) - Ilseong Isageum 일성이사금
逸 聖 尼 師 今 (134–154) - Adalla Isageum 아달라이사금
阿達 羅 尼 師 今 (154–184) - Beolhyu Isageum 벌휴이사금
伐 休 尼 師 今 (184–196) - Naehae Isageum 내해이사금 奈解
尼 師 今 (196–230) - Jobun Isageum 조분이사금
助 賁尼師 今 (230–247) - Cheomhae Isageum 첨해이사금 沾解
尼 師 今 (247–261) - Michu Isageum 미추이사금
味 鄒尼師 今 (262–284) - Yurye Isageum 유례이사금 儒禮
尼 師 今 (284–298) - Girim Isageum 기림이사금
基 臨尼師 今 (298–310) - Heulhae Isageum 흘해이사금 訖解
尼 師 今 (310–356) - Naemul Maripgan 내물마립간 奈勿
麻 立 干 (356–402) (Kings Naemul to Soji bore the Korean title Maripgan, an old word for "ruler") - Silseong Maripgan 실성마립간
實 聖 麻 立 干 (402–417) - Nulji Maripgan 눌지마립간 訥祇
麻 立 干 (417–458) - Jabi Maripgan 자비마립간
慈悲 麻 立 干 (458–479) - Soji Maripgan 소지마립간 炤知
麻 立 干 (479–500) - King Jijeung 지증왕
智 證 王 (500–514) (Kings Jijeung to Gyeongsun bore the title Wang (the modern Korean word for "king"), with the exceptions noted below) - King Beopheung 법흥왕
法 興 王 (514–540) - King Jinheung 진흥왕
眞 興 王 (540–576) - King Jinji 진지왕
眞智 王 (576–579) - King Jinpyeong 진평왕
眞平 王 (579–632) - Queen Seondeok 선덕여왕
善德 王 (632–647) - Queen Jindeok 진덕여왕
眞 德王 (647–654) - King Taejong Muyeol 태종무열왕
太 宗 武 烈 王 (654–661) - King Munmu 문무왕
文武 王 (661–681) - King Sinmun 신문왕
神文 王 (681–692) - King Hyoso 효소왕
孝昭 王 (692–702) - King Seongdeok 성덕왕
聖德 王 (702–737) - King Hyoseong 효성왕
孝 成 王 (737–742) - King Gyeongdeok 경덕왕
景 德王 (742–765) - King Hyegong 혜공왕
惠 恭 王 (765–780) - King Seondeok 선덕왕
宣 德王 (780–785) - King Wonseong 원성왕
元 聖王 (785–798) - King Soseong 소성왕
昭 聖王 (798–800) - King Aejang 애장왕
哀 莊 王 (800–809) - King Heondeok 헌덕왕
憲 德王 (809–826) - King Heungdeok 흥덕왕
興 德王 (826–836) - King Huigang 희강왕 僖康
王 (836–838) - King Minae 민애왕 閔哀
王 (838–839) - King Sinmu 신무왕
神武 王 (839) - King Munseong 문성왕
文 聖王 (839–857) - King Heonan 헌안왕
憲 安王 (857–861) - King Gyeongmun 경문왕
景 文 王 (861–875) - King Heongang 헌강왕
憲康 王 (875–886) - King Jeonggang 정강왕
定 康 王 (886–887) - Queen Jinseong 진성여왕
眞 聖王 (887–897) - King Hyogong 효공왕
孝 恭 王 (897–912) - King Sindeok 신덕왕
神德 王 (912–917) - King Gyeongmyeong 경명왕
景 明王 (917–924) - King Gyeongae 경애왕
景 哀 王 (924–927) - King Gyeongsun 경순왕
敬 順 王 (927–935)
Gaya confederacy
editThe Gaya confederacy (42–562) consisted of several small statelets. All rulers of Gaya bore the title Wang ("King").
Geumgwan Gaya
editGeumgwan Gaya (42–532) was one of the Gaya confederacy.
