This is a list of places in Russia which have standing links to local communities in other countries known as "town twinning" (usually in Europe) or "sister cities" (usually in the rest of the world).
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Memorial_sign_sister-city_of_Yaroslavl_%28back%29.jpg/150px-Memorial_sign_sister-city_of_Yaroslavl_%28back%29.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Rs-map.png/400px-Rs-map.png)
A
edit- Saky, Ukraine
- Salihorsk, Belarus
- Tivat, Montenegro
- Veľký Krtíš, Slovakia
- Yevpatoria, Ukraine
- Ahmedabad, India[7]
- Brest, Belarus
- Grand-Popo, Benin
- Pembroke Pines, United States
- Rasht, Iran
- Sari, Iran
- Vitebsk, Belarus[8]
- Aglandjia, Cyprus
- Bijeljina, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Chillicothe, United States
- Courbevoie, France
- Feodosia, Ukraine
- Pylos-Nestor, Greece
- Sečanj, Serbia
B
edit- Cherepovets, Russia
- Trnava, Slovakia
- Herne, Germany
- Niš, Serbia
- Pryluky, Ukraine
- Sevastopol, Ukraine
- Yevpatoria, Ukraine
- Beaverton, United States
- Hegang, China
- Ma'alot-Tarshiha, Israel
- Niigata, Japan
- Nof HaGalil, Israel
- Yichun, China
- Delmenhorst, Germany
C
edit- Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
- Anqing, China
- Eger, Hungary
- Grodno, Belarus
- Rundu, Namibia
- Santa Clara, Cuba
- Columbia, United States
- Nottinghamshire, England, United Kingdom
- Ürümqi, China
- Aiud, Romania
- Balakovo, Russia
- Gorna Oryahovitsa, Bulgaria
- Liaoyuan, China[25]
- Maladzyechna, Belarus
- Montclair, United States[26]
- Kirchheimbolanden, Germany
- Salihorsk, Belarus
- Choibalsan, Mongolia
- Hailar (Hulunbuir), China
- Hulunbuir, China
- Manzhouli, China
- Ulan-Ude, Russia
D
edit- Dimitrovgrad, Bulgaria
- Guliston, Tajikistan
- Lida, Belarus
- Flevoland, Netherlands
- Osimo, Italy
- Pitsunda, Georgia
- Puchavichy District, Belarus
- Rems-Murr (district), Germany
- Rēzekne, Latvia
- Rîbnița, Moldova
- Yahotyn Raion, Ukraine
- Alushta, Ukraine
- Giv'at Shmuel, Israel
- Kurchatov, Kazakhstan
- La Crosse, United States
- Lincang, China
- Nová Dubnica, Slovakia
- Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany
- Grodno, Belarus
E
editG
edit- Ettlingen, Germany
- Lichuan County, China
- Nyasvizh, Belarus
- Chachersk, Belarus
- Jonkowo, Poland
- Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, Poland
- Olsztyn County, Poland
- Ostaszewo, Poland
- Shchuchyn, Belarus
I
edit- Eugene, United States
- Gangneung, South Korea
- Haute-Savoie, France
- Kanazawa, Japan
- Pforzheim, Germany
- Pordenone Province, Italy
- Prijedor, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Primorje-Gorski Kotar County, Croatia
- Shenyang, China
- Strömsund, Sweden
- Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Vitebsk, Belarus
- Ayia Napa, Cyprus
- Kraljevo, Serbia
- Mladenovac (Belgrade), Serbia
- Orsha, Belarus
K
edit- Baranavichy, Belarus
- Bremerhaven, Germany
- Brest, Belarus
- Cagliari, Italy
- Catania, Italy
- Forlì, Italy
- Gomel, Belarus
- Groningen, Netherlands
- Kętrzyn County, Poland
- Kiel, Germany
- Norfolk, United States
- Zeitz, Germany
- Polotsk, Belarus
- Salgótarján, Hungary
- Grodno, Belarus
- Baranavichy, Belarus
- Gudauta, Georgia
- Byerazino, Belarus
- Krychaw, Belarus
- Lappeenranta, Finland
- Meishan, China
- Orly, France
- Tarnów, Poland
- Waterville, United States
