Xuzhou

Not to be confused with Suzhou.

Xuzhou (Chinese: 徐じょ州しゅう), also known as Pengcheng (彭城) in ancient times, is a major city in northwestern Jiangsu province, China. The city, with a recorded population of 9,083,790 at the 2020 census (3,135,660 of which lived in the built-up area made of Quanshan, Gulou, Yunlong and Tongshan urban Districts and Jiawang District not being conurbated), is a national complex transport hub and an important gateway city in East China. Xuzhou is a central city of Huaihai Economic Zone and Xuzhou metropolitan area. Xuzhou is an important node city of the country's Belt and Road Initiative, and an international new energy base. Xuzhou has won titles such as the National City of Civility (全国ぜんこく文明ぶんめい城市じょうし) and the United Nations Habitat Scroll of Honour award.

Xuzhou 徐じょ州しゅう市し Hsü-chou, Süchow
Prefecture-level city
Left to right, top to bottom: Xuzhou skyline, Huaihai campaign Memorial Park, Surabaya Pavilion in Sishuiting Park, Yunlong Lake, the Xuzhou TV Tower
Location of Xuzhou City jurisdiction in Jiangsu
Xuzhou Location of the city center in Jiangsu Xuzhou Xuzhou (Eastern China) Xuzhou Xuzhou (China)
Coordinates (Pengcheng Square): 34°15′54″N 117°11′13″E
Country	People's Republic of China
Province	Jiangsu
County-level divisions	10
Township-level divisions	161
Municipal seat	Yunlong District
Government
• Mayor	Zhou Tiegen (周しゅう铁根)
• CPC Committee Secretary	Zhang Guohua (张国华)
Area
• Prefecture-level city	11,259 km2 (4,347 sq mi)
• Urban	3,037 km2 (1,173 sq mi)
• Metro	2,347 km2 (906 sq mi)
Population  (2020 census)
• Prefecture-level city	9,083,790
• Density	810/km2 (2,100/sq mi)
• Urban	3,589,215
• Urban density	1,200/km2 (3,100/sq mi)
• Metro	3,135,660
• Metro density	1,300/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
GDP
• Prefecture-level city	CN¥ 732 billion US$ 106 billion
• Per capita	CN¥ 80,615 US$ 11,683
Time zone	UTC+8 (China Standard)
Postal codes	221000 (Urban center), 221000, 221000, 221000 (Other areas)
Area code	0516
ISO 3166 code	CN-JS-03
Major Nationalities	Han
Licence plate prefixes	苏C
Website	Archived link

Xuzhou
"Xuzhou" in Chinese characters
Chinese	徐じょ州しゅう
Postal	Suchow
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xúzhōu Wade–Giles Hsü2-chou1 IPA [ɕy̌.ʈʂóʊ]
Pengcheng
Chinese	彭城
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Péngchéng

The city is designated as National Famous Historical and Cultural City since 1986 for its relics, especially the terracotta armies, the Mausoleums of the princes and the art of relief of Han dynasty.

Xuzhou is a major city among the top 500 cities in the world by scientific research outputs, as tracked by the Nature Index. The city is also home to China University of Mining and Technology, the only national key university under the Project 211 in Xuzhou and other major public research universities, including Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou Medical College, and Xuzhou Institute of Technology.

Romanization

Before the official adoption of Hanyu Pinyin, the city's name was typically romanized as Suchow or Süchow, though it also appeared as Siu Tcheou [Fou], Hsu-chou, Hsuchow, and Hsü-chow.

History

Early history

The early prehistoric relics around Xuzhou are classified as Dawenkou culture system. Liulin (劉りゅう林りん) site together with Dadunzi (大だい墩子) site, Huating (花はな廳ちょう) site, and Liangwangcheng (梁りょう王城おうじょう) site correspond to the initial, middle and late stages of this culture, respectively. While the remains of sacrificial rituals performed to Tudi deity found at Qiuwan (丘おか灣わん) site and Gaohuangmiao (高こう皇すめらぎ廟びょう) site, both of them are in the outskirts of the city, indicate that Shang dynasty affected the area. History relates that Peng or Great Peng, the transitions from a tribe to a chiefdom contained within the boundary of the city. Peng Zu is believed to be the first chief of the ancient Peng state that was centered around Xuzhou, while the state was eventually conquered by King Wu Ding of Shang in around 1208 BC.

During the time of Western Zhou, a Huaiyi chiefdom called Xuyi or Xu rose centered around modern Xuzhou and controlled the Lower Yellow River Valley. Xuyi with its Huaiyi people fought against Zhou and its vassals at irregular intervals. Since its declining, Xuyi once moved the capital to the area of Xuzhou and populated it with people who were migrated southwards.

Pengcheng, named after the ancient Peng state that was centered around Xuzhou, a city at the junction of the ancient Bian and Si Rivers, was founded by Lü (annexed by Song later). Chu took the city in the war of 573 BCE, but ceded the city back to Song in the next year, as a coercive measure.

Imperial China

In 208 BC, Xiang Yu and Liu Bang deployed their troops into Pengcheng, where Emperor Yi of Chu later transferred his capital from Xuyi after rebel leader Xiang Liang's death. Xiang Yu then exiled the emperor to southern China in 206 BC, the former proclaiming himself as "Hegemon-King of Western Chu", and also establishing his capital in Pengcheng, until 202 BC.

During the Han dynasty, a new Chu Kingdom was established with its capital at Pengcheng. It was ruled by various imperial princes during the Western Han period (202 BC – 9 AD). Liu Jiao, the younger half-brother of Liu Bang, founder of Western Han, became the first Prince of Chu. In 154 BC, the prince Liu Wu participated in the Rebellion of the Seven Princes. However, he was defeated afterwards and Chu's territories were greatly diminished. By the end of the second century, a prosperous Buddhist community had been settled at Pengcheng.

• 
  Liu Wu's lacquered wood coffin inlaid with jade
• 
  Liu Wu's jade shroud sewn with gold threads
• 
  A relief depicting two men gambling

At the turn of the second century, Pengcheng changed hands several times among Cao Cao and his rivals before being annexed to Cao Wei in about 200. In the intervening years, the seat of Xuzhou (Xu province) was transferred from Tancheng to Xiapi, which located in the northwest of Suining. While Pengcheng became the seat later than 220.