# | Portrait | Name | Period of reign[9] | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Suro | 수로왕 ( |
42–199 | |
2 | Geodeung | 거등왕 ( |
199–259 | |
3 | Mapum | 마품왕 ( |
259–291 | |
4 | Geojilmi | 거질미왕 ( |
291–346 | |
5 | Isipum | 이시품왕 ( |
346–407 | |
6 | Jwaji | 좌지왕 ( |
407–421 | |
7 | Chwihui | 취희왕 (吹希 |
421–451 | |
8 | Jilji | 질지왕 (銍知 |
451–492 | |
9 | Gyeomji | 겸지왕 (鉗知 |
492–521 | |
10 | Guhyeong | 구형왕 ( |
521–532 |
Daegaya
editDaegaya (42–562) was one of the Gaya confederacy.
# | Portrait | Name | Period of reign | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Ijinasi | 이진아시왕 ( |
42 AD–? | |
···
|
···
|
···
|
···
| |
3 or 4 | Geumnim | 금림왕 ( |
?–? | |
···
|
···
|
···
|
···
| |
Unknown | Haji | 하지왕 ( |
?–? | |
···
|
···
|
···
|
···
| |
6 or 7 | Gasil | 가실왕 ( |
?–? | |
···
|
···
|
···
|
···
| |
9 | Inoe | 이뇌왕 ( |
?–? | |
10 or 16 | Wolgwang or Doseolji |
월광태자 ( or 도설지왕 ( |
?–562 |
Tamna
editTamna (2337 BC(?)–938 AD) was an ancient local kingdom on the Jeju Island.
Balhae
editBalhae (698–926) was an ancient Korean kingdom established after the fall of Goguryeo. Balhae occupied southern parts of Northeast China, Primorsky Krai, and the northern part of the Korean peninsula.
# | Portrait | Personal name | Period of reign | Posthumous name ( |
Era name ( | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Dae Jo-yeong | 대조영 ( |
698–719 | Go | 고왕 ( |
None | None | |
2 | Dae Mu-ye | 대무예 ( |
719–737 | Mu | 무왕 ( |
Inan | 인안 ( | |
3 | Dae Heum-mu | 대흠무 ( |
737–793 | Mun | 문왕 ( |
Daeheung Boryeok |
대흥 ( 보력 ( | |
4 | Dae Won-ui | 대원의 ( |
793 | None | None | None | None | |
5 | Dae Hwa-yeo | 대화여 ( |
793–794 | Seong | 성왕 ( |
Jungheung | 중흥 ( | |
6 | Dae Sung-rin | 대숭린 ( |
794–809 | Gang | 강왕 ( |
Jeongryeok | 정력 ( | |
7 | Dae Won-yu | 대원유 ( |
809–812 | Jeong | 정왕 ( |
Yeongdeok | 영덕 ( | |
8 | Dae Eon-ui | 대언의 ( |
812–817? | Hui | 희왕 (僖王) | Jujak | 주작 ( | |
9 | Dae Myeong-chung | 대명충 ( |
817?–818? | Gan | 간왕 (簡王) | Taesi | 태시 ( | |
10 | Dae In-su | 대인수 ( |
818?–830 | Seon | 선왕 ( |
Geonheung | 건흥 ( | |
11 | Dae Ijin | 대이진 ( |
830–857 | Unknown | Unknown | Hamhwa | 함화 (咸和) | |
12 | Dae Geonhwang | 대건황 ( |
857–871 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |
13 | Dae Hyeonseok | 대현석 ( |
871–895 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown | |
14 | Dae Wihae | 대위해 ( |
895–906 | None | None | Unknown | Unknown | |
15 | Dae Inseon | 대인선 ( |
906–926 | None | None | Unknown | Unknown |
Later Baekje
editLater Baekje (900–936) was founded by Kyŏn Hwŏn, who was a general during Later Silla's period of decline. Thus began the Later Three Kingdoms period. Later Baekje met its downfall at the hands of Kyŏn Hwŏn himself, who later led the Goryeo armies alongside Taejo of Goryeo to capture Kyŏn Sin-gŏm, who had betrayed his father, Kyŏn Hwŏn, and usurped the throne.