- Changchun, China
- Cremona, Italy
- Heihe, China
- Istaravshan, Tajikistan
- Jalal-Abad, Kyrgyzstan
- Kokshetau, Kazakhstan
- Manzhouli, China
- Oneonta, United States
- Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Annapolis, United States
- Asipovichy, Belarus
- Changli County, China
- Dax, France
- Demre, Turkey
- Feodosia, Ukraine
- Ii, Finland
- Kotka, Finland
- Lushan, China
- Marostica, Italy
- Messina, Italy
- Mühlhausen, Germany
- Nafplio, Greece
- Narva-Jõesuu, Estonia
- Nordborg (Sønderborg), Denmark
- Oulu, Finland
- Oxelösund, Sweden
- Pinghu, China
- Põhja-Tallinn (Tallinn), Estonia
- Pudasjärvi, Finland
- Sumoto, Japan
- Toulon, France
- Zhongshan County, China
L
edit- Anacortes, United States
- Framingham, United States
- Mariehamn, Åland Islands, Finland
- Oberursel, Germany
M
edit- Anchorage, United States
- Baranavichy, Belarus
- Shuangyashan, China
- Tonghua, China
- Zlatitsa, Bulgaria
- Atyrau, Kazakhstan
- Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany
- Gomel, Belarus
- Huai'an, China
- Almaty, Kazakhstan[73]
- Ankara, Turkey[74]
- Astana, Kazakhstan[73]
- Baku, Azerbaijan[75]
- Bangkok, Thailand[76]
- Beijing, China[77]
- Berlin, Germany[78]
- Bucharest, Romania[79]
- Buenos Aires, Argentina[80]
- Cusco, Peru[81]
- Dubai, United Arab Emirates[82]
- Ganja, Azerbaijan[83]
- Hanoi, Vietnam[84]
- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam[85]
- Jakarta, Indonesia[86]
- Ljubljana, Slovenia[87]
- London, England, United Kingdom[88]
- Manila, Philippines[89]
- New Delhi, India[90]
- La Paz, Bolivia[91]
- Pyongyang, North Korea[92]
- Rasht, Iran[93]
- Seoul, South Korea[94]
- Tashkent, Uzbekistan[95]
- Tehran, Iran[96]
- Tokyo, Japan[97]
- Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia[98]
- Kubrat, Bulgaria
- Angarsk, Russia
- Bakhchysarai, Ukraine
- Baranovichi, Belarus
- Barysaw, Belarus
- Düren (district), Germany
- Gabrovo, Bulgaria
- Lecco, Italy
- Smalyavichy, Belarus
- Zhodzina, Belarus
N
edit- Bellingham, United States
- Donghae, South Korea
- Jilin City, China
- Maizuru, Japan
- Oakland, United States
- Otaru, Japan
- Phuket, Thailand
- Tsuruga, Japan
- Babruysk, Belarus
- Daugavpils, Latvia
- Elin Pelin, Bulgaria
- Brest, Belarus
- Chattanooga, United States
- Novokuznetsk, Russia
- Yevpatoria, Ukraine
- Iserlohn, Germany
- Levski, Bulgaria
- Novi Bečej, Serbia
- La Valette-du-Var, France
- Daejeon, South Korea
- Mianyang, China
- Minneapolis, United States
- Minsk, Belarus
- Osh, Kyrgyzstan
- Saint Paul, United States
- Sapporo, Japan
- Sevastopol, Ukraine
- Shenyang, China
- Tiraspol, Moldova
- Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Varna, Bulgaria
- Yerevan, Armenia
O
edit- Astravyets, Belarus
- Belene, Bulgaria
- Frascati, Italy
- Mianyang, China
- Montpellier, France
- Oak Ridge, United States
- Kruševac, Serbia
- Novopolotsk, Belarus
- Wittmund, Germany
- Mary, Turkmenistan
- Offenbach am Main, Germany
- Razgrad, Bulgaria
- Zhodzina, Belarus
P
edit- Agrigento, Italy
- Amnéville, France
- Duisburg, Germany
- Louisville, United States
- Qingdao, China
- Kushiro, Japan
- Brest, Belarus
- Duluth, United States
- Joensuu, Finland
- Narva, Estonia
- Neubrandenburg, Germany
- La Rochelle, France
- Tübingen, Germany
- Vagharshapat, Armenia
- Varkaus, Finland
- Bălți, Moldova
- Cambrai, France