With the rebellions of the Five Barbarians, considerable local households migrated to the south, a Liu clan from Pengcheng ascended to the gentry, its most well known descendant is Liu Yu, the Emperor Wu of Liu Song. Pengcheng was taken by the Northern dynasties later. Liu Yu recaptured the lost territory in the north of the Huai River in about 408. Xuzhou was divided into two parts: Beixuzhou (North Xuzhou) and Xuzhou (with Jingkou as its seat) in 411. North Xuzhou whose seat was Pengcheng bounded on the south by the Huai River. Beixuzhou was restored as Xuzhou a decade later, while its south counterpart was renamed Nanxuzhou (South Xuzhou). Since then, Pengcheng remained being the seat of Xuzhou until it was eliminated in the early Ming.

The raging wars inflicted upon Xuzhou until the Emperor Taizong of Tang's enthronement in 626. Keeping the northern rebellions and warfare a distance gave Xuzhou scope for developing during the most period of the Tang dynasty. According to the Old Book of Tang and the New book of Tang, in 639, the total population of Pengcheng County, Fei County and Pei County was only 21,768, versus 205,286 in 742.

In 781, Li Na marched south to besiege Xuzhou. Although his revolt was quell soon, the halt of the transport by the Bian Canal impelled the court to secure the area.

The then prefect of Xuzhou, Zhang Jianfeng was designated as the first military governor of Xuzhou–Sizhou–Haozhou (徐じょ泗濠節度せつど使し) which was headquartered in Xuzhou since 788. The title was restored and renamed Wuning (武たけ寧やすし) in 805, after an interval of five years. Wang Zhixing, another military governor of Wuning, established several battalions (the most notorious one among is the Silver Sword) in the Army specifically for select recruits. These soldiers not only defy military discipline but also show defiant towards the successors to Wang. In 832, Li Ting received a threatening letter prior to his induction in there, made him resigned immediately. Then Wuning suffered mutinies in 849, 859 and again in 862. Another two governors were expelled. Wang Shi was appointed, under the circumstances. He put the mutiny down by executing part of the garrison troops and disbanded the rest, which became thugs and loot later. In 864, the court declared an amnesty in the area, and promised that all thugs who willingly re-enrolled would be sent for a tour of duty in the southern, and then, presumably, returned to regular army service in the north.

Three thousand men surrendered and were sent to the south to join the two thousand former Wuning soldiers there. The breached pledge irritated them. Led by Pang Xun, some soldiers mutinied and marched back north. They have unimpeded access to the area by the winter of 868. The local civil governor refused Pang's demand to have the hatred officers removed, and a military confrontation ensued. Thousands of local peasants joined the rebels. They took the prefectural city of Xuzhou, captured the civil governor, and killed those officers. Pang acquired a considerable following. Still, the rebellion was suppressed a year later eventually. Wuning was renamed Ganhua (感化かんか; 'Converting [from insubordination]"') with admonishment on lest the garrison to revolt again.

After the Yellow River began to change course during the Song dynasty, heavy silting at the Yellow River estuary forced the river to channel its flow into the lower Huai River tributary. The area became barren thereafter due to persistent flooding, nutrient depletion and salination of the once fertile soil.

In the first month of 1129, Nijuhun took the city after a siege of 27 days, and the then governor Wang Fu (王おう復ふく) was executed for refusing to submit. Wang's inferior Zhao Li (趙ちょう立だて) rallied the remains and constructed a local militia. They recaptured the city two months later but withdrew from there strategically soon. Henceforth, Xuzhou was ruled by Jurchen over a century.

In 1232, the general Wang You (王おう佑たすく), Feng Xian (封ふう仙せん) revolted, they expelled the Jurchen's governor Tuktan. Then the Mongolian army led by Anyong (安用やすもち), a Han Chinese general captured Xuzhou soon. Both the general of the state of Su (宿やど州しゅう) Liu Anguo (刘安国こく) and the general of Pizhou Du Zheng (杜もり政せい) yielded their owned city to Anyong. Regarding Anyong's behave as grabbing reputation, the Mongolian general Asuru (Chinese: 阿おもね术鲁/额苏伦) irritated and persisted to kill him. Felt panic, Anyong sought refuge from Jurchen. The Jin dynasty resumed its ruling in Xuzhou, and it was quite transient. The serious disunity made betraying recur. In November 1233, the garrison of Xuzhou welcomed the Mongolian. Meantime, Anyong pledged loyalty to the Song dynasty. He captured the city again after the Mongolian army left. In the spring of the next year, the Mongolian commander Zhang Rong (张荣) attacked Xuzhou, Anyong drowned himself after the final defeat. The Mongolian governor of Xuzhou and Pizhou called Li Gaoge (李り杲哥) surrendered to the Song in 1262. Then he failed and was killed after several days.

A rebellion against Yuan rose by Li Er (李り二に) who was nicknamed Sesame Li in the area around Xuzhou. In the eighth month of 1351, they took the city. Toghon Temür gave an edict that they would be granted amnesty if they surrendered to the authority, in the spring of the next year. The rebels ignored that, so he agreed that Toqto to suppress the unrest. The city fell in the autumn, and the multitudes were killed by Toqto's army afterwards. It may be the symbolically most important victory for Toqto. Thus, Xuzhou was renamed Wu'an (武安たけやす; literal meaning: Restoring peace by force") as a favour for him, and a stone slab celebrating his deed was erected by the court in the city.

Zhang Shicheng occupied Xuzhou as the northernmost city of his domain in 1360. The Ming forces under Xu Da, captured Xuzhou in 1366. Soon Köke Temür sent an army under General Li Er to attack Xuzhou. Fu Youde (傅でん友とも德とく) and Lu Ju (陸りく聚) who held the city raided them outside, most of the enemy were drowned while the remained about 270 soldiers and 500 horses were captured.

The rubbing images of a copper identification token (which usually fastened on a belt) for a patrol officer in Xuzhou Guard. Its front was engraved with "Xuzhou Guard" in seal script, while the back was engraved with "Patrol".