# | Portrait | Personal name | Period of reign | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Kyŏn Hwŏn | 견훤 (甄萱) | 900–935 | |
2 | Kyŏn Sin-gŏm | 견신검 (甄 |
935–936 |
Later Goguryeo
editTaebong (901–918), also known as Majin or Later Goguryeo, was established by Gung-ye, an outcast prince of Silla. Gung-Ye joined General Yang Gil's rebellion, and rose through the ranks. He eventually assassinated Yang-Gil and established a new kingdom, naming it Later Goguryeo. Gung-Ye turned out to be a tyrant, and was overthrown by his generals, opening the way for General Wang Geon, who established Goryeo.
# | Portrait | Personal name | Period of reign | Era name ( | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Gung-ye | 궁예 ( |
901–918 | Mutae Seongchaek Sudeok-Manse Jeong-gae |
무태 ( 성책 ( 수덕만세 ( 정개 ( |
Goryeo dynasty
editGoryeo (918–1392) was ruled by the Wang Dynasty. The first ruler had the temple name Taejo, which means "great progenitor", and was applied to the first kings of both Goryeo and Joseon, as they were also the founders of the Wang and Yi Dynasties respectively. Starting with Gwangjong, rulers of Goryeo styled themselves emperors, with the first three rulers elevated to that title posthumously. With the Mongol conquest, however, the title of the ruler was demoted to a king, or "Wang."
The next twenty-three kings (until Wonjong) are also referred to by their temple names, ending in jong. Beginning with Chungnyeol (the twenty-fifth king), all the remaining kings of Goryeo had the title Wang ("King") as part of their temple names. Era names are in bracket where available.
# | Portrait | Personal name | Period of reign | Courtesy name (C)/ Mongol name (M) / Pseudonym (Ps) |
Temple name ( Posthumous name ( Posthumous name given by Mongols (MP) |
Era name ( | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Wang Geon | 왕건 ( |
918–943 | Yakcheon (C) | 약천 ( |
Taejo (T) Sinseong (P) |
태조 ( 신성 ( |
Cheonsu | 천수 ( | |
2 | Wang Mu | 왕무 ( |
943–945 | Sunggeon (C) | 승건 ( |
Hyejong Uigong (P) |
혜종 ( 의공 ( |
|||
3 | Wang Yo | 왕요 ( |
945–949 | Uicheon (C) | 의천 ( |
Jeongjong (T) Munmyeong (P) |
정종 ( 문명 ( |
|||
4 | Wang So | 왕소 ( |
949–975 | Ilhwa (C) | 일화 ( |
Gwangjong (T) Daesung (P) |
광종 ( 대성 ( |
Gwangdeok Junpung |
광덕 ( 준풍 ( | |
5 | Wang Ju | 왕주 ( |
975–981 | Jangmin (C) | 장민 ( |
Gyeongjong (T) Heonhwa (P) |
경종 ( 헌화 ( |
|||
6 | Wang Chi | 왕치 ( |
981–997 | On-go (C) | 온고 ( |
Seongjong (T) Munui (P) |
성종 ( 문의 ( |
|||
7 | Wang Song | 왕송 ( |
997–1009 | Hyosin (C) | 효신 ( |
Mokjong (T) Seonyang (P) |
목종 ( 선양 ( |
|||
8 | Wang Sun | 왕순 ( |
1009–1031 | Anse (C) | 안세 ( |
Hyeonjong (T) Wonmun (P) |
현종 ( 원문 ( |
|||
9 | Wang Heum | 왕흠 ( |
1031–1034 | Wonryang (C) | 원량 ( |
Deokjong (T) Gyeonggang (P) |