- Kalamazoo, United States
- Mantua, Italy
- Nassau County, United States
- Neukölln (Berlin), Germany
- Novopolotsk, Belarus
- Semey, Kazakhstan
- Valence, France
- Veria, Greece
- Worcester, United States
- Zerbst, Germany
R
editS
edit- Alexandria, Egypt
- Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Antwerp, Belgium
- Aqaba, Jordan
- Astana, Kazakhstan
- Baku, Azerbaijan
- Bangkok, Thailand
- Barcelona, Spain
- Bethlehem, Palestine
- Bordeaux, France
- Busan, South Korea
- Cape Town, South Africa
- Colombo, Sri Lanka
- Constanța, Romania
- Daegu, South Korea
- Daugavpils, Latvia
- Debrecen, Hungary
- Dresden, Germany
- Dushanbe, Tajikistan
- Guadalajara, Mexico
- Haiphong, Vietnam
- Hamburg, Germany
- Havana, Cuba
- Le Havre, France
- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Isfahan, Iran
- Istanbul, Turkey
- Khartoum, Sudan
- Klaksvík, Faroe Islands[129]
- Los Angeles, United States
- Mar del Plata, Argentina
- Maribor, Slovenia
- Milan, Italy
- Mumbai, India
- Nampo, North Korea
- Nice, France
- Osaka, Japan
- Osh, Kyrgyzstan
- Piraeus, Greece
- Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Qingdao, China
- Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
- Sevastopol, Ukraine
- Shanghai, China
- St. Petersburg, United States
- Venice, Italy
- Westport, United States[130]
- Zagreb, Croatia
- Botevgrad, Bulgaria
- Cephalonia, Greece
- Fulda, Germany
- New Athos, Georgia
- Rueil-Malmaison, France
- Saldus, Latvia
- Slonim, Belarus
- Vagharshapat, Armenia
- Balakliia Raion, Ukraine
- Bobigny, France
- Ceadîr-Lunga, Moldova
- Çeşme, Turkey
- Danilovgrad, Montenegro
- Forssa, Finland
- Pravets, Bulgaria
- Richmond, United States
- Sievierodonetsk, Ukraine
- Slutsk, Belarus
- Vratsa, Bulgaria
- Zaslawye, Belarus
- Zhanjiang, China
- Mazyr, Belarus
- Armavir, Armenia
- Gelsenkirchen, Germany
- Nikopol, Bulgaria
- Sievierodonetsk, Ukraine
- Celje, Slovenia
- Feodosia, Ukraine
- Gagra, Georgia
- Grodno Region, Belarus
- Grodzisk Wielkopolski County, Poland
- Hemer, Germany
- Orhei District, Moldavia
- Rakoniewice, Poland
- Širvintos, Lithuania
- Talsi, Latvia
- Hagen, Germany
- Kerch, Ukraine
- Kragujevac, Serbia
- Targovishte, Bulgaria
- Tulle, France
- Vitebsk, Belarus
- Baden-Baden, Germany
- Long Beach, United States
- Menton, France
- Nagato, Japan
- Rimini, Italy
- Trabzon, Turkey
- Weihai, China
- Krupki, Belarus
- Mali Iđoš, Serbia
- Smederevska Palanka, Serbia
- Alexandroupoli, Greece
- Astravyets, Belarus
- Kalajoki, Finland
- Pyhäjoki, Finland
- Kiel, Germany
- Lidzbark Warmiński, Poland
- Považská Bystrica, Slovakia
- Denpasar, Indonesia
- Safranbolu, Turkey
- Asenovgrad, Bulgaria
- Mänttä-Vilppula, Finland
- Salzgitter, Germany
- Béziers, France
- Changzhou, China
- Pazardzhik, Bulgaria
- Yerevan, Armenia
- Zhenjiang, China
- Chaoyang, China
- Katerini, Greece
- Zalaegerszeg, Hungary
T
edit- Antratsyt, Ukraine
- Badenweiler, Germany
- Cherven Bryag, Bulgaria
- Jining, China
- Khartsyzk, Ukraine
- Lüdenscheid, Germany
- Hérouville-Saint-Clair, France
- Imatra, Finland
- Flint, United States
- Futian (Shenzhen), China
- Kazanlak, Bulgaria
- Luoyang, China
- Nagykanizsa, Hungary
- Piacenza, Italy
- Wolfsburg, Germany
- Ulsan, South Korea
- Melle, Germany
- Savonlinna, Finland
- Slonim, Belarus
- Barranquilla, Colombia
- Kerch, Ukraine
- Mogilev, Belarus
- Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Bergamo, Italy
- Besançon, France
- Budyonnovsk, Russia
- Feodosia, Ukraine
- Kaposvár, Hungary
- Montemurlo, Italy
- Orsha, Belarus
- Osnabrück, Germany
- Veliko Tarnovo, Bulgaria
- Yingkou, China
U
edit- Anyang, South Korea
- Changchun, China
- Chita, Russia
- Darkhan, Mongolia
- Donetsk, Ukraine
- Elista, Russia
- Erdenet, Mongolia
- Erenhot, China
- Grozny, Russia
- Haeju, North Korea
- Hohhot, China
- Hulunbuir, China
- Lanzhou, China
- Manzhouli, China
- Rumoi, Japan
- Taipei, Taiwan
- Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
- Ulanqab, China
- Yalta, Ukraine
- Yamagata, Japan
- Yeongwol, South Korea
V
edit- Zhodzina, Belarus
- Asheville, United States
- Vladivostok, Russia
- Yalta, Ukraine
- Anghiari, Italy
- Antalya, Turkey
- Babruysk, Belarus
- Baoji, China
- Bethlehem, Palestine
- Bloomington, United States
- Bukhara, Uzbekistan
- Campobasso, Italy
- Canterbury, England, United Kingdom
- Chongqing, China
- Erlangen, Germany
- Gagra, Georgia
- Haikou, China
- Kardzhali, Bulgaria
- Karlovo, Bulgaria
- Kerava, Finland
- Khujand, Tajikistan
- Leninsky (Minsk), Belarus
- Normal, United States
- Saintes, France
- Sarasota, United States
- Vawkavysk, Belarus
- Akita, Japan
- Busan, South Korea
- Dalian, China
- Hakodate, Japan
- Harbin, China
- Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Incheon, South Korea
- Juneau, United States
- Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia
- Manta, Ecuador
- Niigata, Japan
- Pohang, South Korea
- San Diego, United States
- Tacoma, United States
- Vladikavkaz, Russia
- Wonsan, North Korea
- Yanbian, China
- Dolni Dabnik, Bulgaria
- Orsha, Belarus
- Tamási, Hungary
- Burgas, Bulgaria
- Grodno, Belarus
- Kouvola, Finland
- Sevastopol, Ukraine
- Yevpatoria, Ukraine
- Cleveland Heights, United States
- Collegno, Italy
- Lianyungang, China
- Shaker Heights, United States
- Chongqing, China
- Gomel, Belarus
- León, Spain
- Sliven, Bulgaria
- Wesermarsch (district), Germany
Y
edit- Burgas, Bulgaria
- Burlington, United States
- Dubnica nad Váhom, Slovakia
- Hanau, Germany
- Jyväskylä, Finland
- Kassel, Germany
- Nanjing, China
- Palermo, Italy
- Poitiers, France
- Barysaw, Belarus
- Elliniko-Argyroupoli, Greece
- Naftalan, Azerbaijan
- Saky, Ukraine
- Strelcha, Bulgaria
- Thrissur, India
- Bourges, France
- Princeton, United States
- Szombathely, Hungary
Z
edit- Basarabeasca District, Moldova
- Spremberg, Germany
- Svishtov, Bulgaria
- Zhodzina, Belarus
- Le Bourget, France
- Fangchenggang, China
- Meerut, India
- Zhuhai, China
References
edit- ^ "Города-побратимы Алексина". aleksin.tularegion.ru (in Russian). Aleksin. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы Архангельска". arhcity.ru (in Russian). Arkhangelsk. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". apatity.gov-murman.ru (in Russian). Apatity. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Международные связи". armawir.ru (in Russian). Armavir. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ "О городе". astrgorod.ru (in Russian). Astrakhan. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Астраханская делегация вернулась из Ирана с соглашениями о сотрудничестве". astrobl.ru (in Russian). Astrakhan Oblast. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 18 June 2020.