Xuzhou had a long period of prosperity during the Ming dynasty. The flourishness largely attributed to the carriage, especially by the Grand Canal, one of seven customs barriers (or customs houses, 鈔關) under the Ministry of Revenue was located in Xuzhou. It was retained until the late Qing. Korean Choe Bu affirmed that the city where he travelled by way of, hardly pale by comparison to the Jiangnan region.

As a hub for both the national courier system and the grain tribute system for several centuries, Xuzhou was of vital importance. Thus, the government of Ming established three garrison areas namely guards in the present-day area: Xuzhou guard (徐じょ州しゅう衛まもる), Xuzhou Left guard (徐じょ州しゅう左ひだり衛まもる) and Pizhou guard (邳州衛まもる) for its security.

Yet, the local navigation was considerably constrained by two Rapids: the Xuzhou Rapids (徐じょ州しゅう洪ひろし), a kilometer southeast of the city, and the Lüliang Rapids (呂りょ梁りょう洪ひろし), another 24 kilometers further south. The remedy provided by the Ministry of Works is constructing the Jia Canal, which paralleled the treacherous stretch of Xuzhou. However, the canal completed in the 1600s ravaged the city. Not only it disrupted the former drainage system, but also depressed the local economy. Prior to the recession, flooding and the famines followed struck Xuzhou frequently. The worst flooding occurred in 1624: it was immersed up to 1 zhang and 3 chi (about 4m) within the city.

After the Hongguang Emperor enthroned in Nanjing, the court designated four defense areas along the southern bank of the Yellow River (江北こうほく四よん鎮) to repulse the Qing armies. While the former bandit general, Gao Jie (高こう傑すぐる) was designated to take the crucial forward position at Xuzhou by Shi Kefa. But the assassination of Gao seriously reduced the court's capacity to deal with challenges from Qing. Gao's successor was Li Chengdong (李り成しげる棟とう). Being aware of forthcoming attack, Li deserted Xuzhou in the early summer of 1645. Then Dodo's army captured the city.

Map of the prefectural city of Xuzhou in the late Qing, the outer earthen ramparts against the Nian Rebellion is also shown.

The seismic activity of the Tancheng earthquake in 1688 was also involved Xuzhou. "More than half the houses of the city were ruined" and "led to enormous deaths", according to the gazetteer.

In the 1850s, the Yellow River shifted its course from the southern to the northern side of the Shandong peninsula, the process caused serious floods and famine in Xuzhou, and almost made the waterway system within the prefecture defunct.

Modern China

Zhang Xun and his remaining army fled to Xuzhou after the Revolution of 1911. They entered the city on 5 December. The Nanking Government sent three armies to attack Xuzhou. In the middle of February 1912, Zhang evacuated the city and moved north after he was defeated.

Since the Second Revolution began, Xuzhou became a front-line city. The Revolutionary Army fared badly as it advanced from there towards the north, and a rout ensued. Then the Beiyang Army captured the city on 24 July. Thereafter, Zhang Xun made Xuzhou his base. he convened four meetings of the Beiyang leadership. Involved the stalemate among Li Yuanhong and Duan Qirui in 1917, he marched on Beijing with a troop in June. His failure spread and caused a terrible wave of theft and arson committed by his garrisons later in Xuzhou in July.

The Zhili clique dominated Xuzhou by 1924. In the autumn of this year, the Second Zhili–Fengtian War broke out, Zhang Zongchang who supported the Fengtian clique seized the city with his thirty thousand soldiers. Sun Chuanfang led a coalition of forces to sortie the Fengtian Army in October 1925. They occupied the city on 8 November. As the leader of the Northern Expedition, Chiang Kai-shek arrived in Xuzhou on 17 June 1927. He conferred with Feng Yuxiang and other Kuomintang officers on 20 June, Feng was courted by Nanjing. Then Sun Chuanfang and Zhang Zongchang began to fight in unison against the Nationalist government. They captured the city on 24 June. The fall of Xuzhou aroused public outrage, Chiang 's first resignation ensued. On 16 December, Nanjing force took the area again.

Chinese killed by Japanese Army in a ditch, Xuzhou

See also: Battle of Xuzhou and Huaihai Campaign

The area was the main site both of the Battle of Xuzhou in 1938 against the Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War and of the battle in the Chinese Civil War, the Huaihai Campaign in 1948–49.

On 19 May 1938, Chiang gave the order to abandon Xuzhou, then Japanese military took control of the city.

The Administrative Commission of the Su-Huai Special Region (蘇そ淮特別とくべつ區く) was established in January 1942, with its seat at Xuzhou. It was replaced by a new puppet province, Huaihai (淮海省しょう). Hao Pengju was appointed as the governor.

After the Second Sino-Japanese War, the troop under He Zhuguo entered Xuzhou on 6 September. The Xuzhou Pacification Commission (徐じょ州しゅう綏靖公おおやけ署しょ) was founded in the end of year, and Gu Zhutong was appointed as the Chief. It was disbanded when the Army Command Headquarters of transferred to Xuzhou on 5 March 1947. Meantime, a military tribunal attached to the commission was organized to sentence 25 Japanese soldiers.

Guo Yingqiu as the representative of the CPC went to Xuzhou to negotiate a regional truce, since 10 February 1946. On 2 March, the "Committee of Three", comprising George Marshall, Zhang Zhizhong and Zhou Enlai arrived for the ceasefire in Central China. Still, the KMT and the CPC came into conflict soon. The CPC revealed that Yasuji Okamura assisted the KMT in the local warfare against the PLA.

The Huaihai was the a critical of the trinity of the major campaigns during the Chinese Civil War. Fighting centred around the city of Xuzhou, seat of the Bandit Suppression Headquarters (剿匪總そう司令しれい部ぶ) established on 6 June 1948. It turned into a fiasco, which led to the fall of the Nationalist Chinese capital Nanjing. The CPC controlled the city on 1 December.

• 
  Zhang Xun's troops in Xuzhou, the 1910s
• 
  Chiang Kai-shek conferred with Feng Yuxiang in Xuzhou, 1927
• 
  The "Committee of Three" met in Xuzhou, 1946
• 
  Mao Zedong at the platform of Xuzhou Railway Station in 1953

Then Xuzhou (the old urban area) was made a part of Shandong province temporarily, together with the rest area of the northern Jiangsu along the Longhai Railway. The city was returned to Jiangsu as the province was restored in 1953.