덕종 ( 경강 ( |
|||
10 | Wang Hyeong | 왕형 ( |
1034–1046 | Sinjo (C) | 신조 ( |
Jeongjong (T) Yonghye (P) |
정종 ( 용혜 ( |
|||
11 | Wang Hwi | 왕휘 ( |
1046–1083 | Chok-yu (C) | 촉유 ( |
Munjong (T) Inhyo (P) |
문종 ( 인효 ( |
|||
12 | Wang Hun | 왕훈 ( |
1083 | Uigong (C) | 의공 ( |
Sunjong (T) Seonhye (P) |
순종 ( 선혜 ( |
|||
13 | Wang Un | 왕운 ( |
1083–1094 | Gyecheon (C) | 계천 ( |
Seonjong (T) Sahyo (P) |
선종 ( 사효 ( |
|||
14 | Wang Uk | 왕욱 ( |
1094–1095 | None | None | Heonjong (T) Hoehyo (P) |
헌종 ( 공상 ( |
|||
15 | Wang Ong | 왕옹 ( |
1095–1105 | Cheonsang (C) | 천상 ( |
Sukjong (T) Myeonghyo (P) |
숙종 (肅宗, T) 명효 ( |
|||
16 | Wang U | 왕우 ( |
1105–1122 | Semin (C) | 세민 ( |
Yejong (T) Munhyo (P) |
예종 (睿宗, T) 문효 ( |
|||
17 | Wang Hae | 왕해 ( |
1122–1146 | Inpyo (C) | 인표 ( |
Injong (T) Gonghyo (P) |
인종 ( 공효 ( |
|||
18 | Wang Hyeon | 왕현 ( |
1146–1170 | Ilsung (C) | 일승 ( |
Uijong (T) Janghyo (P) |
의종 ( 장효 ( |
|||
19 | Wang Ho | 왕호 ( |
1170–1197 | Jidan (C) | 지단 ( |
Myeongjong (T) Gwanghyo (P) |
명종 ( 광효 ( |
|||
20 | Wang Tak | 왕탁 ( |
1197–1204 | Jihwa (C) | 지화 ( |
Sinjong (T) Jeonghyo (P) |
신종 ( 정효 ( |
|||
21 | Wang Yeong | 왕영 ( |
1204–1211 | Bulpi (C) | 불피 ( |
Huijong (T) Seonghyo (P) |
희종 (熙宗, T) 성효 ( |
|||
22 | Wang O | 왕오 ( |
1211–1213 | Daehwa (C) | 대화 ( |
Gangjong (T) Wonhyo (P) |
강종 ( 원효 ( |
|||
23 | Wang Cheol | 왕철 ( |
1213–1259 | Cheon-u (C) | 천우 ( |
Gojong (T) Anhyo (P) Chungheon (MP) |
고종 ( 안효 ( 충헌 ( |
|||
24 | Wang Sik | 왕식 ( |
1259–1274 | Ilsin (C) | 일신 ( |
Wonjong (T) Sunhyo (P) Chunggyeong (MP) |
원종 ( 순효 ( 충경 ( |
|||
25 | Wang Geo | 왕거 ( |
1274–1298 1298-1308 |
None | None | Chungnyeol (MP) Gyeonghyo (P) |
충렬 ( 경효 ( |
|||
26 | Wang Jang | 왕장 ( |
1298 1308–1313 |
Jungang (C) Iǰirbuka (M) |
중앙 ( 익지례보화 ( |
Chungseon (MP) Heonhyo (P) |
충선 ( 헌효 ( |
|||
27 | Wang Do | 왕도 ( |
1313–1330 1332–1339 |
Uihyo (C) Aratnašri (M) |
의효 ( 아랄특눌실리 ( |
Chungsuk (MP) Uihyo (P) |
충숙 ( 의효 (懿孝, P) |
|||
28 | Wang Jeong | 왕정 ( |
1330–1332 1339–1344 |
Buddhašri (M) | 보탑실리 ( |
Chunghye (MP) Heonhyo (P) |
충혜 ( 헌효 ( |
|||
29 | Wang Heun | 왕흔 ( |
1344–1348 | Padma dorji (M) | 팔사마타아지 (八思麻朶兒只, M) | Chungmok (MP) Hyeonghyo (P) |
충목 ( 현효 ( |
|||
30 | Wang Jeo | 왕저 ( |
1348–1351 | Čosgen dorji (M) | 미사감타아지 (迷思 |
Chungjeong (MP) | 충정 ( |
|||
31 | Wang Jeon | 왕전 ( |
1351–1374 | Bayan Temür (M) Ijae / Ikdang (Ps) |
백안첩목아 ( 이재 / 익당 (Ps) |
Gongmin (P) Gyeonghyo (P) |
공민 ( 경효 ( |
|||
32 | Wang U | 왕우 ( |
1374–1388 | None | None | U | None | |||
33 | Wang Chang | 왕창 ( |
1388–1389 | None | None | Chang | None | |||
34 | Wang Yo | 왕요 ( |
1389–1392 | None | None | Gongyang | 공양 ( |
Joseon dynasty
editJoseon (1392–1910) followed Goryeo. In 1897, when Joseon became the Korean Empire, some of the Joseon kings were posthumously raised to the rank of emperors.