- ^ "Modi to reconnect in Russia with Astrakhan". rbth.com. Russia Beyond. 9 December 2015. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". vitebsk.gov.by (in Russian). Vitebsk. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Международное и межмуниципальное сотрудничество". gorodazov.ru (in Russian). Azov. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". mo-balakovo.ru (in Russian). Balakovo. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Сергей Юров предложил создать группу по работе с городами-побратимами". balashiha.ru (in Russian). Balashikha. 9 September 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Балашиха и китайский Янчжоу будут сотрудничать в экономике и культуре". balashiha.ru (in Russian). Balashikha. 13 April 2018. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "США, Испания и Китай: в каких еще странах у Барнаула есть города-побратимы?". tolknews.ru (in Russian). Tolk. 31 October 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
- ^ "Град Шумен – Как да ни намерите". tourism-shumen.com (in Bulgarian). Tourism Shumen. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ "Внешние связи". beladm.ru (in Russian). Belgorod. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы, дружественные города". biradm.ru (in Russian). Birobidzhan. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Наши партнеры". adminborisoglebsk.ru (in Russian). Borisoglebsk. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". bga32.ru (in Russian). Bryansk. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Города – побратимы г. Чебоксары". gcheb.cap.ru (in Russian). Cheboksary. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "14 октября столицу Чувашии посетили гости из города Аньцин провинции Аньхой КНР". gcheb.cap.ru (in Russian). Cheboksary. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Kardeş Şehir Hamm". afyon.bel.tr (in Turkish). Afyonkarahisar. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". cheladmin.ru (in Russian). Chelyabinsk. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Гости из городов-побратимов поздравили Череповец с 241-летием". cherinfo.ru (in Russian). Cherinfo. 3 November 2018. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Представители городов-побратимов поздравили Череповец с юбилеем". cherinfo.ru (in Russian). Cherinfo. 3 November 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "
俄 罗斯切 列 波 韦茨市 ". jl.gov.cn (in Chinese). Jilin Province. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2020. - ^ "Honoring a sisterhood between Montclair, Graz". montclairlocal.news. Montclair Local. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
- ^ "Международная деятельность". inster39.ru (in Russian). Chernyakhovsk. Retrieved 5 April 2020.
- ^ "Города – побратимы". visitchita.ru (in Russian). Visit Chita. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". derbent.ru (in Russian). Derbent. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Города побратимы". dimitrovgrad.ru (in Russian). Dimitrovgrad. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Города побратимы". dmitrov-reg.ru (in Russian). Dmitrov. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Торгово-промышленная палата города Дубны". tpp.dubna.ru (in Russian). Dubna. Retrieved 8 August 2023.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". admdzr.ru (in Russian). Dzerzhinsk. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Инвестиционный паспортгорода Элисты" (PDF). gorod-elista.ru (in Russian). Elista. 2015. p. 20. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". gagarinadmin.ru (in Russian). Gagarin. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ a b "Побратимы Гатчины и Гатчинского района". radm.gtn.ru (in Russian). Gatchinsky District. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Побратимские и партнёрские связи". gelendzhik.org (in Russian). Gelendzhik. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Международная и межрегиональная деятельность". sbor.ru (in Russian). Guryevsk. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
- ^ "Международные отношения". admirk.ru (in Russian). Irkutsk. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Истра и её побратимы". radio1.news (in Russian). Radio1. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-партнеры города Иванова". ivgoradm.ru (in Russian). Ivanovo. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы и деловые партнеры". izh.ru (in Russian). Izhevsk. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-партнеры". klgd.ru (in Russian). Kaliningrad. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". kaluga-gov.ru (in Russian). Kaluga. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Заполярная жемчужина". mvestnik.ru (in Russian). Murmansky Vestnik. 24 May 2018. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ "Канск и белорусский город Полоцк подписали соглашение о дружбе и сотрудничестве". kansk-adm.ru (in Russian). Kansk. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
- ^ "С кем дружит Казань? Города-побратимы столицы Татарстана". kazan.aif.ru (in Russian). Kazan. 28 April 2016. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "The President of Turkmenistan took part in the opening of the country's first "smart" city Arkadag". migration.gov.tm. State Migration Service of Turkmenistan. 2 July 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
- ^ "Кемерово". planetatalantov.ru (in Russian). Planeta Talantov. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". khabarovskadm.ru (in Russian). Khabarovsk. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". admhimki.ru (in Russian). Khimki. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Города побратимы". admkineshma.ru (in Russian). Kineshma. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Международные контакты". kingisepplo.ru (in Russian). Kingisepp. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". klincity.ru (in Russian). Klin. Retrieved 5 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". kmscity.ru (in Russian). Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Международное и межмуниципальное сотрудничество". duma-kostroma.ru (in Russian). Duma Kostroma. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
- ^ "Городской округ Котельники поддерживает внешние связи с тремя городами‑побратимами". kotelniki.mosreg.ru (in Russian). Kotelniki. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
- ^ "Города-побратимы". kotlas-city.ru (in Russian). Kotlas. Retrieved 5 February 2020.