The railways in Xuzhou bore the brunt of the transporting muddle in the 1970s, Beijing was concerned with the issue in 1974. Thus, the then Minister of Railways, Wan Li went to Xuzhou to inspect and rectify in March. It was deemed as a breakthrough on restoring order later.

On April 22, 1993, Xuzhou was ratified as a "Larger Municipality" with legislative power by the State Council.

Administration

See also: List of administrative divisions of Jiangsu

The evolutionary history

The table of local administrative changes
Period	Provincial Level		Prefectural Level	County Level
Spring and Autumn	Song (state) 宋そう國こく			Pengcheng 彭城 Liuyi 留とめ邑 Lüyi 呂りょ邑
	Zhongwu (state) 鐘かね吾われ國こく
Warring States	Chu (state) 楚すわえ國こく			Peiyi 沛邑
	Qi (state) 齊ひとし國こく			Changyi 常つね邑
	Pi (state) 邳國
Qin dynasty	Sishui Commandery 泗水しすい郡ぐん			Pei County 沛縣 Pengcheng County 彭城縣けん Liu County 留とめ縣けん Xiao County 蕭しょう縣けん
	Donghai Commandery 東海とうかい郡ぐん			Xiapi County 下しも邳縣
Western Han	Xu Province 徐じょ州しゅう（古代こだい，刺史しし部ぶ）		Chu (state) 楚すわえ國こく	Lü County 呂りょ縣けん Wuyuan County 武たけ原げん縣けん
			Donghai Commandery 東海とうかい郡ぐん	Siwu County 司つかさ吾われ縣けん Marquis Jianling's state 建けん陵りょう侯こう國こく Marquis Liangcheng's state 良成よしなり侯こう國こく Marquis Rongqiu's state 容よう丘おか侯こう國こく
	Yu Province 豫よ州しゅう（古代こだい，刺史しし部ぶ）		Pei Commandery 沛郡	Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん Guangqi County 廣こう戚縣
Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms	Xu Province 徐じょ州しゅう（古代こだい，刺史しし部ぶ）		Pengcheng (state) 彭城國こく	Pengcheng County 彭城縣けん Liu County 留とめ縣けん Lü County 呂りょ縣けん Wuyuan County 武たけ原げん縣けん Guangqi County 廣こう戚縣
			Xiapi (state) 下しも邳國	Xiapi County 下しも邳縣 Liangcheng County 良成よしなり縣けん Siwu County 司つかさ吾われ縣けん
	Yu Province 豫よ州しゅう（古代こだい，刺史しし部ぶ）		Pei (state) 沛國	Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん
Jin dynasty, Northern and Southern dynasties	(North) Xuzhou or (North) Xu Province (北きた)徐じょ州しゅう South Xuzhou or South Xu Province 南みなみ徐じょ州しゅう, located in modern Zhenjiang, see Zhenjiang		Pengcheng Commandery 彭城郡ぐん	Pengcheng County 彭城縣けん Liu County 留とめ縣けん Lü County 呂りょ縣けん
			Xiapi Commandery 下しも邳郡	Xiapi County 下しも邳縣 Liangcheng County 良成よしなり縣けん Siwu County 司つかさ吾われ縣けん
			Pei Commandery 沛郡	Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん
			Jiyin Commandery 济阴郡ぐん	Suiling County 睢陵縣けん
Sui dynasty	Pengcheng Commandery 彭城郡ぐん			Pengcheng County 彭城縣けん Liu County 留とめ縣けん Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん
	Xiapi Commandery 下しも邳郡			Xiapi County 下しも邳縣 Liangcheng County 良りょう城ぐすく縣けん
Tang dynasty	Henan Circuit 河南かなん道どう		Xuzhou 徐じょ州しゅう	Pengcheng County 彭城縣けん Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん
			Sizhou 泗州	Xiapi County 下しも邳縣
Northern Song	West Jingdong Circuit 京きょう東西とうざい路ろ		Xuzhou 徐じょ州しゅう	Pengcheng County 彭城縣けん Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん Baofeng Jian* 寶たから豐ゆたか監かん Liguo Jian* 利國としくに監かん
	East Jingdong Circuit 京きょう東ひがし東路あずまじ		Huaiyang Military 淮陽軍ぐん	Xiapi County 下しも邳縣
Jin	West Shandong Circuit 山やま东西路ろ		Xuzhou 徐じょ州しゅう	Pengcheng County 彭城縣けん Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん
			Huaiyang Military 淮陽軍ぐん	Xiapi County 下しも邳縣
			Tengzhou 滕州	Pei County 沛縣
Yuan dynasty	Henanjiangbei Province 河南かなん江北こうほく行ゆき中書ちゅうしょ省しょう	Gui’de-fu 歸かえり德とく府ふ	Xuzhou 徐じょ州しゅう	Xiao County 蕭しょう縣けん
			Pizhou 邳州	Xiapi County 下しも邳縣 Suining County 睢寧縣けん
	Branch Secretariats 中書ちゅうしょ省しょう	Jining Circuit 濟すみ寧やすし路ろ	Jizhou 濟州さいしゅう	Pei County 沛縣
			Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん
Ming dynasty	Nanquin/South Zhil 南京なんきん/南みなみ直ただし隸		Xuzhou (as an Independent Department) 徐じょ州しゅう	Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん Xiao County 蕭しょう縣けん Dangshan County 碭山縣けん
			Huaian-fu 淮安府ふ	Pizhou 邳州
Qing dynasty, during 1733–1911	Kiangsu/Jiangsu Province 江蘇ちぁんすー省しょう		Xuzhou-fu (as a Prefecture) 徐じょ州しゅう府ふ	Tongshan County 銅山どうざん縣けん Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん Xiao County 蕭しょう縣けん Dangshan County 碭山縣けん Suining County 睢寧縣けん Suqian County 宿やど遷縣 Pizhou 邳州
Republic of China, during 1945–1949	Kiangsu/Jiangsu Province 江蘇ちぁんすー省しょう		Xuzhou City 徐じょ州しゅう市し
			No.9 Administrative Superintendent District 第だい九きゅう督とく察區	Tongshan County 銅山どうざん縣けん Pei County 沛縣 Feng County 豐ゆたか縣けん Xiao County 蕭しょう縣けん Dangshan County 碭山縣けん Suining County 睢寧縣けん Pi County 邳縣
People's Republic of China, during 1949–1952	Shandong Province 山やま东省		Xuzhou City 徐じょ州しゅう市し	Tongshan County 铜山县
			Prefecture of Teng County 滕县专区	Tongbei County 铜北县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县
			Prefecture of Linyi 临沂专区	Pi County 邳县
	Administrative Region of the Northern Anhui 皖北行ぎょう署しょ区く		Prefecture of Su County 宿やど县专区く	Xiao County 萧县 Dangshan County 砀山县
People's Republic of China, in 1955	Jiangsu Province 江こう苏省		Xuzhou City 徐じょ州しゅう市し	Gulou District 鼓こ楼ろう区く Yunlong District 云うん龙区 Zifang District 子房しぼう区く Wangling District 王おう陵りょう区く Jiawang Mining District 贾汪矿区
			Prefecture of Xuzhou 徐じょ州しゅう专区	Xinhailian City 新海しんかい连市 Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County 睢宁县 Pi County 邳县 Xinyi County 新しん沂县 Donghai County 东海县 Ganyu County 赣榆县
	Anhui Province 安徽あんき省しょう		Prefecture of Su County 宿やど县专区く	Xiao County 萧县 Dangshan County 砀山县
People's Republic of China, in 1963	Jiangsu Province 江こう苏省		Xuzhou City 徐じょ州しゅう市し	Gulou District 鼓こ楼ろう区く Yunlong District 云うん龙区 Jiawang Town 贾汪镇 Jiaoqu 郊区（办事处）
			Prefecture of Xuzhou 徐じょ州しゅう专区	Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County 睢宁县 Pi County 邳县 Xinyi County 新しん沂县 Donghai County 东海县 Ganyu County 赣榆县
People's Republic of China, in 1983	Jiangsu Province 江こう苏省		Xuzhou City 徐じょ州しゅう市し	Gulou District 鼓こ楼ろう区く Yunlong District 云うん龙区 Jiaoqu 郊区 Jiawang District 贾汪区く Kuangqu 矿区 Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County 睢宁县 Pi County 邳县 Xinyi County 新しん沂县
			Lianyungang City 连云港みなと市し	Donghai County 东海县 Ganyu County 赣榆县
People's Republic of China, in 1993	Jiangsu Province 江こう苏省		Xuzhou City 徐じょ州しゅう市し	Gulou District 鼓こ楼ろう区く Yunlong District 云うん龙区 Quanshan District 泉山いずみやま区く Jiawang District 贾汪区く The Mining District 矿区 Pizhou City 邳州市し Xinyi City 新しん沂市 Tongshan County 铜山县 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County 睢宁县
People's Republic of China, 2010–present	Jiangsu Province 江こう苏省		Xuzhou City 徐じょ州しゅう市し	Gulou District 鼓こ楼ろう区く Yunlong District 云うん龙区 Quanshan District 泉山いずみやま区く Jiawang District 贾汪区く Tongshan District 铜山区く Pizhou City 邳州市し Xinyi City 新しん沂市 Pei County 沛县 Feng County 丰县 Suining County 睢宁县