Joseon monarchs had temple names ending in jo or jong. Jo was given to the first kings/emperors of new lines within the dynasty, with the first king/emperor having the special name (Taejo), which means "great progenitor" (see also Goryeo). Jong was given to all other kings/emperors.
Two kings, Yeonsangun and Gwanghaegun, were not given temple names after their reigns ended.
Each monarch had a posthumous name that included either the title Wang ("King"), Hwangje ("Emperor"), Daewang ("King X the Great"), or Daeje ("Emperor X the Great"). For the sake of consistency, the title "King/Emperor" has been added to each monarch's temple name in the list below.
# | Portrait | Personal name | Period of reign | Courtesy name (C) / Pseudonym (Ps) |
Temple name ( Posthumous name ( |
Era name ( | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Yi Seong-gye Yi Dan |
이성계 ( 이단 ( |
1392–1398 | Gunjin (C) Songheon (Ps) |
군진 ( 송헌 ( |
Taejo (T) Emperor Go (P) |
태조 ( 신무 ( 고황제 ( |
|||
2 | Yi Bang-gwa Yi Gyeong |
이방과 ( 이경 ( |
1398–1400 | Gwangwon (C) | 광원 ( |
Jeongjong (T) Gongjeong (P) |
정종 ( 공정 ( |
|||
3 | Yi Bang-won | 이방원 ( |
1400–1418 | Yudeok (C) | 유덕 ( |
Taejong (T) Gongjeong (P) |
태종 ( 공정 ( |
|||
4 | Yi Do | 이도 ( |
1418–1450 | Wonjeong (C) | 원정 ( |
Sejong (T) Jangheon (P) |
세종 ( 장헌 ( |
|||
5 | Yi Hyang | 이향 ( |
1450–1452 | Hwiji (C) | 휘지 ( |
Munjong (T) Gongsun (P) |
문종 ( 공순 ( |
|||
6 | Yi Hong-wi | 이홍위 ( |
1452–1455 | None | None | Danjong (T) Gongui (P) |
단종 ( 공의 ( |
|||
7 | Yi Yu | 이유 ( |
1455–1468 | Suji (C) | 수지 ( |
Sejo (T) Hyejang (P) |
세조 ( 혜장 ( |
|||
8 | Yi Hwang | 이황 ( |
1468–1469 | Myeingjo (C) Pyeongnam (C) |
명조 ( 평남 ( |
Yejong (T) Yangdo (P) |
예종 (睿宗, T) 양도 ( |
|||
9 | Yi Hyeol | 이혈 ( |
1469–1494 | None | None | Seongjong (T) Gangjeong (P) |
성종 ( 강정 ( |
|||
10 | Yi Yung | 이융 ( |
1494–1506 | None | None | Yeonsangun | 연산군 ( |
|||
11 | Yi Yeok | 이역 ( |
1506–1544 | Nakcheon (C) | 낙천 ( |
Jungjong (T) Gonghui (P) |
중종 ( 공희 ( |
|||
12 | Yi Ho | 이호 ( |
1544–1545 | Cheonyun (C) | 천윤 ( |
Injong (T) Yeongjeong (P) |
인종 ( 영정 ( |
|||
13 | Yi Hwan | 이환 ( |
1545–1567 | Daeyang (C) | 대양 ( |
Myeongjong (T) Gongheon (P) |
명종 ( 공헌 ( |
|||
14 | Yi Yeon | 이연 ( |
1567–1608 | None | None | Seonjo (T) Sogyeong (P) |
선조 ( 소경 ( |
|||
15 | Yi Hon | 이혼 ( |
1608–1623 | None | None | Gwanghaegun | 광해군 ( |
|||
16 | Yi Jong | 이종 ( |
1623–1649 | Cheonyun (C) Hwabaek (C) Songchang (Ps) |
천윤 ( 화백 ( 송창 ( |
Injo (T) | 인조 ( |
|||
17 | Yi Ho | 이호 ( |
1649–1659 | Jeongyeon (C) Juk-o (Ps) |
정연 ( 죽오( |
Hyojong (T) | 효종 ( |
|||
18 | Yi Yeon | 이연 ( |