The present administrative division

The prefecture-level city of Xuzhou administers ten county-level divisions, including five districts, two county-level cities and three counties. These are further divided into 161 township-level divisions, including 63 subdistricts and 98 towns.

Map
Gulou Yunlong Jiawang Quanshan Tongshan Feng County Pei County Suining County Xinyi (city) Pizhou (city)
Name	Chinese	Hanyu Pinyin	Population (2020)	Area (km2)	Density (/km2)
City Proper
Gulou District	鼓こ楼ろう区く	Gǔlóu Qū	806,550	222.6	3,623
Yunlong District	云うん龙区	Yúnlóng Qū	471,566	120.0	3,930
Quanshan District	泉山いずみやま区く	Quánshān Qū	619,784	102.4	6,053
Suburban
Jiawang District	贾汪区く	Jiǎwāng Qū	453,555	612.4	740.6
Tongshan District	铜山区く	Tóngshān Qū	1,237,760	1,952	634.1
Rural
Feng County	丰县	Fēng Xiàn	935,200	1,447	646.3
Pei County	沛县	Pèi Xiàn	1,038,337	1,328	781.9
Suining County	睢宁县	Suīníng Xiàn	1,088,553	1,768	615.7
Satellite cities (County-level cities)
Xinyi City	新しん沂市	Xīnyí Shì	969,922	1,573	616.6
Pizhou City	邳州市し	Pīzhōu Shì	1,462,563	2,086	701.1
Total			9,083,790	11,211	810.3

Geography

Map including Xuzhou (labeled as HSÜ-CHOU (SÜCHOW) 徐じょ州しゅう) (AMS, 1953)

Xuzhou is of strategic importance for linking South China and North China. The boundaries of its jurisdiction are adjacent to Lianyungang and Suqian in east; Suzhou of Anhui province to the south; Huaibei to the west; Linyi, Zaozhuang, Jining and Heze of Shandong province to the north.

The area can be divided into four sectors from east to west, constitute the Shandong–Jiangsu Traps (鲁苏地ち盾たて), the Tancheng–Lujiang Fault Zone (郯庐断だん裂きれ带), the Xu–Huai Downwarp-fold Belt (徐じょ淮坳褶带) and the Fault-block of West Shandong (鲁西断だん块) respectively. Most of the area is located in the Xu-Huai Alluvial Plain, the southeast part of the North China Plain.

The confluence of the former Si River and the former Bian Canal was situated northeast of ancient Xuzhou city. The city and its hinterland were areas liable to severe flooding from the Yellow River since the tenth century. In 1194, the Yellow River changed its course to join the Si River, a former tributary of the Huai. From then on, the Yellow River flowed along the north of the walled city until diverting in 1855. The city proper is now bisected by the ancient Yellow River course, while Yunlong Lake is located in the southwest. North of the lake is Yunlong Park.

Climate

Xuzhou has a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), with cool, dry winters, warm springs, long, hot and humid summers, and crisp autumns. The monthly daily average temperature ranges from 0.7 °C (33.3 °F) in January to 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) in July; the annual mean is 14.9 °C (58.8 °F). Snow may occur during winter, though rarely heavily. Precipitation is light in winter, and a majority of the annual total of 842.8 millimetres (33.2 in) occurs from June thru August. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 44% in July to 54% in three months, the city receives 2,221 hours of bright sunshine annually.

The lowest temperature recorded in Xuzhou was −23.3 °C (−10 °F), on 6 February 1969, while the highest was 43.4 °C (110 °F), on 15 July 1955.

Climate data for Xuzhou (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	19.8 (67.6)	25.9 (78.6)	30.1 (86.2)	34.8 (94.6)	38.2 (100.8)	40.6 (105.1)	43.4 (110.1)	38.2 (100.8)	36.2 (97.2)	34.5 (94.1)	29.0 (84.2)	21.3 (70.3)	43.4 (110.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)	5.6 (42.1)	9.1 (48.4)	14.8 (58.6)	21.4 (70.5)	26.7 (80.1)	30.7 (87.3)	31.8 (89.2)	30.8 (87.4)	27.2 (81.0)	21.9 (71.4)	14.4 (57.9)	7.7 (45.9)	20.2 (68.3)
Daily mean °C (°F)	1.0 (33.8)	4.1 (39.4)	9.5 (49.1)	16.0 (60.8)	21.5 (70.7)	25.8 (78.4)	27.7 (81.9)	26.8 (80.2)	22.5 (72.5)	16.5 (61.7)	9.2 (48.6)	2.9 (37.2)	15.3 (59.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)	−2.6 (27.3)	0.1 (32.2)	4.8 (40.6)	10.8 (51.4)	16.4 (61.5)	21.2 (70.2)	24.3 (75.7)	23.5 (74.3)	18.5 (65.3)	12.0 (53.6)	5.0 (41.0)	−0.8 (30.6)	11.1 (52.0)
Record low °C (°F)	−17.3 (0.9)	−23.3 (−9.9)	−7.6 (18.3)	−1.4 (29.5)	4.8 (40.6)	12.4 (54.3)	15.9 (60.6)	13.4 (56.1)	5.0 (41.0)	−1.0 (30.2)	−8.3 (17.1)	−13.5 (7.7)	−23.3 (−9.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	18.4 (0.72)	20.9 (0.82)	32.3 (1.27)	36.8 (1.45)	64.3 (2.53)	118.4 (4.66)	238.3 (9.38)	152.6 (6.01)	70.3 (2.77)	38.5 (1.52)	35.6 (1.40)	19.1 (0.75)	845.5 (33.28)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	4.3	4.9	5.7	6.7	6.7	7.4	12.8	11.2	7.4	5.7	5.9	4.2	82.9
Average snowy days	3.4	2.6	1.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.6	1.9	9.6
Average relative humidity (%)	66	63	60	61	63	65	78	80	74	69	70	67	68
Mean monthly sunshine hours	137.3	145.9	189.8	215.1	227.0	203.4	182.4	181.2	178.2	179.4	152.6	145.7	2,138
Percent possible sunshine	44	47	51	55	53	47	42	44	48	52	49	48	48
Source: China Meteorological Administration

Demographics

According to the 1% National Population Sample Survey in 2015, the total resident population of Xuzhou reached 8.66 million, and the sex ratio was 101.40 males to 100 females.

Historical resident population

Year	Urban areas	Tongshan	Feng	Pei	Suining	Pizhou	Xinyi	Total
1913	826,083		291,562	280,345	501,867	636,040		2,535,897
1918	854,213		281,696	294,604	506,975	639,064		2,576,552
1928	954,939		308,968	329,933	508,226	568,193		2,670,259
1932	986,536		304,480	346,593	547,848	584,904		2,770,361
1935	1,099,296		364,007	391,121	645,890	642,641		3,142,955
1953	333,190	1,072,430	473,815	395,094	653,854	683,113	452,203	4,063,699
1964	505,417	1,001,377	587,822	575,237	729,619	861,117	518,086	4,778,675
1982	779,289	1,414,460	834,568	869,778	981,917	1,187,526	741,600	6,809,138
1990	949,267	1,741,522	952,760	1,042,280	1,160,772	1,431,728	883,650	8,161,979
2002	1679626	1,262,489	1,068,404	1,183,048	1,217,820	1,539,922	962,656	8,913,965
2010	1,911,585	1,142,193	963,597	1,141,935	1,042,544	1,458,036	920,610	8,580,500

Economy

Historically, Xuzhou and the surrounding regions were a predominantly agricultural area. Its arable land was severely depleted by the changes in the course of the Yellow River since the mid 11th century, and the drought-resistant crops: wheat, sorghum, soybean, maize and potato, became the local staples. Besides, cotton, peanut, tobacco and sesame also grew in low-yield. The local mining traces it origins to an iron mine, Liguo. It was exploited since Han dynasty, and managed by a particular bureau in Song. And the city had major coal reserves of the province. Local coaling began by the 1070s, according to a lyric of the then governor Su Shi. Copper smelting in this area supposedly started in the Three Kingdoms era.

The city astride the old course of the Grand Canal had been through several transitory periods of prosperity, before the grain tribute system was abolished in 1855. It remained being economically backward in the 1940s for wars, and a few people engaged in industrial sectors.

Later the CPC positioned the city as a region of coal mining and heavy industry. Its dominant sectors are machinery, energy and food production nowadays. The construction machinery manufacturer XCMG is the largest company based in Xuzhou. It was the world's tenth-largest construction equipment maker measured by 2011 revenues, and the third-largest based in China (after Sany and Zoomlion).

Education

Xuzhou was a regional centre for education, but two defunct institutions once chose their sites within the city: Provincial College of Kiangsu (省しょう立りつ江蘇ちぁんすー學院がくいん) and North China Theological Seminary. In the 1950s, the then Jiangsu Normal Academy relocated to the city in 1958, and the then Nanjing Medical College, Xuzhou was founded later, both survived the Great Leap Forward. In 1978, the then China Institute of Mining and Technology relocated to Xuzhou.