1659–1674 | Gyeongjik (C) | 경직 ( |
Hyeonjong (T) | 현종 ( |
|||
19 | Yi Sun | 이순 ( |
1674–1720 | Myeongbo (C) | 명보 ( |
Sukjong (T) | 숙종 (肅宗, T) | |||
20 | Yi Yun | 이윤 ( |
1720–1724 | Hwiseo (C) | 휘서 ( |
Gyeongjong (T) | 경종 ( |
|||
21 | Yi Geum | 이금 ( |
1724–1776 | Gwangsuk (C) Yangseongheon (Ps) |
광숙 ( 양성헌 ( |
Yeongjo (T) | 영조 ( |
|||
22 | Yi San | 이산 ( |
1776–1800 | Hyeongun (C) Hongjae (Ps) |
형운 ( 홍재 ( |
Jeongjo (T) | 정조 ( |
|||
23 | Yi Gong | 이공 ( |
1800–1834 | Gongbo (C) Sunjae (Ps) |
공보( 순재 ( |
Sunjo (T) | 순조 ( |
|||
24 | Yi Hwan | 이환 ( |
1834–1849 | Muneung (C) Wonheon (Ps) |
문응 ( 원헌 ( |
Heonjong (T) | 헌종 ( |
|||
25 | Yi Byeon | 이변 ( |
1849–1864 | Doseung (C) Daeyongjae (Ps) |
도승 ( 대용재 ( |
Cheoljong (T) | 철종 ( |
|||
26 | Yi Myeong-bok Yi Hui |
이명복 ( 이희 ( |
1864–1897 (1897–1907) * |
Seongrim (C) Juyeon (Ps) |
성림 ( 주연 ( |
Gojong (T) * Emperor Tae (P) * |
고종 ( 태황제 ( |
Gaeguk Geonyang Gwangmu * |
개국 ( 건양 ( 광무 ( |
* see Korean Empire section
Korean Empire
editIn 1897, King Gojong proclaimed Joseon to be the Korean Empire, which lasted until 1910. Technically, the emperors can be referred to by their era names rather than their temple names, but the latter are commonly used.
# | Portrait | Personal name | Period of reign | Courtesy name (C) / Pseudonym (Ps) |
Temple name ( Posthumous name ( |
Era name ( | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | Westernized | Hangul/Hanja | |||
1 | Yi Myeong bok Yi Hui |
이명복 ( 이희 ( |
1897–1907 | Seongrim (C) Juyeon (Ps) |
성림 ( 주연 ( |
Gojong (T) Emperor Tae (P) |
고종 ( 태황제 ( |
Gwangmu | 광무 ( | |
2 | Yi Cheok | 이척 ( |
1907–1910 | Gundang (C) Jeongheon (Ps) |
군방 ( 정헌 ( |
Sunjong (T) Emperor Hyo (P) |
순종 ( 효황제 ( |
Yunghui | 융희 ( |
See also
edit- Family tree of Korean monarchs
- List of Mahan confederacy monarchs
- Prime Minister of the Korean Empire (1895–1910)
- Resident-General of Korea, List of Japanese residents-general of Korea (1905–1910)
- Governor-General of Chōsen, List of Japanese governors-general of Korea (1910–1945)
- Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea, List of presidents (1919–1948)
- North Korea (1948–present), Supreme Leader (North Korean title) / List of heads of state of North Korea
- South Korea (1948–present), List of presidents of South Korea
Notes
edit- ^ Goguryeo kings had the surname Go, except for the second Yuri through fifth Mobon, whose surnames are recorded as Hae. All of the kings are recorded to belong to the same patrilineal bloodline. It is not clear whether the two surnames are different transcription of the same name, or evidence of a power struggle.