North gate of Wenchang Campus, Xuzhou Branch, China University of Mining and Technology

Schools

• Xuzhou No.1 Middle School (徐じょ州しゅう市し第だい一いち中学ちゅうがく)
• Xuzhou No.2 Middle School (徐じょ州しゅう市し第だい二に中学ちゅうがく)
• Xuzhou No.3 Middle School (徐じょ州しゅう市し第だい三さん中学ちゅうがく)
• Xuzhou Senior High School (徐じょ州しゅう市し高だか级中学ちゅうがく)
• Xuzhou No.5 Middle School
• Xuzhou No.36 Middle School (徐じょ州しゅう市し第だい三さん十じゅう六ろく中学ちゅうがく)
• Xuzhou No.13 Middle School (徐じょ州しゅう市し第だい十じゅう三さん中学ちゅうがく)

Universities and colleges

• China University of Mining and Technology (中国ちゅうごく矿业大学だいがく)
• Jiangsu Normal University (江こう苏师范大学がく)
• Xuzhou Medical University (徐じょ州しゅう医科いか大学だいがく)
• Xuzhou Institute of Technology (徐じょ州しゅう工程こうてい学院がくいん暨徐州しゅう大学だいがく)
• People's Liberation Army Air Force Logistical College (中国ちゅうごく人民じんみん解放かいほう军空军后勤学きんがく院いん)

Religion

Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, Diocese of Xuzhou

The buildings of Xinghua Temple were erected from the Song dynasty onwards

According to the local administrator's survey in 2014, around 4.76% of the population of Xuzhou, namely 0.46 million people belongs to organised religions. The largest groups being Protestants with 350,000 people, followed by Buddhists with 70,000 people.

Xuzhou is deemed one of earlier Buddhist centres in China supposedly because the Emperor Ming of Han mentioned that the then Prince of Chu Liu Ying built a "temple for Buddha".

The local Catholic activities were dominated by the French-Canadians of the Society of Jesus since the 1880s, and there were 73,932 adherents and seventeen churches in 1940. Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, completed in 1910, is still a principal church nowadays. While the initial Protestant mission in Xuzhou was led by Alfred G. Jones of BMS, then American Southern Presbyterian Mission took over it in the 1890s.

Culture

Arts

According to Xu Wei's Nanci Xulu (南みなみ詞し敘錄; [Treatises and Catalogue of Nanqu]), Yuyao Tone (余よ姚腔), one of then major Southern Operas, was prevalent in Xuzhou during the Mid-Ming period. Shanxi merchants popularized Bangzi in Xuzhou afterwards, since it was introduced in the late Ming along the Great Cannel. Fused the local ballads in dialect, this localized version evolved into a new opera over the following centuries. The opera was designated as Jiangsu Bangzi (江蘇こうそ梆子) in 1962.

The new municipal concert hall was opened in 2011, shaped like a myrtle flower. However, the various regular performances are unattainable. While the first local philharmonic orchestra is established in 2015.

Media

The first local newspaper entitled Hsing-hsü Daily (醒徐日報にっぽう) was started in 1913. Nowadays, Xuzhou's major newspaper is Xuzhou Daily (徐じょ州しゅう日報にっぽう), which was founded in the end of 1948. It is owned and operated by the Xuzhou Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.

Local radio stations

Station	Chinese name	Frequency
News Radio	新しん闻广播	093.0 FM
Private Motor Radio	私家しか车广播	091.6 FM
Traffic Radio	交通こうつう广播	103.3 FM
Joy Radio	文ぶん艺广播	089.6 FM

Local television channels

Channel	Chinese name	Description
XZ·1	徐じょ州しゅう·1	News & General
XZ·2	徐じょ州しゅう·2	Economy & Life
XZ·3	徐じょ州しゅう·3	Arts & Entertainment
XZ·4	徐じょ州しゅう·4	Public

The earliest local radio was broadcasting in 1934 for public education. Then Japanese military founded Hsuchow Broadcasting Station (徐じょ州しゅう放送ほうそう局きょく, Joshi Hōsōkyoku) in 1938, after the city was captured. The National Army took over it after World War II. Broadcasting was resumed in 1949, operated by the CPC. In 1980, Xuzhou TV Station was established. A decade later, Xuzhou TV Tower was completed.

Museums

• Xuzhou Museum
• Xuzhou Decree Museum
• Museum of Terra Cotta Warriors and Horses of The Han Dynasty

Dialect

As a subdialect of Central Plains Mandarin, Xuzhou dialect is spoken in the whole area, especially in the suburb and countryside.

Cuisine

See also: Xuzhou cuisine

Xuzhou cuisine is closely related to Shandong cuisine's Jinan-style. Xuzhou's most well known foods include bǎzi ròu (pork belly, and other items stewed in a thick broth), sha tang (汤), and various dog meat dishes.

Another one of Xuzhou's famous dishes is dì guō (地ち锅) style cooking which places ingredients with a spicy sauce in a deep black skillet and cooks little pieces of flatbread on the side or top. Common staples of di guo style cooking include chicken, fish, lamb, pork rib and eggplant.

Fu Yang Festival(伏羊ぶよう节) is a traditional festival celebrated in the city. It starts on Chufu (初はつ伏ふく) which is around mid-July and lasts for about one month. During the festival, people eat lamb meat and drink lamb soup. This festival is very popular among all the citizens.

Transport system

Roads

Xuzhou has many urban expressways: Xuzhou 3rd Ring Road expressways (east, north and west), Xuzhou East Ave. expressway (城しろ东大道どう快速かいそく路ろ), Xuzhou-Pantang expressway, Xuzhou-Jiawang expressway and Xuzhou-Suqian expressway etc.

Xuzhou is the sixth city which has a fifth Ring Road (五ご环路) in China, and is the only city in Jiangsu which has a fifth Ring Road.

Expressways

• G2 Beijing–Shanghai Expressway
• G2513 Huai'an–Xuzhou Expressway
• G3 Beijing–Taipei Expressway
• G30 Lianyungang–Khorgas Expressway
• S49 Xinyi–Yangzhou Expressway
• S65 Xuzhou–Mingguang Expressway
• S69 Jinan–Xuzhou Expressway

National Highways

• China National Highway 104
• China National Highway 205
• China National Highway 206
• China National Highway 311

Rail

Xuzhou is an important railway hub, where two major passenger stations: Xuzhou Railway Station and Xuzhou East Railway Station (Xuzhoudong Railway Station) are situated in. Xuzhou Railway Station is at the intersection of Jinghu Railway and Longhai Railway. While Xuzhou East Railway Station on the eastern outskirts is the junction of the Beijing–Shanghai and Xuzhou–Lanzhou high-speed railways. Xuzhou is the only city which has three huge railway stations (Xuzhou Railway Station, Xuzhoudong Railway Station and Xuzhoubei Railway Station) in Jiangsu Province.

Aviation

Xuzhou Guanyin International Airport is one of the three biggest international airports in Jiangsu Province, it serves the area with scheduled passenger flights to major airports in China. Xuzhou Guanyin International Airport (徐じょ州しゅう观音国こく际机场) has two terminals until 2019. Domestic Terminal (Terminal 2) and International Terminal (Terminal 1).

Xuzhou Metro System

Xuzhou Metro is the first subway in North Jiangsu. The project was approved by State Council in 2013. Three subway lines are being built and expected to be completed by 2019-2021 one after another, with total length of 67 km and 3 transfer stations: Pengcheng Square Station (Change for Metro Line 1 and Line 2), Xuzhou Railway Station (Change for Metro Line 1 and Line 3) and Huaita Station (Change for Metro Line 2 and Line 3).

Metro Line 1 (Xuzhoudong Railway Station - Luwo Station via Xuzhou Railway Station and Pengcheng Square Station) (徐じょ州しゅう地ち铁一号ごう线，由ゆかり徐じょ州しゅう东站站开往路おうろ窝站，经由徐じょ州しゅう火ひ车站和わ彭城广场站) was opened on 28 September 2019.

Metro Line 2 (Keyunbei Station - Xinchengqudong Station via Pengcheng Square Station and Jiangsu Normal University Yunlong Campus) (由よし客きゃく运北站开往新城しんじょう区く东站，经由彭城广场站和江わえ苏师范大学がく云うん龙校区く) has been opened for operation on November 29, 2020.

Metro Line 3 (Xiadian Station - Gaoxinqu’nan Station via Xuzhou Railway Station and China University of Mining and Technology Wenchang Campus and Jiangsu Normal University Quanshan Campus)(由よし下か淀よどみ站开往高新しん区く南みなみ站，经由徐じょ州しゅう火ひ车站，中国ちゅうごく矿业大学だいがく文ぶん昌あきら校区こうく和江わえ苏师范大学がく泉山いずみやま校区こうく) has been used for service since June 29, 2021. At the same time, Xuzhou Metro Line 3 (Phase 2)

Metro Line 4 (Qiaoshangcun Station - Tuolanshan Road Station), the construction started on July 27, 2022. Xuzhou Metro Line 4 has a total length of 26.2 km, with an average station spacing of 1.456 km, all of which are underground lines. The project has 19 underground stations, including 8 transfer stations.

Metro Line 5 (Olympic Center South Station - Xukuangcheng Station). Xuzhou Metro Line 5 is expected to start construction in 2023. The total length of the line is about 24.9 km, with 20 stations, including 7 transfer stations, all of which are underground lines, with an average distance of 1.28 km.

Metro Line 6 (Xuzhoudong Railway Station - Tongshan Chinese Medical Hospital Station), the construction started on November 28, 2020. Xuzhou Metro Line 6 has a total length of 22.912 km, with an average station spacing of 1.496 km, a maximum station spacing of 3.072 km and a minimum station spacing of 0.809 km, all of which are underground lines. The project has a total of 16 underground stations, including 6 transfer stations.

According to Xuzhou Metro Group, the Xuzhou Metro Line 3 (Phase 2), Line 4, Line 5 and Line 6 will be finished construction before 2026. In the future, Xuzhou Metro System will include at least 11 Subway lines: Xuzhou Metro Line 7, Xuzhou Metro Line S1, Xuzhou Metro Line S2, Xuzhou Metro Line S3, Xuzhou Metro Line S4, Xuzhou Metro Line S5, Xuzhou Metro Line 1 (Phase 2), Xuzhou Metro Line 2 (Phase 2), Xuzhou Metro Line 5 & 6 (Phase 2 & 3) etc.

Others

The Grand Canal flows through Xuzhou, and the navigation route extends from Jining to Hangzhou.

Luning oil pipeline, which originates from Linyi county of Shandong to Nanjing, passes through Xuzhou.

Military

Xuzhou is headquarters of the 12th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army, one of the three group armies that compose the Nanjing Military Region responsible for the defense of China's eastern coast and possible military engagement with Taiwan. The People's Liberation Army Navy also has a Type 054A frigate that shares the name of the region.

See also

• Battle of Xuzhou
• List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population
• List of twin towns and sister cities in China
• Xuzhou dialect

General references

• Ji, Shijia (2008). 江こう苏省志こころざし・大事だいじ记（上うえ） [Provincial Gazetteer of Jiangsu, Volume on Chronology, Part I: Prior to 1912] (PDF). Jiangsu Guji Press. ISBN 978-7-806-43321-8.
• Shan, Ma, Shumo, Xiangyong (1999). 江こう苏省志こころざし·地理ちり志こころざし [Provincial Gazetteer of Jiangsu, Volume on Geography] (PDF). Jiangsu Guji Press. ISBN 978-7-806-43266-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Twitchett, Loewe, Denis, Michael (1987). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24327-8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Twitchett, Denis (2007). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China, 589–906, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-21446-9.
• Mote, Twitchett, Frederick W.， Denis (2007). The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 7: The Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24332-2.
• Twitchett, Mote, Denis, Frederick W. (1998). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 8: The Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24333-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• Fairbank (2005). The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9: Republican China 1912-1949, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23541-9.
• Zhao, Liangyu (2015). 环境·经济·社会しゃかい——近代きんだい徐じょ州しゅう城市じょうし社会しゃかい变迁的てき研究けんきゅう（1882–1948）. China Social Sciences Press. ISBN 978-7-516-16418-1.

External links

• Government website of Xuzhou (in Simplified Chinese)
• Xuzhou city guide with open directory (Jiangsu.net)