- ^ The Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, and sometimes other records mention "other names," "birth names," "childhood names," or "personal names."
- ^ The king names generally derive from the location of the king's burial, and do not necessarily correspond to the Chinese concept of Posthumous name.
- ^ The Jolbon line names and dates are from the Samguk Sagi. The Wei shu History of the Wei dynasty gives the following names:
朱蒙 Jumong, 閭達 Yeodal,始 閭諧 Shiryeohae, 如栗 Yeoyul, and 莫來 Mangnae. The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when king Jangsu built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contact with the Northern Wei. The inscription of that monument gives these names: 鄒牟 Chumo, 儒留 Yuryu, and大 朱 留 Daejuryu. The connections between those names are not clear. - ^ Goguryeo kings had the surname Go, except for the second (Yuri) through fifth (Mobon), whose surnames are recorded as Hae. All of the kings are recorded to belong to the same patrilineal bloodline. It is not clear whether the two surnames are different transcription of the same name, or evidence of a power struggle.
- ^ According to the Book of the Later Han, Taejo died in 121, and his son Chadae stepped up.
References
edit- ^ Hyung Il Pai (2000). Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State-formation Theories. Harvard University Asia Center. pp. 89–92. ISBN 978-0-674-00244-9.
- ^
- Seth, Michael J. (2010). A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-7425-6717-7.
- "An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."
- Stark, Miriam T. (2008). Archaeology of Asia. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-4051-5303-4.
- "Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."
- Schmid, Andre (2013). Korea Between Empires. Columbia University Press. p. 270. ISBN 978-0-231-50630-4.
- "Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."
- Peterson, Mark (2009). Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4381-2738-5.
- "The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."
- Hulbert, H. B. (2014). The History of Korea. Routledge. p. 73. ISBN 978-1-317-84941-4.
- "If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."
- ^ Book of later Han,桓帝
延 熹四 年 ,遣 使 朝賀 貢獻 .永 康 元年 ,王 夫 台 將 二 萬 餘人 寇玄菟 ,玄 菟 太守 公孫 域 擊破 之 ,斬首 千 餘 級 .至 靈 帝 熹平三 年 ,復 奉 章 貢獻 .夫 餘 本屬 玄 菟 ,獻 帝 時 , 其王求 屬 遼東 云 . - ^ Record of three kingdoms,
時 句 麗 ·鮮卑彊 度 以夫餘 在 二虜之間妻以宗女。尉 仇 台 死 簡位居 立 。 - ^ Record of three kingdoms,
尉 仇 台 死 簡位居 立 無 適 子 有 孽子麻 餘 位 居 死 諸 加 共立 麻 餘 - ^ Record of three kingdoms
- ^ "의려". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
- ^ "의라". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture.
- ^ Il-yeon: Samguk Yusa: Legends and History of the Three Kingdoms of Ancient Korea, translated by Tae-Hung Ha and Grafton K. Mintz. Epilogue, page 354. Silk Pagoda (2006). ISBN 1-59654-348-5 - note: the dates for Geojilmi's reign go there until 344
- Byeon Tae-seop (변태섭) (1999).
韓國 史 通論 (Hanguksa tongnon) (Outline of Korean history), 4th ed. ISBN 978-89-445-9101-3. - Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-31681-0.
- Kim, Jung Bae (1997). "Formation of the ethnic Korean nation and the emergence of its ancient kingdom states". Korean history: Discovery of its characteristics and developments. Seoul: Hollym. pp. 27–36. ISBN 978-1-56591-177-2.
- Nahm, Andrew C. (1988). Korea: Tradition and Transformation — A History of the Korean People. Hollym International. ISBN 978-0-930878-56-6.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20031006023320/http://www.rootsinfo.co.kr/index_sub02.html (in Korean only)
- http://www.rulers.org